I heard that the official discussion about expelling guests, I think it's too much!
In the past, Miao Gong invited scholars, took them from Rong in the west, and took them from Wan in the east. In the Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, they had to be supported by brave warriors and gongsun. These five sons were not born in the Qin Dynasty, but Miao used them for the public and merged with the country for 20 years, thus dominating the glory. Filial piety, using the method of Shang Yang, changes customs, makes the people rich, makes the country rich and strong, enjoys the people, and the princes serve them personally. They are the teachers of Chu and Wei, who have raised thousands of miles to govern the country so far. King Hui used Zhang Yi's stratagem to pull out the land of Sanchuan, merge Ba and Shu in the west, take the county in the north, take Hanzhong in the south, build nine cities, control Yan and Ying, rely on danger in the east, cut fertile soil, and then disperse the followers of the six countries. The west is a matter of Qin Dynasty, which has made great achievements so far. Get the fan, abolish Hou, chase Huayang, the government and the private door, nibble away the ministers, and make Qin emperor. These four monarchs all take the guests' contributions. From this point of view, why did the visiting team lose to Qin Zi! To make the four kings guests, but scholars, and for use, is to make the country not rich and Qin nameless.
Today, Your Majesty gave Kunshan jade, including the treasure of He Shen, the pearl of the bright moon, the sword of Tai 'a, the flag of Cuifeng and the drum of tree essence. This number of rare treasures, Qin is not born, tell your majesty, how can you see it? If Qin was born, you can, but it's luminous jade that doesn't adorn the court, rhinoceros that is not good at playing with, the daughter of Zheng Wei doesn't fill the harem, which is unstable, and it's not used in Jiangnan, nor is it used by painters in western Sichuan. Therefore, those who decorate the harem, make up for the old, entertain the heart and talk about the eyes and ears must come from Qin, and then they can, but they are the pins of the pillars, the ears of Fu Ji, the clothes of Aaron, and the splendid ornaments, which are not advanced, but elegant and elegant. It's really Qin Zhisheng's kind of husband who knocks on the urn, plays the guzheng and plays the moustache, but listens to the song quickly. Zheng, Wei sang, Wu Xiang, exotic music. Today, instead of knocking on the urn, I will take Zheng and Wei, and I will withdraw the Zheng and take care of it. What if it is? I'm satisfied with the present, but I'm just comfortable with it. It's not like this to bring people today. Don't ask if you can, regardless of merits and demerits, those who are not in Qin go for the guests. However, the most important people care about color, joy, pearls and jade, while the lightest people care about the people. This is not the art of controlling a prince across the sea.
It is said that there are many people in a vast land, many people in a big country and brave soldiers. It's the mountain ether that won't let the soil, so it can become bigger. Rivers and seas do not choose trickle, so they can be deep; The king is not only popular, so he can understand his virtue. There is no good place in the old land, no foreign country for the people, beautiful seasons and blessings for ghosts and gods. The reason why these five emperors and three kings are invincible is also. Today, I abandon the leader of Guizhou to the enemy, and the guest is a vassal, so that the people all over the world dare not retreat to the west and stay in Qin. This so-called "stealing food with soldiers" is also true.
Husband does not produce Qin, but there are many treasures; Scholars were not born in the Qin Dynasty, but were willing to be loyal to many people. Today, it is harmful to the people and the enemy to drive away the guests to the enemy, and it is not necessary to seek the country without danger.
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I've heard that officials are talking about getting rid of Ke Qingshi, but privately I think it's wrong.
