At dusk, officials arrested people at night. The old man climbed over the wall and left, while the old woman went out to watch.
Shi Hu is angry! Why do women cry?
Before listening to his wife's speech: three men are guarding Yecheng. One man attached a book, and two men died. Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead! There is no one in the room, only a baby and a grandson. And grandma didn't go, and there was no skirt in and out. Although an old woman is weak, please come back at night. If you are in a hurry to serve Shirley in the river and Yang, you might as well prepare the meal in the morning.
The night is long and silent, like crying and choking. Dawn will rise into the future, leaving the old man alone.
Translation of stone trencher
Stay in Shihao Village at night, and officials will arrest people at night. The old man fled over the wall, and the old woman went out to deal with it.
The officer shouted so fiercely, and the old woman cried so miserably.
I heard the old woman come forward and say, "My three sons have all served in the army and joined the siege of Yecheng. One of the sons wrote back, and two of them were recently killed in battle. The living drag out an ignoble existence for a while, and the dead are gone forever. There is no one at home, only a little grandson who is nursing. My daughter-in-law has never left this house because of her little grandson, but she doesn't have a good skirt to go in and out. Old woman, although I am weak, please allow me to go home with you at night. Hurry up to cope with the labor force needed by Heyang, and it is still too late to cook early. "
At night, the voice disappeared, but it seemed to hear low crying and choking.
After dawn, I continued to catch up with the road ahead, and I could only say goodbye to the escaped old man.
In the spring of the second year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (759), six hundred thousand troops from nine provinces including Guo Ziyi surrounded Yecheng Anqingxu. Due to the disunity of command, the whole army was defeated by Shi Siming reinforcements. In order to supplement the troops, the Tang Dynasty forcibly arrested people from Luoyang West to Tongguan as soldiers, and the people were miserable. At this time, Du Fu is returning to Huazhou from Luoyang via Tongguan. From what I saw and heard along the way, I wrote "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Li Shihao is one of the three officials. The theme of the whole poem is to expose the brutality of officials and reflect the sufferings of the people through the image description of "officials arresting people at night"
The first four sentences can be regarded as the first paragraph. The first sentence "cast stone ditch village at dusk", come straight to the point and tell the story directly. The words "dusk", "vote" and "village" need to be pondered, so don't let them go easily. In feudal society, due to social disorder and desolate journey, tourists "stay while there is still time", not to mention in the era of war and disaster! Du Fu, on the other hand, hurried to a small village for the night at dusk. This unusual scene is very enlightening. It is conceivable that he either didn't dare to go this way at all; Or the nearby towns are empty and have nowhere to rest; Or ..... In short, a few words not only pointed out the time and place of stay, but also told the whole story about the panic, restlessness and everything out of the normal track, which provided a typical environment for the performance of tragedy. Pu Qilong pointed out that this poem "A tiger catches people" ("Reading Du Xin Jie") is not only about "arresting people at the official night", but also about the environment of the first sentence. The sentence "arresting people at the night of being an official" is the outline of the whole article, and the following plots all come from here. Saying "arresting people" instead of "recruiting soldiers", "counting soldiers" and "recruiting soldiers" is exposed and criticized in the truthful description. Coupled with the word "night", the meaning is even richer. First, it shows that the government's "arresting people" often happens, and people hide or resist during the day and cannot "catch" them; Second, it shows that the means of "arresting people" by county officials is vicious, and they make a sudden attack at night when the people have fallen asleep. At the same time, the poet threw himself into Shihao Village at dusk. Several hours have passed from dusk to night, and of course he has fallen asleep by this time. So he didn't take part in the later activities, but heard them through the door. The phrase "the old man crosses the wall and the old woman goes out" shows that the people have suffered from Ding for a long time and have no peace day and night; Even in the middle of the night, I still fidgeted. As soon as I heard the noise outside the door, I knew that the county officials had come to "arrest people" again. The old man immediately fled over the wall, and the old woman opened the door to deal with it.
