Time: 20 14-05-05 Source: Jiyuan Cultural Relics Administration Author: Jiyuan Cultural Relics Administration
Jidu Temple, the full name of Du Ji Beihai Temple, was built in the second year of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty (AD 582). It is the place where the feudal dynasties of Sui, Tang and later dynasties offered sacrifices to the gods of Jishui and Beihai. The existing Jidu Temple is in the shape of "A", with Jidu Temple in front and Beihai Temple in the back, Yuxiangyuan in the east and Tianqing Palace in the west, covering an area of 130 mu. It is the largest and best preserved ancient architectural complex of Sidu in China. From 65438 to 0996, Jidu Temple was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
The existing ancient buildings in the temple began in the Tang Dynasty and lasted for thousands of years after the Northern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. It is a concrete and subtle museum of ancient architectural art in China. There are not only the earliest and largest single wooden structure building in Henan-the bedroom of Du Ji in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also the I-shaped hall and cloister which are rare in the world, which not only embodies the rough and unconstrained atmosphere of northern architecture, but also contains the exquisite ingenuity of Jiangnan gardens. Carving beams and painting pavilions and waterside pavilions, flowing water and arch stone tablets set each other off, telling the luxury and glory of more than 1000 years.
Jishui has been a famous Sichuan River since ancient times, so it ranks among the four blasphemies, with the same name as the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Huaihe River. Sacrifices to Jishui and Beihai have always been listed as national sacrifices, and politicians are "cautious but not lazy". Since the Han Dynasty, the imperial court has sent important officials to sacrifice regularly every year, which has gradually become a custom. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, all national events, such as war, regime change, praying for rain and even the life and death of royal family members, have to be reported to the Water Saving God and Beihai God, and folk sacrificial activities have become more frequent. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the water god was also named "the Duke of Qingyuan" and "the loyal protector of the king of Qingyuan", which contributed to the sacrificial activities. Therefore, a history of the rise and fall of Jidu Temple is also a microcosm of the worship history of ancient water gods in China.
Water saving also played an indispensable role in the formation and development of ancient civilization in China. The water source nourished the capital of Xia Dynasty, the first slavery dynasty in China. The unique flow direction of Jishui across the Yellow River and into the sea twists and turns embodies the noble temperament of the Chinese nation, which contains chastity and self-purification, and is mighty and unyielding; The works of literati and officialdom praising water conservation in past dynasties have also become a wonderful flower in China's literary treasure house that never fades.
Strolling through pavilions, wandering by running water, rubbing mottled slate and smoking fragrant kitchen smoke, you will realize the greatness of water-saving spirit and the glory of the Millennium!
The ancient architectural complex of Jidu Temple faces south, and the overall layout is "A". There are more than 20 ancient buildings in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are divided into four areas: there is Jidu Temple in front of it to worship the water god; Later, it was the Beihai Temple, which was dedicated to the North Sea God. In the east, there is the Royal Fragrant Garden, which is a temporary water supply and rest place for the royal family. In the west, there is the Tianqing Palace, dedicated to the Jade Emperor and Sanqing. The main buildings are arranged on three longitudinal axes. On the central axis are Qingyuan Dongfumen, Qingyuan Gate, Yuan De Gate, Bedroom, Linyuanmen, Long Ting and Lingyuan Pavilion. There are Yuxiangtang, Guanguanlou, Huangyutang and Changsheng Pavilion on both sides. Jidu Temple Ancient Architecture Complex is praised as the Museum of Ancient Architecture by experts of ancient architecture in China.
Qingyuan Dongfumen: The gate of Jidu Temple, built in the middle of Ming Dynasty, is an arched building with three legs and four columns, with a magnificent proportion and extraordinary bearing. This gate is a wooden building in Ming Dynasty, with high purity of original structure, strange shape and many ancient systems. It is the highest wooden archway in Ming Dynasty in Henan Province.
Yuan De Gate: It was rebuilt in the middle of Ming Dynasty and in Qing Dynasty. Entering this gate is the central sacrificial area of Jidu Temple. 193 1- 1932. After this door was closed, it was the first Jiyuan County Party Committee Office.