In the past, Mu Gong asked for scholars, Xi Rong in the west, Wan Di Bai Li Xi in the east, Uncle Jian in the Song State, Pi Bao and Gong Sun in the Jin State. None of these five people were born in Qin, so Mu Gong appointed them, annexed 20 tribes and dominated Xirong. Filial piety and Shang Yang reformed, changed customs, made the people rich and the country prosperous. The people are willing to obey, and the vassal States are close to obeying. Captured Chu Wei Jun, opened thousands of miles of territory. So far, the governance of this country has been very strong. King Hui used Zhang Yi's plan to capture Sanchuan and explore Bashu in the west. Go north to get Shang Jun; Occupy Hanzhong in the south, including many Yi people, and control the capital of Chu. Occupy the dangerous area of the east elevation and divide the rich fields. So the alliance of the six countries was dissolved and made it belong to Qin, and the effect has continued to this day. Zhao Haoqi got the Fan Ju, abolished the Marquis, drove away Hua Yangjun, strengthened the dynasty, blocked private interests, and gradually seized the territory of the vassal state. It made Qin an empire. These four monarchs are all thanks to Ke Qing. From this perspective, what did Ke Qing do for Qin? If the four monarchs refuse to accept guests, alienate scholars and refuse to appoint them, the country will not be rich and Qin will not be strong.
Now, the King has got Kungang Baoyu, accompanied by precious jade beads, hanging bright moon beads, wearing a sword, driving the fiber away from the horse, erecting an emerald flag and a leather drum. These treasures are not produced in Qin, but the king likes them. Why? It must be made in the state of Qin before it can be used. Luminous jade can't decorate the imperial court, ivory utensils with rhinoceros horns can't be used well, the beauty of zhengwei can't enrich the harem, a good horse can't enrich the stables outside the palace, Suk Kim in the south of the Yangtze River can't be used, and painters in the west of Sichuan can't be colored. If it is used to decorate the harem, enrich the back row and entertain the eyes and ears, it must be made in the state of Qin before it can be used. Then, the hair pins inlaid with pearls, pearl earrings, East Asian silks and gorgeous ornaments can't be used, and the elegant and gorgeous Miss Zhao can't be used either. Knocking on clay pots, playing Zheng, patting thighs and singing funeral music to meet the needs of seeing and hearing are the real music of Qin State. Zheng Weisang's folk music and Yu Shao Wuxiang's court music and dance are foreign music. Now you don't play Kevin·Z's music, why don't you play Zheng in the gagaku? Just to make your feelings comfortable for viewing. This is not the case with recruiting talents now, with or without it. Whether it is right or wrong, either the Qin people will be removed or the guests will be driven away. Then what is valued is the female music jewelry and jade, and what is despised is the people. This is not the way to cross the sea to subdue the princes.
It is said that the land is vast and the grain is abundant, and there are many people in the country, and the soldiers are strong in Ma Zhuang. Therefore, Taishan does not push the earth, so it can become high; The Yellow River and the sea do not abandon the trickle, so it can achieve its depth and breadth; The king didn't exclude everyone, so he was able to preach his moral education. Therefore, regardless of land and nationality, the four seasons are rich and beautiful, and ghosts and gods bless them. This is the reason why the five emperors and three kings are invincible. Now, abandoning the people to help the enemy, the guest rebukes the princes for their achievements, so that the soldiers in the world dare not retreat to the west and stop in Qin. This is called helping bandits steal weapons and give food.
Things are not produced in the state of Qin and cherish treasures, while scholars are not born in the state of Qin and are willing to be loyal. Now, it is impossible to drive away the Hakka ministers to help the enemy country, reduce the number of people to strengthen their strength, weaken themselves at home, and build hatred in foreign countries. The country is not in danger.