These sixteen sentences can be regarded as the second paragraph, from "why do officials get angry when they shout" to "it is better to prepare for cooking in the morning" "History is called a what anger! Why do women cry! " In two sentences, the sharp contradiction between "official" and "female" is summarized extremely incisively and vividly, and written vividly. A "shout", a "cry", an "anger" and a "bitterness" form a strong contrast; The two adverbials "Yihe" add more emotional color, effectively rendering the savage momentum of the county official like a wolf, and creating an atmosphere of grief and indignation for the old woman's complaint below. The two sides of the contradiction have a master-slave and causal relationship. "Why do women cry" is forced by "why do officials cry and get angry". Below, the poet no longer writes "official call", but writes "women cry" and "official call" to see himself. "Listen to your wife first" is a link between the preceding and the following. That "listening" is the poet's "listening" and that "delivering a speech" is the old woman's "bitter cry" in response to the county magistrate's "angry cry". Thirteen poems with the content of "making a speech" have changed their rhymes many times, with obvious turning points, suggesting that county officials "shouted angrily" and pressed the topic many times. When reading these thirteen poems, don't think that the "old woman" said them all at once, while the county officials are all ears. In fact, "Why are officials angry?" Why do women cry? "Not only at the beginning of the activity, but also until the end of the activity. It is the first turning point from "three people guarding Yecheng" to "the dead are gone". As you can imagine, this is the first time that county officials have forced questions and complaints. Before this, the poet once wrote about the county officials catching tigers and arresting people with the phrase "officials catch people at night". When the old woman went out to see it, she jumped in. The thief looked everywhere, but couldn't find a man. She closed her eyes. Then he shouted, "Where are all the men in your family? Hand it over! The old woman sobbed and said, "All three sons are soldiers guarding Yecheng. One son just wrote that the other two sons are dead! ..... "Tears, I'm afraid the county officials don't believe me, and I have to take out letters to show them. In short, "the living drag out an ignoble existence, and the dead are long gone!" "The situation is sympathetic enough. She hopes to win the sympathy of county officials and be lenient. Unexpectedly, the county magistrate was angry again: "Is there no one else in your family? Hand it over! " She had to complain about this: "There is no one in the room, only the nursing children." These two sentences may not be said at once, because there is an obvious contradiction between "no one" and the following answer. The reasonable explanation is: the old woman said first: "There is no one at home!" " "At this time, the little grandson hiding somewhere in his daughter-in-law's arms was scared to cry by the roar, but it didn't help to cover his mouth. So the county magistrate seized the handle and threatened: "How dare you lie! Isn't there a child crying? " The old woman had no choice but to say, "There is only one grandson! Still eating milk, very small! " "Who eats milk? There must be a mother! Don't hand her over! " What the old lady was worried about finally happened! She had to bite the bullet and explain: "The grandson had a mother, and her husband died in Yecheng, and he didn't remarry because he had to nurse. Pity her rags, how can she meet people! Do me a favor! " ("Grandma didn't go, the skirt didn't end", and some notebooks read "Grandma is not easy to get out, and the official didn't end the skirt", which shows that the county official wants her to come out. ) but the county collectors still refused to stop. The old lady was afraid that her widowed daughter-in-law would be caught and starve her grandson, so she had to come forward: "Although the old lady is weak, please come back at night. I'm in a hurry to wait in the river, and I have to prepare breakfast. " The old woman's "speech" ended here, indicating that the county official reluctantly agreed and stopped "roaring".