Qingyuan Gate: rebuilt in the middle of Ming Dynasty, with huge materials and regular components, it is a precious material for studying Ming Dynasty architecture.
Yuan De Temple Base: Yuan De Temple is the main hall of Jidu Temple, which was built in the early Northern Song Dynasty and rebuilt in successive dynasties. According to the "Local Records Monument" recorded in the next four years, the Yuan De Hall is seven rooms wide and four rooms deep, which is magnificent. There are three halls on each side, Yuan Jun Hall in the east and Sandu Hall in the west. The Yuan De Hall and the bedroom behind it are connected by a corridor, forming an I-shaped layout, which is a typical architectural practice in the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty inscribed "Ji Ling Cemetery" and Emperor Qianlong inscribed "Liu Qingpu Hui" and hung them in front of the temple. In the sixth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1867), the temple was burned by the Nian army, and its base site still exists today. The surface of the pedestal basin on the top of the temple is carved with grass patterns, with exquisite composition and round knife method. The east and west steps in front of the temple are the remnants of the "East langxi Step" of the ancient ritual system.
Du Ji bedroom: It was built in the sixth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 973), with five rooms wide and three rooms deep. It is built on a single eaves, standing against the mountain, and it is the resting place of the water god. Bedroom is the earliest existing wooden structure building in Henan Province. It is the only single wooden building in Jidu Temple for more than 1000 years, which occupies an important position in the wooden buildings in the Song Dynasty. In 1936, Liu Dunzhen, a famous expert on ancient architecture in China, commented: "The eaves columns of this temple are relatively short, and the roof has a gentle slope, which are the characteristics of the architecture in the early Song Dynasty. Among the wooden structures in Henan Province that the author knows, its age is the earliest. "
Linyuanmen: It is the mountain gate of Beihai Zen Temple, which means "Waterfront Gate". Built in the second year of Dade in Yuan Dynasty (AD 1298), it is three rooms wide and four rafters deep, which has high cultural relics value.
Long Ting: Reconstruction in Ming Dynasty, named after Longchi, the northern water source. Three rooms are wide and deep, and the mountain is built on a single eaves. The eaves column and forehead are particularly huge. The structure of this pavilion is very strange. This is the building of Amin dynasty, with many cultural relics of Song and Yuan Dynasties, which is of great research value.
Lingyuan Pavilion: rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, with simple and elegant modeling, is a precious material for studying Ming Dynasty architecture.
Changshengge: a high-rise building in Qing Dynasty, where Taoism prayed for longevity. The natural branches of Cooper in front of the stage twisted sideways to escape, and the hanging vines and lush Polygonum multiflorum symbolize longevity.
White Tiger Pavilion: Built in Qing Dynasty, it is a unique masonry structure with exquisite brick carvings under the eaves. There are springs in the pavilion, which are cool and sweet, and can be drunk and drowned. In ancient times, it was said that people with eye diseases would have drowned in the water, commonly known as "eye pool".
Monument Pavilion: commonly known as Buddha-free Hall, it was built in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. The pavilion contains the Monument of Rebuilding Jidu Temple by Yigong, which records the deeds of Jiyuan prefect who led the people to rebuild Jidu Temple, which is of great value for studying the history of Jidu Temple.
Jade Emperor Hall: rebuilt during the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, with five rooms wide and three rooms deep. It is a building in the early Qing Dynasty that retains the style of the Ming Dynasty. The arches under the eaves are carved with faucets of different shapes, which are exquisite and dexterous, reflecting the revered position of the Jade Emperor in Taoism.
Guan Jie Building: Rebuilt in Qing Dynasty, it is a two-story building with a single eaves hanging on the front porch of the mountain. It is the place where imperial envoys and their entourage temporarily work, rest and store their offerings when offering sacrifices to the water god.
Guangshengtang: a place where pilgrims pray for their children. The temple was rebuilt in the Qing dynasty, and many later generations have repaired it. It is a wooden structure building with strong local characteristics.
Tang Dynasty Wall: Built in the Tang Dynasty, it is made of glutinous rice soup mixed with soil and rammed layer by layer. It has a history of more than 1000 years, which is consistent with the direction of the wall shown in the map of Beihai Temple in Du Ji in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, showing the huge scale of Jidu Temple in the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are few remains in China, which has high scientific research value.