Brief introduction of the author
Reese (? -208 years ago), Chu was born in Shangcai (now Henan). Prime Minister Qin, a famous politician, writer and calligrapher. When I was young, I worked as a knife and pencil officer in Shangcai County, Chu, mainly responsible for rural documents. He saw that the mice in the bedroom toilet were hungry, and the mice in the granary were full and worried, and sighed: "People's virtue is like a mouse, in their own ears!" So I studied Xunzi. After learning that, he inspected the current situation, thought that the king of Chu was incompetent and the six countries were weak, and decided to explore the state of Qin in the west. At that time, he bid farewell to Xunzi and said, "There is no greater shame than meanness, and there is no greater sorrow than poverty. Being in a humble position for a long time, in the land of suffering, is not the evil interests of the world, nor the feelings of a scholar who relies on inaction. Therefore, I must talk about the king of Qin. " When he entered the state of Qin, it happened that Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang died soon. At that time, I was promoted to, so I took refuge in the door as a diners, and at the same time I was appreciated, so I got the opportunity to analyze the situation and provide plans to Qin. Sure enough, the King of Qin was moved by his Lian Heng strategy and was appointed as a long history. Then use strategy, buy off world celebrities with heavy money, and murder people who don't want to make friends with assassins. Later, he was officially promoted to Guest Secretary. In the fourth year of Ying Zheng, King of Qin (243 BC), Zheng Guo, a North Korean water conservancy engineer, took advantage of the opportunity to build the Guanzhong Canal and spent Qin's money as a spy. Under the clamor of imperial clan ministers, the king of Qin ordered the expulsion of officials from six countries. Therefore, Li Si wrote an admonition and expulsion letter to the king of Qin, explaining the importance of "forbearance is the greatest" for the king, so that the country can be rich and strong. Therefore, the king of Qin decided to cancel the marching order, formally reuse Reese as Tingwei, take charge of justice, and step up attacks on various countries. Qin Wang read books written by Han Fei, admired Han Fei's erudition, always wanted to see Han Fei and threatened South Korea. South Korea was very afraid of Qin, so it sent Han Fei to Qin for peace. At this time, the king of Qin detained Han Fei in Qin. In the fourteenth year of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin (233 BC), Lisi was afraid that the king of Qin would reuse Han Fei, and framed Han Fei privately, saying that Han Fei was the son of a Korean imperial clan and would never be loyal to Qin, and advised the king of Qin to put Han Fei in prison and poison him in prison. Assist the Qin dynasty to unify the world, abolish the feudal system, implement the county system and unify the national monetary system. Soon promoted to prime minister. In the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor (2 13 BC), it was suggested that the first emperor destroy hundreds of scholars such as poems and books collected by the people, which was called "burning books" in history.
In July of the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang was more seriously ill than Dunyutai (now Guangzong, Hebei). At that time, Prince Fu Su served as Meng Tian's army supervisor in Shang Jun. Qin Shihuang gave the imperial edict of Fu Su to Zhao Gao, and Zhao Gao died soon. But Zhao Gao wanted Hu Hai, the son of Zhao Gao, to be emperor, so he found Hu Hai and Reese to conspire. Originally, they didn't accept it, but because of Zhao Gao's retort, they changed their mind. Then Reese kept the news of Qin Shihuang's death secret, conspired with Zhao Gao to make an imperial edict, made Hu Hai a prince, and at the same time sent messengers to put the prince Fu Su to death and change sand dunes. After success, it was not until Xianyang that the news of Qin Shihuang's death was made public. Hu Hai ascended the throne, calling himself Emperor Qin Ershi.
In July of the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched the osawa Uprising. Soon Zhao Gao framed Reese for trying to cede territory to be king, and also framed the son of Reese, Shen Chuantai, for colluding with Li You. Reese, who knew the truth, wrote a letter to the Emperor, but was detained by Zhao Gao and sent to prison. Later, Reese couldn't stand the punishment and was forced to plead guilty and was sentenced to death. At this time, Li You was killed in Qiu Yong. In July of the second year of Qin Ershi (208 BC), Li Si was beheaded in Xianyang.
The implementation of his political ideas not only laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, but also had a far-reaching impact on the world.
Appreciation: Excellent knowledge stresses advantages and disadvantages, and promotes the unification of ideas step by step.