Although there are only four sentences in the last paragraph, it takes care of the beginning, involves all the characters, and writes the ending of the event and the author's feelings. "The night is silent, like crying and choking." Explain that the old woman has been taken away and the daughter-in-law is crying in a low voice. The word "night is long" reflects the long process of the old woman crying repeatedly and the county officials bullying in every way. On the one hand, the word "Ruwen" shows that the daughter-in-law was sobbing because her husband was killed and her mother-in-law was "caught", on the other hand, it also shows that the poet listened attentively and couldn't sleep all night. "Tomorrow is a sunny day, and I will be alone with the old man" is the whole article, which contains infinite affection in the narrative. Imagine that the old man and the old woman were greeted when they checked into the hotel last night, but after one night, the old woman was arrested and the daughter-in-law was sobbing, so she had to say goodbye to the old man who had escaped. What is the mood of the old man? How does a poet feel? It leaves readers with room for imagination.
Qiu said in Detailed Notes on Du Shaoling Collection: "The ancients had brothers, and only one person was sent to join the army. Today, all the able-bodied men have been driven away. They are old and weak. There is a cloud in the poem: three people guard, two people die, Sun Fangru, daughter-in-law has no skirt, Weng climbs over the wall, and women walk at night. In a family, father and son, brothers, grandparents and granddaughters are so cruel, which makes people miserable! At that time, Tang Zuo was also in danger! " That is to say, "the people are the foundation of the country". If the people are made like this, the throne of the ruler will be in jeopardy. In the face of all this, the poet Du Fu did not beautify the reality, but truthfully exposed the political darkness and issued a cry of "arresting people at night", which deserves high praise.
In artistic expression, the most outstanding point of this poem is refined. Lu Shiyong praised: "How long! What a simple statement! " That's what I said. The whole sentence narrative, no lyric words, no argument words; But in fact, the author skillfully expressed his feelings through narration and made comments, with clear love and hate and clear tendency. The combination of praise and criticism in narrative not only saves a lot of pen and ink, but also has no sense of concept. The poem also uses the expression of Tibetan questions and answers. "Collectors call what anger! Why do women cry! " After summing up the two sides of the contradiction, I concentrated on writing "woman" instead of "official", but the violence and violence of "official" were hidden in the old woman's speech and the turning point of the event. Poets are also good at tailoring, and there are endless meanings in the narrative. The first sentence was about staying overnight, and immediately turned to the theme of "arresting people at the night of being an official". For another example, it only wrote "the old man climbed over the wall and walked", but did not write when he would come back; Only wrote "I am sobbing", not who is crying; Only write the old lady's "official night please return", not whether she was taken away; However, the narrative and lyrical "farewell to the old man" begins and ends with care, telling readers that the old man has returned home and the old woman has been taken away; Then, the young widow who was afraid to make any noise with tears in her eyes was naturally nursing her child. It is precisely because the poet's pen and ink are concise and refined that the whole poem 120 words reflect the contradictions and conflicts in life with amazing breadth and depth, which is very valuable.
Say goodbye to the old.
content
The empty countryside has never been peaceful in war. I am old, but there is no peace.
Children and grandchildren died in battle, how can they be immune!
Throw away the crutches and go out to fight. The same person in the same group shed tears for me.
Fortunately, my teeth are good and my appetite is not diminished, and my sad body is as thin as firewood and withered.
Armored and armored, the man had no choice but to say goodbye to the leader.
I am sad to hear my wife sleeping on the road, and I still have thin pants and sheets in winter.
Knowing that the last time we met, poor people and poor people didn't pity her.
I can't go home yet, but I still listen to her urging me to do my best.
The defense of Tumen is strong, and the natural barrier in Xingzhen is difficult to smuggle.
The situation is no longer the battle of the city in those days, even at the time of death.
Life has ups and downs, don't choose ups and downs!
Thinking of the peaceful young people in the past, they can't help sighing for a long time.
The army is generally recruiting troops, and the war has permeated Lu' an.
The remains of a tree and a blade of grass, a blade of grass and a blade of grass, are all red on the beach.
Why is hometown a paradise? Ann dares to linger!
Resolutely abandon the hut and go to the front, the sky is really broken!