Inscription art
There are more than 40 stone carvings in Jidu Temple, which record the history of more than 400 years from Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. These inscriptions include the inscription of the emperor offering sacrifices to the water god, the inscription of temples built by officials and people, the travel notes of literati and so on. Among them, the official script "Golden Scissors" written by the famous writer Tahiti and calligrapher Xue Xichang in the Tang Dynasty, the Fu Ling Monument written by the great calligrapher Zhao Mengfu in the Yuan Dynasty, the Flying Dragon Map written by the imperial calligrapher Zhu Yuanzhang and so on are all very precious inscriptions. The inscriptions are rich in content and varied in forms, which not only reflect the changes of the ancient sacrificial system and the government affairs of the imperial court, but also record the history and local humanities of Jidu Temple. Many inscriptions are beautifully written and have high historical and artistic value.
Monument to Beihai Temple in Du Ji: It was carved in the fourth year of Tianshun in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1460). The contents of the monument are divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower. The upper part is a stone tablet, which is written in regular script with eight Chinese characters of "Du Ji Beihai Temple Monument", with double hooks. The middle part is the layout of Jidu Temple. A large-scale panorama of Jidu Temple's buildings and monuments is drawn with intaglio lines, and the names of the main temples are also marked. Draw the source water system diagram of water-saving project outside the drawing. The fine print on both sides of the temple map records the land quantity and distribution of Jidu Temple in detail. * * * There are "five hectares and 27 mu of official land", that is, 527 mu of temple land, which is very large. The second half is the explanatory text of the temple map, which introduces the architectural layout of Jidu Temple in detail. The pictures and texts on the tablet reflect the grand occasion of Jidu Temple in the middle of Ming Dynasty. It is an important material for studying the history of Jidu Temple and an important basis for protecting Jidu Temple.
Monument to the Imperial edict of Daming: It was published in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 1370). The content is that after the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang unified China, in order to unify the gods of wuyue, Wuzhen, Hayes, Sidu and other countries, he issued an imperial decree to put stones in the temple to show the world. Among them, Jishui was named "the God of Great Relief in the North", which shows the lofty status of Jishui. The monument has important reference value for studying the political system, sacrificial system and social situation in the early Ming Dynasty. The inscription was written by Zhan Xiyuan (word Meng Ju), an imperial calligrapher in the early Ming Dynasty, with neat font, vigorous strokes and extraordinary bearing, which has high artistic value of calligraphy.
At present, the contents and calligraphy of ancient imperial sacrificial temples, such as Qufu Confucius Temple, Beiyue Hengshan Temple and Dongzhen Yishan Temple, are the same as those of the Ming Emperor Monument.
"Tang Ji Du Jing" is recorded: published in the sixth year of Tang Tianbao (AD 747), written by Daxi and written by Xue Xichang. The inscription on the tablet is "Banquet and Preface". The inscription describes the scene when Duke Kou, the magistrate of Jiyuan County, accompanied Gao Hou, the new master, and other friends to visit Jidu Temple, praising the spirit and morality of Jishui and depicting the beautiful scenery of Jidu Temple. This article is flowery in rhetoric and beautiful in writing. This tablet was written by Xue Xichang in the style of "Golden Scissors" in the official script, revealing the beauty of simplicity, and it is a masterpiece in the official script of the Tang Dynasty.
This tablet has been included in the epigraphy works of Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Historical Records and Zhao Mingcheng's Records of the Stone, and it is a famous Tang tablet.
Fu Ling Monument: It was carved in the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D.116). The first half is a Taoist symbol, and its meaning has not been deciphered so far. The second half is written by Song Huizong in fine gold, which has high artistic value of calligraphy. Four weeks after the inscription, the four gods, Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu, were carved, with fine descriptions and vivid images.
