When a scholar covers only one country, he is called a national scholar; When the color of women covers a country, it is called the national color; When the fragrance of orchids covers a country, it means the fragrance of this country. Since ancient times, people have known your orchid, not waiting for the Chu people to chase after the ministers. Lan even seems to be a gentleman, born in the mountains and sparse grass, not for no one but for incense; Snow and ice are fierce, killing people like hemp, and they will not change their nature in the coming year. It is the so-called "being isolated from the world without being bored, not seeing it, but not being bored". Although orchids are fragrant and clean, peaceful coexistence is different from Xiao Ai. When the breeze passes, its fragrance is rich and full of rooms and halls. The so-called chapter is also timely.
However, Whelan's talents and virtues are different, and the world cannot be different. I knew my family a long time ago. Ge Lan is like a gentleman, and Hui is like a scholar-bureaucrat. There are about ten Hui and one Lan in the mountains. "Li Sao" said, "Give me nine acres of orchids and a hundred acres of trees." As an old friend, the Chu people are cheap and expensive. Whelan comes out of the bushes, the sand and stones are luxuriant, and the soup and tea are fragrant. When it comes to flowers, those that are full of flowers and have more fragrance are blue, and those that are full of five or seven flowers and have less fragrance are sweet. Although Hui is not a orchid, pepper is far away, and the world thinks that the country is fragrant. It is said that "the door is suitable for hoeing", and people are in the mountains, so they are gone forever!
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If a scholar surpasses other scholars in talent and morality, then he becomes a national scholar; If a woman is more beautiful than other beautiful women, it is called national color; If the fragrance of orchids is better than all other flowers, it is called national fragrance. Since ancient times, people have attached importance to orchids, not after Qu Yuan praised them. Orchids are very similar to gentlemen: they grow in deep mountains and barren jungles and do not give off fragrance because no one knows; Don't change your nature after being brutally destroyed by ice and snow. This is what we call "no worries, no worries, no appointments". Although orchids are fragrant and beautiful, they are no different from Xiao Zhi at ordinary times. A breeze blew, and his fragrance was rich and well known. This is what we call the hidden good side, waiting for the opportunity to show ourselves.
But Lan and Hui are different in talent and morality, and few people in the world can distinguish them. I let myself wander for a long time, so I fully know the difference between Lan and Hui. Maybe orchids are like gentlemen and scholars. Maybe there are ten wisdom trees and only one orchid in the forest. "Li Sao" said: "I raised nine orchids and planted a hundred acres." "Evocation of Soul" said: "Love the common leaves of flowers, and generally advocate orchids." Therefore, Chu people have a long history of taking Hui as the foundation and Lan as the value. Orchids and violets can grow anywhere, even where they are planted in gravel. If you water them with hot tea, they will smell good. This is what they have in common. When they bloom, one will bloom a flower on the stem, while orchids smell very fragrant. Hui people will bloom five or seven flowers on the stem, but the fragrance is not enough. Although Hui is not as good as orchid, it is far above pepper, which is actually called "national fragrance" by contemporary people. Therefore, those in power must be removed, which is why those noble hermits stayed away from those in power and did not come back!
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The most famous prose in the Northern Song Dynasty is Zhou Dunyi's Love Lotus. Taking lotus as a metaphor, the article praises the noble personality of "getting out of the mud without being stained". Later, Huang Tingjian's Travel Pavilion was a beautiful sketch compared with Ailian. But the former is widely known for being selected as a middle school textbook. Huang Tingjian himself is famous for his poems, and his prose creation has been covered up.
Huang Tingjian was a famous poet and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty, and he was the first of the "Four Bachelor of Sumen". Huang Tingjian has high attainments in poetry, calligraphy and writing, and is also called "Su Huang" with Su Shi. His life is full of ups and downs and hardships. In the party struggle in the Northern Song Dynasty, he belonged to the old party and was repeatedly relegated. But no matter what difficulties he is in, he encourages himself with integrity. This article is the expression of his noble character. With his own practical behavior, he reached the highest state of "writing is like a man, and people are like his writing".
In ancient China, there has always been a tradition of "fragrant grass and beautiful women". This is a typical analogy: compare people's personality with some animals and plants in nature. In this article, Zhou Dunyi established a firm analogy relationship between Lotus and Gentleman, and Huang Tingjian established a firm analogy relationship between Lan and Gentleman.
