Lu Xun was originally named Zhou Zhangshou, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. When I was a teenager, I studied poetry and classics at home, and liked unofficial history's miscellaneous notes and folk painting art. From 65438 to 0898, I studied at Nanjing Jiangnan Naval Academy founded by Westernization School. A few months later, I was re-admitted to the Railway Mining and Metallurgy School affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi School, and began to contact the new school. 1902 to study in Japan. He entered Hongwen College in April, graduated from 1904 in April, and entered Sendai Medical College in June. During this period, he began to participate in various national democratic revolutionary activities and extensively dabbled in modern western science and literature books and periodicals. The first half of the earliest translated article Soul of Sparta was published in the fifth issue of Zhejiang Tide published in June, l903 in Japan (the second half was published in the ninth issue). In the same year, the first translated science fiction novel A Journey to the Moon Boundary was published in Tokyo. 1906 abandoned medicine and joined literature, hoping to transform the national spirit with literature and art. After failing to organize the literary magazine "New Life", he published important papers such as Human History, Moro Poetry and Cultural Re-discussion in Henan magazine. Co-translated the first episode of foreign novels with Zhou Zuoren, published in 1909. /kloc-returned to China in the summer of 0/909 and taught in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Normal School and Shaoxing High School. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as the principal of Shaoxing Normal School. 19 1 1 year, he wrote his first novel homesickness in classical Chinese, and its ideological characteristics and artistic style are the same as those of later novels. Pushkin, a Czech scholar, thinks it is "the pioneer of modern literature in China". 19 12 in February, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, he went to work in Nanjing Ministry of Education, and then moved to Beijing with the Ministry of Education. 19 18 In May, the first modern vernacular novel Diary of a Madman was published in New Youth under the pseudonym of Lu Xun. In the following three years, he published more than 50 novels, new poems, essays and translations in New Youth, and participated in the editing of New Youth. 1920 was hired as a liberal arts lecturer in Peking University and Beijing Normal University in August. From 192 1 12 to the beginning of the following year, The True Story of Ah Q was serialized in the supplement of the Morning Post. 1923 published the first collection of short stories "Scream". 1926 The Imitation of Fear was published. In addition to novels, Lu Xun also wrote many essays with unique styles, represented by Random Thoughts, published in New Youth 19 18. 1925 published a collection of essays, Hot Wind. Since then, a collection of mixed feelings has been published almost every year.
In the mid-1920s, he participated in the establishment of Mangyuan Weekly, Yusi Weekly and the last famous literary society. 1927 Joined Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou at the beginning of the year, and served as the head of literature department and the dean of educational affairs. 1August, 927, became a professor at Xiamen University. In June 5438+10 in the same year, he went to Shanghai and settled in Shanghai from then on, specializing in writing. 1928, co-founded Liu Ben magazine with Yu Dafu. 193O, the Chinese Left-wing Writers Union was established. He is one of the founders and the main leader. He has successively edited important literary periodicals such as Germination, Sentinel, Ten Streets and Translation. 1936 55 years old died of overwork and lung disease in Shanghai.
Guo Moruo is an outstanding cultural great man in China's modern history, leaving a rich legacy and far-reaching influence in a wide range of academic fields, such as literature, history and ancient philology. Guo Moruo has also made brilliant achievements in the art of calligraphy and occupies an important position in the history of modern calligraphy.
Guo Moruo's exploration and practice in calligraphy art lasted for more than 70 years. Young Guo Moruo's calligraphy has been recognized by the society since 19 1 1 year. 10 years later, his famous poetry collection Goddess and other works came out, which made his book style appear in front of a wider audience. In the late 1920s, Guo Moruo lived in Japan. Starting from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, he argued the history with characters and used history as a mirror, became familiar with the evolution of Chinese characters and calligraphy, and established a scientific model for the study of ancient Chinese characters. 1937 When returning to China for the Anti-Japanese War, poetry creation was often combined with calligraphy, which contained profound cultural heritage and national spirit of self-improvement. After the founding of New China, Guo Moruo engaged in more abundant calligraphy creation after heavy state affairs. He was generous and well-informed, and left countless inscriptions on Mo Bao for places of interest, industrial and mining schools and friends from all walks of life at home and abroad. His calligraphy works are so numerous and influential that few people can compare with others.
In his study book, Guo Moruo regards "going back to the front and going back to the flat" as the key to writing eight characters. His calligraphy style not only attaches importance to learning from others, but also dares to innovate, showing bold creative spirit and distinctive characteristics of the times, and is praised as "Guo style" by the world. Guo Moruo is good at cursive writing, with refreshing and free brushwork, flexible operation and endless charm; Although his regular script works are not well preserved, they are particularly skillful and fluent, with both form and spirit.