This article is Li Si's memorial to Qin Shihuang. Li Si was originally from Shangcai, Chu (now southwest of Shangcai, Henan). Later, he went to the state of Qin to lobby and persuade the king of Qin to unify the world. He was highly valued by the King of Qin (later Qin Shihuang) and worshipped as a guest of honor. The so-called "Keqing" is a name for foreigners who were officials in the State of Qin at that time. Later, in the first year of the King of Qin (246 BC), something happened: South Korea sent a water conservancy expert named to Qin to build irrigation canals for more than 300 miles, in an attempt to consume Qin's national strength, and Qin discovered it and wanted to kill him. He said: "I have been a fate for several years, but it has come true, which is also the benefit of Qin." Finally, he was allowed to finish the project. And those Qin nobles who influenced their power because of Qin Keqing's entry into Qin took advantage of this incident to provoke the king of Qin, saying that foreign Qin Keqing had ulterior motives and wanted to drive them away. In the tenth year of Qin dynasty (237 years before), the king of Qin accepted their opinions and ordered the expulsion of all Keqing people. Reese was also exiled. So he wrote this "Book of Expulsion" and advised the king of Qin not to expel him. The article puts forward the viewpoint from the height of Qin's unification of the world, and repeatedly expounds the mistake of expelling Qin Gui. It was eloquent and eloquent, so it touched the king of Qin, made him withdraw the marching orders, and restored the official position of Reese, and the book of marching guests became a household name.
The full text consists of four paragraphs. The first paragraph illustrates Ke Qing's great contribution to Qin with historical facts, which provides a basis for demonstrating the mistake of expelling guests. The first sentence said: "As soon as I heard the official say that he would expel the guests, I felt that it was too much!" Cut to the chase, cut to the chase, put forward the general argument from the beginning, which is very clear and powerful. It was clearly the King of Qin who gave the marching orders, but he blamed the "officials" for the fault of the marching orders, indicating that the author used euphemism and attached great importance to irony and exhortation. Li Shen in the Song Dynasty said: "When a sentence begins, it ends, and you can't go back." Then the article makes a concrete analysis. First of all, from the historical review, from Mu Gong, the 19th ancestor of Qin Shihuang, to Xiao Gong, Hui Wenjun and Wang Zhaoxiang, four examples of Qin predecessors who made a fortune by reusing Ke Qing are listed, which shows that reusing Ke Qing is beneficial to Qin. Then it is discussed in many aspects: First, it is said that the achievements of these four monarchs were achieved by appointing guest ministers, which is a summary of the above. Later, from this perspective, what did Ke Qingshi do for Qin? This is a further quotation and backchat. At the beginning, if the four monarchs didn't invite guests, didn't recruit talents and didn't use alienated talents, it would be impossible to make the Qin people rich and strong. This is a negative assumption and inference. On the basis of enumerating historical facts and rendering layer by layer, through such ups and downs and repeated arguments, Ke Qing's important role in Qin State is expounded incisively and vividly.
Having said that Ke Qing is beneficial to Qin, it is logical to turn to the following topic and demonstrate the mistake of expelling guests. However, in the second paragraph, the author changed his pen and set up many metaphors, indicating that it is wrong for the king of Qin to love things that are not made in Qin, but to hold another attitude towards people. There are various metaphors in this passage, which can be divided into four layers. On the first floor, I used jewelry and other things as a metaphor to ask: These things are not made in Qin, but your majesty likes them very much. Why? I only ask questions here and don't answer them right away, but they are self-evident and intriguing. The second layer takes playing with beautiful women as a metaphor, inferring that if things produced by Qin State must be used, jade articles, rhinoceros horns, ivory and other utensils that glow at night, beautiful women of Zheng and Wei, precious horses, and painting materials of Jiangnan and Xishu should not be possessed and used by Qin State. Those used to decorate the harem, entertain concubines and please the eyes and ears must belong to the state of Qin. Then, the hair clasp inlaid with pearls, the earrings with pearls and jadeite jade, the silk clothes produced by the State of Qi, and the gorgeous silk embroidery can't enter the front, nor can the beautifully dressed Zhao women. This layer is different from the previous one, and it is said from the opposite side. It is divided into two small levels, which makes the serious harm of "must come from Qin before you can do it" very thorough, and shows that the treasures that are not from Qin are indispensable. The third layer compares music: knocking on pottery, playing Zheng, patting thighs and singing softly are the music of Qin State; Yu Shunshi's folk local music such as Zheng and Wei, Shao and Yu, Wu and Xiang are all foreign music. Now you abandon the joy of Qin and use the