A Brief Introduction to The Legend of Feilong: It was written in the first year of Yuanyou (A.D. 13 14). Zhou wrote, Zhao Mengfu wrote Dan, and sealed the forehead. The inscription describes the process of sending an imperial envoy, Zhou and others, to Jidu Temple to offer water and worship the mountain gods after he acceded to the throne. When Zhao Mengfu wrote this inscription, he was over seventy years old. His calligraphy skills were profound and skillful, which reflected the highest level of Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy. The Legend of Flying Dragon was the seal script of Guo Guan, a famous calligrapher and minister of rites at that time. This monument is of great historical and artistic value.
Du Ji Beihai Temple Monument was published in the 13th year of Tang Zhenyuan (AD 797). According to records, after Zhang Xi, the magistrate of Jiyuan County, took office, he perfected the sacrificial supplies of Jidu Temple. The name and quantity of the new sacrifices are listed in detail on the tablet, and the ritual procedure of offering sacrifices to Du Ji God at that time is also recorded on the tablet, which provides important historical materials for studying the system of offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers in Tang Dynasty and the history of Jidu Temple.
Monument to the sacrifice of the Crown Prince: published in the 9th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1272). The inscription records that "the locust demon died, and the valley was abundant in the year". The Crown Prince Yan Zhenqing was sent by Emperor Kublai Khan to Jidu Temple to express his gratitude to God Du Ji.
A Brief Introduction to Throwing Dragons at Du Ji: Published in the 7th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1270). Yang Guo, the general manager of Huaimeng Road, wrote a book, recording that Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent officials and famous Taoist priests to Jidu Temple to sacrifice, throwing golden dragons and silks, and praying for "expanding territory, abundant crops and peaceful borders"
Yuming Monument: Established in Jingtai in the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1455). According to records, there was a drought in the world at that time, and people lived in poverty. In the Ming Dynasty, Ma Jin, the left deputy governor of the sectarian Duchayuan, came to Jidu Temple to offer sacrifices and pray for rain.
Imperial tablet: It was established in the 20th year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1484). According to records, there was a severe drought in many places at that time, and Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty sent Zhao Wenbo, the right deputy capital of Henan local Douchayuan, to Jidu Temple to offer sacrifices and pray for rain.
"The First Cave in the World" Stone Carving: The book of Youren Xu, a great scholar in Yuan Dynasty, was originally stored in Wuwangshan, and Cai Runan moved it here in the 41st year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty. The king of Wu, the "first cave in the world", is the first of the ten caves in Taoism and is known as the "small sky".
Jade Bamboo Slips in Northern Song Dynasty: "Throwing Dragon Bamboo Slips" is the highest etiquette for offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers in ancient times. In the first year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1068), after Zhao Yong of Song Shenzong ascended the throne, he sent envoys to worship the water god. In this sacrificial activity, the Hsi Chin Dojo was specially opened to pray for the gods, and the golden dragon jade slips were sacrificed at the source of Jishui. There are some flaws in bamboo slips, such as: "The Great Song Dynasty inherited the Emperor", "The Sanqi people opened the Hsi Chin Dojo on the same day", "The Shuifu presented a golden jade slip, wishing the immortals to coexist, and the Jiushui Emperor ... made a news, which means that the Shuifu Golden Dragon biography. In the first year of Xining, Tai sui applied for April in May ... ". These jade slips were found in the rescue and repair project of Jidu Temple in July, 2003, and are now in Jiyuan Museum.
Goulan Stone in the Northern Song Dynasty: Located in front of Lingyuan Pavilion in Chibei, Du Ji, there is a hollowed-out "Wan" pattern between the basin lip and the ground, and the grass and bottles on it are very finely carved. This stone goulan is the only existing single goulan recorded in Architectural French in Song Dynasty, and it has extremely high cultural value.
General cypress: planted in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a tree age of more than 2,000 years. According to legend, when Wei Chijingde, a general of the Tang Dynasty, was ordered to supervise the renovation of Jidu Temple, he hung his Strafe on this tree, hence the name. Yin An, a native of Chaling in the Ming Dynasty, wrote a poem praising "the bright moon branches move at night, and it is suspected that it is the sword light of the general".