From the very beginning, Huang Tingjian used three metaphors: national scholar, national color and national fragrance, and raised Lan to the supreme position. "Chu chasing ministers" refers to Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan planted orchids, Eupatorium odoratum and Eupatorium odoratum in Lisao: "I not only planted nine orchids, but also planted a hundred acres of flowers", which symbolizes my character of taking orchids as beauty. Huang Tingjian pointed out that Lan looks like a gentleman: "Lan looks like a gentleman, born in Shan Ye, and is not fragrant because there is no one. Snow and frost murder, and will not change its nature in the coming year. " A gentleman is like a orchid, never boasting, nor is he unhappy because no one appreciates him; After being brutally destroyed by the outside world, I will not change my nature. The vigilance of these two sentences can be compared with "getting out of the mud without being stained"
Why did Huang Tingjian specifically point out these two points? Because in these two environments, the character of a gentleman can be seen best. In the first environment, the gentleman has not yet become famous and no one appreciates him, so he must be able to bear loneliness; The second environment, despite repeated blows, does not change its integrity. The phrase "isolated from the world but not bored" comes from the Book of Changes. "Gangua" and "Classical Chinese": "The ninth day: what is it without diving dragons? Confucius said: it is not easy to live in the world without being a hermit. Living in seclusion is not boring, and it is not boring to see what it is. Do it if you are happy, and violate it if you are worried. If you can't pull it out, the dragon will hide. " "Confucius Book": "Those who hate living in seclusion are called living in seclusion. Although there is no way, they are also annoyed. He who doesn't bother without seeing its goodness is called the world is not right, although he doesn't bother without seeing its goodness. There is no trouble of seclusion in the clouds, and the heart is quiet. I don't see anything right, and I'm not bored. This is because I see that the world is doing evil, and it is not boring, so there are boring articles. " Yi Daguo and Xiang Chuan: "A gentleman is independent and fearless, and he is bored in seclusion." Confucius: "A wise gentleman is fearless when he is in decline. Escape from the world carefree, trying to escape difficulties will not change the practice. Mortals can't do it, but gentlemen can. " Visible, in these two environments, only a gentleman can stand. The phrase "containing chapters" also comes from the Book of Changes. Chapter six or three of the Book of Changes says: "Including Zhang Kejian. Or from the king, there is no end. " "Xiang" said: Zhang Kezhen was also sent at that time; Or from the king's things, I know it is also great. "Composition, that is, literary talent, that is, virtue contains composition, that is, hiding the good, keeping a low profile and maintaining virtue. Zhen, Zheng Including Zhang Kejian: containing morality and being righteous. Time, opportunity. Credit your success to yourself. A gentleman should wait patiently for the best opportunity before acting. Beautiful connotation and firm character; If you work for the son of heaven, you will have a good end if you don't take credit. Huang Tingjian once again praised the qualities of a gentleman in the world: First, he is reserved, unassuming and not deliberately pursuing. Just like orchids, they are usually mixed with other flowers and plants, and their fragrance is not obvious. The second is to seize the opportunity. Once a gentleman has the opportunity to display his talents, he will do his best to serve the country and the nation and do his best until he dies. Like orchids, a breeze blows, and its fragrance is rich and well known.
Next, the author deliberately compares the differences between Lan and Hui, pointing out that Lan is a gentleman and Hui is a scholar-bureaucrat. Orchids and Hui have the same cultivation environment, but the number and fragrance of flowers are different. "Orchids are more fragrant, and five or seven flowers are less fragrant." If you spend less money, you will be subtle and unobtrusive; If the fragrance is far away, there are real talents and practical learning, and the connotation is rich. The author also pointed out that "although Hui is not orchid, he regards pepper as far away." Zanthoxylum bungeanum, a common fragrant herb, refers to mediocre people here. Although scholar-officials are not as good as gentlemen in moral cultivation, they are far superior to ordinary people. Unfortunately, pepper is actually called "national fragrance" by contemporary people. "Dangmen" refers to those in power. Those in power are fatuous and can't tell the difference between sticks and peppers, let alone appreciate the subtle and quiet orchids. Therefore, those noble "mountain people" are far away from the authorities and "never return." Here, the author places a deep sigh on the world.
Huang Tingjian's admiration for Lan was put forward in the Northern Song Dynasty under the general environment of advocating gentleman's integrity. Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" said: "Lotus is a gentleman in flowers." Huang Tingjian also said: "Lan is like a gentleman." This article was written when he was demoted to Rongzhou. There is a mountain in Rongzhou called Lanshan, where there are wild orchids. He transplanted it into the yard and built a small pavilion called Youfang Pavilion. In the party struggle in the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian belonged to Su Shi School and was attacked by the New Party many times. However, he didn't hate or scold. Su Shi praised him: "It means that he is detached from the dust, independent of everything, riding the wind and swimming in the air, which a gentleman who is not lonely in this world can't use." Although he gives up on himself, he can't get friends from the world. " (Answer to the Yellow Book) This evaluation can't be higher. Huang Tingjian named his residence "Ren Yuntang" and "Ai Mu 'an" successively, which shows his attitude towards life. He is "harmonious but different", like an orchid, subtle, unobtrusive, profound in connotation and stressing integrity. In his poems, he also repeatedly recited the noble qualities of orchids, such as "sending Li Zixian with a single heart that stinks like the rhyme of orchid", "Bing Yin wrote fourteen poems for Wei Suzhou", "Answering Li with two rhymes", "Answering Liu Zhongmiao", "Sending ten poems to Fu Jun in the same year" and "Answering Li". He also wrote Han Boyong's Wandering Lanfu in the Tang Dynasty, which has been handed down to this day and has become a masterpiece in the history of China's calligraphy.
Huang Tingjian is knowledgeable and makes good use of allusions. He advocated extensive study of excellent ancient literary works, accumulated a lot, and made innovations on this basis, "turning stone into gold" and "reinventing himself". In this essay, Huang Tingjian casually quoted the Book of Changes and Li Sao, which showed his profound knowledge and accomplishment.