◆ Translation ◆
The smoke in the field is really disturbing for a while and homeless for a while. Children and grandchildren were martyred on the battlefield, so there is no need to fight for their lives. I threw away my crutches and went out to fight. People cried for me along the way. Fortunately, my teeth are intact, my appetite is undiminished, and I am sad and skinny. The man wore armor to join the army, so he had to bow for a long time to say goodbye to the chief.
My wife heard that there was crying on the way to sleep, and it was still pants and thin clothes in winter and December. The poor couple didn't feel sorry for her hunger and cold until the last time they met. I'll never go home if I leave now, but I still hear her urging me to eat as much as possible. The Tumen Pass is tightly guarded, so it is difficult for Xingyuan Town to rely on smuggling. The situation is not as good as the battle of Yecheng, and even the time of death has a grace period. There are joys and sorrows in life, but you are hungry and cold, and you are old and sick. I can't help sighing when I think of my youth.
Around the world, enlistment is heavily guarded, and the bonfire of war has filled the mountains. The remains piled up on mountains, grasslands and trees have become foul, and rivers and plains have been dyed red with blood. Where is the paradise on earth where war is everywhere? How dare you hesitate to wander when Qin Wang kills the enemy? Resolutely abandon the cabin and go to the front. If the sky falls, it will be disastrous!
Appreciate:
In the war to pacify the Anshi Rebellion, after Tang Jun was defeated in Yecheng, in order to prevent the rebels from invading the west again, the imperial court made conquests everywhere in Luoyang, and even the old man and woman were not spared. "Farewell the old and welcome the new" is to express the bitter feelings of an old man who joined the army in his twilight years and bid farewell to his wife.
From the beginning, the poet put the old man in the turbulent atmosphere of the "restless countryside" era, letting him reveal his "old and uneasy" experience and mood, and the language situation was low, giving people a feeling of depression. He sighed and said: all the descendants died in the war, leaving me an old man. Why should I survive? The words are full of the old man's deep sadness. Now, the war is approaching, and the government wants me to go to the front. Let's go! So the old man threw away his crutches and walked out of the house trembling. Going out with a stick, the strokes are trembling, suggesting that the protagonist is an old man who understands the righteousness and knows what to do in this difficult time. However, after all, he is old and weak, and the soldiers in the same trade can't help sighing when they see this scene. "The fellow traveler suffers", and he is going to fall down, which highlights the tragic fate of this old man who is already in his twilight years. "Fortunately, there are teeth and the bone marrow is dry." The teeth are intact, which shows that they can cope with the hard life on the front line and show the stubbornness of the elderly; The bone marrow is about to be drained, which makes him feel sad and angry. Here, the tone rises and falls, showing the complex contradictions and changes in the old man's heart in a tortuous way. "The man introduced me and said goodbye to the law for a long time." As a man, the old man has put on his uniform, so he did not hesitate to bid farewell to the chief executive and set off generously. The pitch is very high.
Next, the most gripping description in the poem appeared: when leaving home, the old man wanted to cheat his wife and leave without saying goodbye to save infinite sadness. Who knows that I didn't walk a few steps, but there was the sad cry of the old lady. Ah! The only relative has been crying on the side of the road, and his ragged undershirt is shivering in the cold wind. This sudden discovery made the old man's heart tense at once. Then, a tearful psychological description of the old couple's forced grief and mutual love was launched: the old man knew that life and death were parting, so he had to come forward to help his wife and swallow his tears for her loneliness and helplessness; At this time, the old lady was already in tears. She knew that she would never come back when she left, but she still silently urged: When you get to the front, you should always take care of yourself and eat as much as possible! This delicate psychological description is a big gap in structure, depicting the kindness, sadness, sadness and inseparable feelings of the characters. As Wu Qixian said in Du Fu's poem: "This trip has become a dead end, so why bother?" However, there is still a breath, so we can't be afraid, we can't be sad for our own death, and we can't hurt each other's cold; But my wife knew I wouldn't come back, and she ate more rice to comfort me, but ignored her cold and mourned my death. It is touching because the poet expressed unusual words of sympathy and comfort in life, such as "hurting his cold" and "persuading him to eat more", under the two extremely unusual specific backgrounds of "leaving after death" and "not coming back" respectively. Coupled with the helpless "complexity", the unexpected "smell" fell out layer by layer, and the tortuous writing received a thrilling artistic effect.