Ancient Bai Han: It was planted in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to legend, the Queen Mother saw the beauty of the source of water saving in the sky, and when she was happy, she spit the peach pit in her mouth here, absorbed the essence of water saving and grew into this towering Cooper. Shen Rongchang, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Who in the Han family left this cypress? The Queen Mother gave birth to a stone. Rooted thousands of miles, ridging the soil for a hundred years. "
Water supply source
The Modern Chinese Dictionary (revised edition) wrote on page 595: "The ancient name of water, water, originated in Henan today and flowed into the Bohai Sea via Shandong. Now the lower reaches of the Yellow River are the original water-saving rivers. Jiyuan in Henan, Jinan, Jining and Jiyang in Shandong are all named after Jishui. " Jiyuan is named because it is the birthplace of water saving. Jishui is a famous river in ancient China. It originated in Jiyuan, flowed through Henan and Shandong provinces, and finally flowed into Bohai Sea. In ancient times, she was called "four blasphemies" with the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River, and was as famous as the "Five Mountains". She was ceremoniously sacrificed by the imperial courts in past dynasties, which had a great influence on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China, and played an indispensable role in the formation and development of ancient civilization, with a long and splendid history and culture. Jinan, Jiyang and Jining in the lower reaches of Jishui River all use unique names to record the vast areas where Jishui once flowed. Jidu Temple, the source of Jishui, is a temple built by the emperor's decree to worship Jishui. Its architecture is large in scale and rich in connotation, surpassing all the sacrificial temples along the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. "Taiping Universe" records that "Jishui comes from three miles northwest of the county and has two sources: its eastern source returns to 700 steps a week, which is unpredictable; Xiyuan goes back 680 steps a week, one foot deep and surrounded by walls, which originated from the king of Wu. " Today, the Du Ji Pool in Jidu Temple is the birthplace of water saving. Here, the scenery is beautiful, springs gush, pavilions and flowing water set each other off, showing the world a profound water-saving history and culture.
Du Ji sidian
Sacrificing mountains and rivers in ancient times is the historical mission of feudal rulers to be cautious but not lazy. In the Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Tiandi officially listed Sidu as a national sacrifice ceremony. In the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang listed the mountains and rivers that were often sacrificed. From the east of Lushan Mountain, he sacrificed two big rivers, one is Huaishui and the other is Jishui. The unification of the Qin dynasty completely fixed the chaotic and outdated sacrificial ceremonies, and built special temples for the sacrificial ceremonies. By the time Emperor Xuandi proclaimed himself emperor in the Western Han Dynasty, the location of the four capitals' sacrifices had been very clear, namely, "The river is in Linjin (Fengxiang), the river is in Jiangdu (Guangling), Huai is in Shi Ping (Wan), and Linyi (Dong Jun) is beneficial", thus forming a sacrificial system. At this time, offering water has been regarded as a national ceremony. After the long-term division and war in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty, Jishui Sacrifice has always been centered on Jidu Temple and has become a very important part of the national sacrifice since then.
In addition to regular and irregular sacrifices, since the Tang Dynasty, emperors of all dynasties have offered gifts to blasphemy. In the sixth year of Tianbao in Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty named Jishui as Qingyuan Gong, Zong Zheng of Song Dynasty named Jishui as Qingyuan Zhongbao King, and Yuan Renzong named him Qingyuan Charity King. In the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu renamed it the Great Northern Relief God, and Yong Zhengdi in the Qing Dynasty named it the Great Northern Relief God.
Continuous gift-giving has virtually raised the standard and level of offering sacrifices to Du Ji, but all national events, such as war, regime change, and even the life and death of members of the royal family, must be told to Jishui God. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, sacrificial water reached its peak. In the Ming Dynasty, from Zhu Yuanzhang to Zhu Youjian, there was hardly an emperor of generation 17 who did not send an imperial envoy to sacrifice. Emperor Kangxi, an outstanding sage of the Qing Dynasty, reported to Du Ji on his 60th birthday the pacification of Junggar and Mobei. Kangxi and Qianlong awarded the plaques of "Ji Ling Cemetery" and "Liu Qing Pu Hui" to the Yuan De Hall of Jidu Temple twice. The prosperity of sacrificial ceremonies in Du Ji has been maintained and strengthened in every dynasty.