Introduction of Guo Moruo
As another Sichuan scholar after Su Shi, Guo Moruo's calligraphy achievements are comparable to Dongpo, which is very important to the world. Dongpo's calligraphy has always been valued by the calligraphy circle and is the representative of advocating calligraphy in Song Dynasty. Guo Moruo's calligraphy, which originated in Song Sijia, has Song Sijia flavor in both pen and structure, but its personality is outstanding. Su Dongpo's calligraphy was once regarded as a "stone toad" by Huang Gu, but its horizontal trend has a history in the history of calligraphy, which is completely different from Huang Gu's calligraphy. As Mr. Qin Xiaokan pointed out: "There are two kinds of characters in Han and Tang Dynasties: horizontal and vertical." There is no need for Huang Heng to get sick. "Mr. Sha Menghai summed it up with" oblique tight knot "and" horizontal wide knot ". Guo Moruo's calligraphy and Dongpo's calligraphy belong to the category of horizontal painting and wide knot. During the Anti-Japanese War, when Guo Moruo was in Chongqing, he wrote a lot of calligraphy works. At the same time, he, Chang and others tried to excavate the Han tomb in Jiangbei, and found bricks with words, which contributed to the protection of cultural relics. Because he was then the director of the Third Hall of the Political Department of the Kuomintang and the director of the Cultural Work Committee, he United a large number of people in the literary and calligraphy circles and made contributions to the prosperity of literature and art. Guo Moruo's calligraphy research can be calculated from his research on Oracle bones and inscriptions, and the results are fruitful. In 1960s, Guo Moruo and Gao Ershi launched a great discussion about the authenticity of Lanting, which in any sense greatly promoted the deepening of calligraphy research and brought about the development of calligraphy during the Cultural Revolution. These achievements, especially several argumentative papers in Lan Ting's later period, undoubtedly fully reflected his profound academic education. Guo Moruo, who has gone through the ups and downs of life, fully shows his demeanor as a great scholar and writer in his calligraphy: every work, whether it is a long masterpiece or a short note, is very sure and decisive with a pen without hesitation; Most of the writing content is self-created poems, both old and new, full of the flavor of the times; He made extensive and in-depth research and exploration on classical calligraphy, and won the charm of Su Dongpo and Yan Zhenqing. Guo Moruo's study of calligraphy is different from that of ordinary people who specialize in one family in poor times, but he has a strong personality from the beginning. He does not regard himself as the slave of his ancestors, but uses others for his own use, which is unique.
Introduction to Gorky
(1868 ~ 1936) is a proletarian writer in the former Soviet Union and the founder of socialist realistic literature. He comes from a poor family,
He lost his father when he was a child, and made a living in the society when he was 1 1. He worked as a loader, a bakery worker, a slum and a dock.
Classroom in "social" universities. He shared the fate with the working people and personally experienced the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalism.
Forced. This had an important influence on his thought and creative development.
Gorky assiduously taught himself cultural knowledge, actively participated in revolutionary activities and explored ways to transform reality. 1892 Publishing Office
Markard Cudla, a female work, appeared in the literary world. His early works mixed realism and romanticism.
This is a necessary stage before the formation of his proletarian world outlook. Romantic works such as Markard Cudla and Iraqi.
Old Mrs. Jill (1895) and Song of the Eagle (1895) praised the love of freedom, the longing for the light and the heroic achievements.
Strong personality, showing the passion of fighting; Realistic works such as Circa Shi, The Fallen Man and
Konarov, etc. , describes the people's suffering life and noble character, expressed their anger and struggle. this
Most of the protagonists in these works are people who try to explore a new way of life, think about the meaning of life and are full of fierce inner conflicts.
190 1 year, he wrote the famous prose poem "Song of Haiyan", which shaped the courage of revolutionaries who symbolized great wisdom and dared to fight the storm.
The brave Haiyan image indicates the coming revolutionary storm and inspires people to meet the great battle. This is a proletarian revolution.
Life-threatening battles and carols were warmly praised by Lenin.
1905 On the eve of the revolution, Gorky's creation turned to drama. From 190 1 to 1905, he wrote Ordinary People.
Screenplays such as Bottom, Summer Traveler, Son of the Sun and (Barbarian). Especially the "ordinary citizens" and "the bottom"
The first floor shows the new image and mental outlook of workers in real life, and shows their determination to fight for rights.
And their performances caused a sensation in the Russian theater at that time.
Gorky wrote the novel Mother and the play Enemy in 1906, which marked his creation.
The work has reached a new peak. Mother created the first batch of proletarians who consciously fought for socialism in the history of world literature.
The heroic image of revolutionaries is the foundation stone of socialist realistic literature. Lenin affirmed its practical significance.
1905 after the failure of the revolution, Gorky went to the United States and Italy to write a series of political articles, attacking the western capitalist system.
Degree and all kinds of reactionary ideological trends that flood the ideological and literary circles. The novella Confessions, written on 1908, reveals idealism.
Creationism was severely criticized by Lenin and received his enthusiastic help. Nevertheless, Gorky's dominance
The tendency is still positive and full of revolutionary fighting spirit. Theoretically speaking, the characteristics of the new proletarian literary creation method
He made many explorations and put forward the viewpoint of combining realism with romanticism. His creative achievements between the two revolutions were quite fruitful.
Such as The Town of Ogulov (1909), Summer (1909) and The Life of Matvei Kremyakin (19 10 ~
19 1 1), Italian fairy tales (191~ 19 13), Russian fairy tales (13)
The first two autobiographical novels trilogy, childhood and human beings (1913 ~1916).
Ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky wrote only Lenin and some writers because of his poor health.
The trilogy of memoirs and autobiographies of case and important documents, my university (1922 ~ 1923) and ah.
The Origin of the Etamonov Family (1924 ~ 1925) and other works. 192 1 year, he followed Lenin's suggestion and went abroad to recuperate.
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