The following six sentences "Tumen" are resurrected, and the explanation is broad. After all, the old man is strong, and he soon realized that he must get rid of the tragic atmosphere in front of him. He couldn't help thinking about the overall situation and further comforting his wife. It seems to be comforting myself: the defense line against Heyang and Tumen is still very strong this time, and it is not so easy for the enemy to cross Xingyuan Ferry on the Yellow River. The situation is different from the last rout of Yecheng. Even if you die, it's still early! In life, no matter young or old, there is always a clutch! Although these soothing words, which pretend to be approachable, have a strong sense of self-improvement, they can't completely hide the contradictions in the old man's heart, but they also tell the true feelings in troubled times, which can alleviate the old lady's grief to some extent. "Recalling the days when I was young and strong, I sighed when I came back late." Seeing that we are about to break up, the old man can't help but recall those peaceful days when he was young and can't help sighing for a while. The mood is a little frustrated here, paving the way for the next wave.
In the next six sentences of "All Nations", the old man pushed his words further into reality and made a sad and generous voice: Open your eyes and have a look! Now the world is at war, and bonfires burn all over the hills; The vegetation stinks of corpses, and the blood of the people has dyed the vast mountains and rivers red. Where is the promised land? How dare we only think of ourselves and still wander there? This section has two meanings. First, it shows a vivid and broad picture of the life of the times, which is a true portrayal of the broken mountains and rivers and the people. He told his old lady: the disaster on earth is not only for the two of us, the implication is that we should relax. First, in the face of fierce enemies, we can't wander any longer. Instead of waiting for death, we might as well jump forward and fight! Through these vivid and concentrated words, the poet showed us an upright and open-minded image of an old man, which is rare in the history of China's poetry. Judging from the development of poetry, this is a great impetus, and the inseparable situation will eventually end.
"Abandoning the house will destroy the lungs and liver." When he made up his mind to say goodbye to his wife, the old man suddenly felt a splitting pain in his stomach. This is not an ordinary parting, but leaving my hometown where I was born, grew up and grew up! Long-term suffering and * * *, changes in temperature related relatives, in a twinkling can't see, this kind of situation, how can I miss it! The floodgate of feelings can no longer be controlled, and tears converge into deep sadness and great pain for adults. At the end of this story, the emotion drops sharply, but what profound artistic conception it contains: what will the future of the lonely old man be like, whether the left-behind lonely wife will be in a desperate situation, and how the unpredictable war situation will develop and change, all of which should be left to the readers to experience, imagine and think. ...
From the above analysis, we can see that this short narrative poem is not won by tortuous plots, but is good at psychological portrayal of characters. The poet describes it with the monologue tone of the old man complaining and sighing, that is, masturbating, focusing on the complex psychological state of the characters, sometimes heavy and angry, and sometimes broad-minded and self-explanatory; This changeable emotional tone determines the structural level of the whole poem, which is full of ups and downs and vicissitudes in careful arrangement. When reading Du Xinjie, Pu Qilong commented on this poem of farewell to his wife: "Sometimes it is forever, sometimes it is comfort, sometimes it is excitement, and it is full of twists and turns. By the end of the paragraph, it was a dead letter, still an inch clean, and it became more and more sad. "
Du Fu's greatness lies in his ability to base himself on life, go straight into people's hearts, dissect and dig out details, accurately and vividly express the real life of his time through individual reflection, and summarize the endless bitterness and disasters of working people, including the poet himself. It is no accident that his poems won the reputation of "history of poetry".