joy of other countries. Why? Just to be happy at that time and look comfortable. This answer is near the top, far from the first floor. It can be said that it is a summary of the first three layers, which summarizes the standards of Qin's material selection and lays a good foundation for the following. The fourth layer compares people and things, pointing out that it is better to treat non-Qin people than non-Qin things. In this way, what you value is only the treasure of debauchery, and what you despise is talent. This is by no means a way to unify the world and subdue the princes. Taking the great cause of reunification as the starting point, this paper explains the mistake of valuing people over expelling foreign talents, and the inference is logical, transcendent and free from vulgarity, with strategic momentum and inspiring power. This metaphor is rich and varied, and its writing style is flexible and changeable. It is the most wonderful part of the full text and is highly praised by predecessors. Song Li Tu said: "The theory of China is not from Qin, but used by Qin, and the only one is not from Qin, not used by Qin. Repeated discussions are pleasant and win the method of composition. "
The third syllogism states that expelling Ke Qing is beneficial to the enemy and unfavorable to Qin. First of all, it is pointed out from the front that Ma Zhuang has a vast territory and a large population. Metaphorically, it is emphasized that only with a broad mind can we recruit wise men and talents. We continue to use metaphors to state this view: Mount Tai does not refuse the accumulation of any soil, so it can achieve great success; Rivers and seas are not picky about the inflow of any small water, so they can achieve their depth; The king who unified the world did not refuse anyone who came to join him, so he could show his virtue. The metaphor of Mount Tai and Jianghai is a foil, which means "the king is not the public". Using parallelism is very powerful because of the metaphor of connection classes. Then, further clarify the meaning: no matter the southeast and northwest, no matter which vassal country the talents come from, this is the reason why the five emperors and three kings can stand in the world. Here, the past proves the present, emphasizing the wide recruitment of talents regardless of region.
At this point, I will stop and explain the harm of chasing customers. Here, two methods and two consequences are put forward, not only by comparing ancient and modern times, but also by comparing ourselves with the enemy. It can be seen that expelling guests is beneficial to the enemy country and unfavorable to the great cause of Qin's reunification. This argument is incisive and eloquent.
The last paragraph summarizes the full text, further explaining that expelling guests is related to the safety of Qin State. Summarize the meaning of the first three paragraphs in two sentences: the first paragraph talks about things, and the second paragraph takes care of them, so as to see the wrong attitude of saying that "you must be from Qin before you can" take care of the first paragraph, and to see the inappropriateness of "going for non-Qin guests". The last sentence takes care of the third paragraph, clarifies the harm of the eviction order to Qin, demonstrates it from the perspective of interests, and grasps the key of Qin Wang's thought, so it is very convincing. These two sentences also echo the general argument of "stealing too much" put forward at the beginning of the article, which has a wonderful effect of connecting end to end and connecting front and back.
When this paper demonstrates the mistakes and harm of Qin's expulsion of Ke Qing, it does not focus on the specific problem of expelling Ke Qing, nor does it involve his personal advance and retreat. Instead, he completed the great cause of unifying the world from the height of "controlling the monarch to cross the sea", analyzed and expounded the gains and losses of expelling Ke Qingshi, and embodied Lisi's outstanding knowledge, his progressive political proposition and employment strategy in line with the historical trend. The idea of "meritocracy, regardless of region" expressed in this article still has certain reference significance today.
The Book of Persuasion and Expulsion is also highly learned. It is not only valuable in thought, but also rich in words and sentences, brilliant in literary thought and superb in writing skills. Its main features are as follows: First, the fact is conceived, the metaphor is restated, the wording is powerful and the reasoning is thorough. Second, the structure is tortuous and changeable, rigorous and orderly. When discussing the attitude of the king of Qin towards things, several meanings are similar, but for a while, it is said, for a while, for a while, and for a while; Or slightly change a few words, or slightly change the technique, it is really ups and downs, extremely tortuous. The writing echoes before and after, runs through in one breath, and the full text is compact and meticulous. Third, the use of parallelism and duality makes the article bold and unrestrained. The language form is neat and scattered, and the syllables are cadenced, which makes the full text gushing and unconstrained style. The book of remonstrating and expelling guests initiated the style of prose and fu, which had a certain influence on later prose and fu.