He believes that only by studying in this way can we "have a clear meaning and have no easy danger to get rid of"; It will integrate what the book says, what the heart thinks and what the mouth wants to say; Only by reading can you gain something. "Remember that there is nowhere to go." When talking about his reading experience, Zhu pointed out: "The method of reading should be organized and regular, consistent and persistent; Take your time to read every sentence between mind and meaning, experience the reality of practice, then calm down and understand it, and gradually see the meaning, otherwise, although you seek extensively and learn, you will also benefit from learning "(Answering Teacher Chen in Selected Works).
This is to teach people to study step by step, never stop, and concentrate on one; It is good to study after pondering and observing the reasons. Zhu also stressed that reading "doing things wide but not fine" is a taboo; This is not a good way to read.
He said metaphorically: "If you learn more, people will be seriously ill in bed, all kinds of doctors will be mixed, and all kinds of medicines will be handed over, which will never be effective." The effective method should be: "As long as you set a simple or regular course and accumulate time day by day according to it" (A Answer to Lv Ziyue in Selected Works), advance in order, read carefully and study hard, which is the real effort for learning.
There are six "Zhu Reading Methods" summarized by Zhu's students: (1) Step by step. It is required that reading should be arranged in a "simple and regular" process. According to the internal relationship between knowledge and the difficulty of books, what to read first and what to read later should be regular. Read through one book and then read another.
Zhu said: "If you talk about two books, one book will lead to the other. With a book, its articles, chapters, articles, sentences, beginning and end are all orderly and not chaotic.
Abide by what you can, seek its training, and seek its purpose. If you don't get ahead, you can't ask for it. If you don't understand this, you can't aspire to it. "When it comes to reading, he said," Whoever attacks wood is easy first, and then the procedure. If you can't solve the problem, you should ignore it and learn from it. This is also the way to read. "
These are the basic skills of learning, but some people can't. Why? "It turns out that Taoism is unknown, not because there is a lack of work above, but because there is no root below." In other words, we can't do it step by step, and we haven't laid a good foundation yet.
(2) read carefully. When reading, you must remember to recite and be good at learning.
He said: "Generally speaking, to read a book, you must be familiar with it first, so that everything you say comes from your heart, and then you can gain something." This is how to read and think. The specific method should be: "the reader should read the text, take notes, recite carefully, and explain the meaning of the text in the notes." Things, famous products and inventions can be identified one by one. If you do it yourself, you can generally ponder it repeatedly and have a transparent place. "
It can be seen that it is unusual for reading to meet the requirements of "studying hard and thinking hard". It needs the coordination of will, emotion and interest, and the perseverance of hard work and study. (3) swim with an open mind.
Reading should be modest and quiet, loyal to the author's original intention, and not preconceived. Be patient, don't worry, play with the rope seriously and deeply understand the main idea of the book.
Such as "eat fruit", bite it open and it tastes tasteless; Chew carefully and the taste will come out. Only in this way can we know whether it is sweet or bitter, whether it is sweet or bitter, and then we can know the taste "(Volume 6 of The Complete Book of Zhuzi).
You must dive and play, so that you can see something. Otherwise people say shake the kitchen, I also say shake the kitchen. How to eat? "(Zhuzi School 1 1).
(4) cut and observe by yourself. This requires you not only to work hard on paper when reading, but also to combine the truth in the book with your own life, so as to reflect the words of the sages in the book and see if you can do it.
Zhu once said: "Reading in this paragraph should involve both physical and mental aspects, not to mention outside things, which shows that it is generally reasonable." (ditto) Zhu advocated "poor reading". He believes that "the way to learn is not before poor learning, but the key to poor learning is reading."
(The Nature) and "Poor reading should be reflected in your body ... Reading should be based not only on paper, but also on yourself" (Zhu Lei). (5) tighten the force.
You must hurry up and cheer up when reading. Can't be tired and loose.
He said: "The deadline is wide and the course is tight. Learning should be vigorous and resolute, and it is useless to be lazy.
And when you forget to eat when you are angry, you forget your troubles. What spirit and backbone! Scholars today have never been angry. Cheer up.
Put out the fire and cure the disease, and prop up a water boat, so you can't slow down. "("Zhu Reading Law ") added:" The sage has a thousand words, saying nothing but that this matter will be inspired, go forward and pull out his heart.
If both sides are beating drums, how about Mo Wen in front? Only the volume will go, so that we can do it. "("Zhuzi Chinese Class "Volume 8) In short, although we can't do it quickly, we must grasp it and never slack off. We must have the spirit of" one stick and one scar, one slap and one palm of blood ".
(6) Respect and ambition. According to Zhu, the key to learning is "don't be ahead of poverty, the key to poverty lies in reading", and "reading is to study the truth, and then practice its traces" (Nature).
Therefore, he demanded that "when reading, you must stick your heart to the book, word for word, and you can discuss it." Generally speaking, a reader must clear up his thoughts, make himself quiet and pure, and have no distractions between daily activities before he can read words carefully.
In this way, the party is capable. "("Reading "volume 1 1) This is to teach people to be cautious and enterprising, not to indulge themselves, not to act rashly, to" specialize "and to learn.
If people have this spirit, they can respect reading when dealing with affairs. As long as the mind can be used for "concentration, meditation and purity" and is not "scattered", it can naturally "daily activities", so the way of learning comes from the heart, and of course it is necessary to "learn day after day".
Zhu's Reading Law is a summary of Zhu's discussion on reading methods, which embodies his reading theory and reading experience and is very insightful. It is also the most systematic reading method in ancient China, and it is a masterpiece of ancient reading methods, which is worthy of serious study and reference.
Zhu's quotation about reading: Generally speaking, you must study hard before reading, so that everything you say comes from my mouth. After careful consideration, make its meaning come from the heart, and then you can get it.
2. Be familiar with the translation of Zhu Zi's Reading Method before reading it, so that everything in it seems to come from my mouth. Think about it further and make its meaning seem to come from what I think in my heart, then I can learn something. As for those who have doubts about the meaning of the article, everyone's comments are confusing, so you should calm down and think carefully, and don't rush to choose. First, list one of them separately and state it, and follow the ideas of the article to verify the smoothness and blockage of its ideas. Then those who have no obvious meaning and reason will automatically give in before comparing with other theories. Then cross-examine and refute each other's remarks, and then seek the soundness of its truth to verify its correctness or error. What seems to be right or wrong will also be denied by the public and cannot be established. Generally speaking, stop and look at it slowly, deal with it statically and observe it dynamically. If you attack hardwood, attack its easy place first and then its key point; It's like unwinding a tangled rope. If something doesn't make sense, just leave it there for the time being and deal with it slowly. This is the way of reading.
When reading, we should first tidy up the desk for reading, make it clean and stable, put the books neatly on the desk, let the body sit up straight, face the books, read the words on the books carefully and calmly, and read the articles carefully and clearly. Every word you want to read is loud and clear. You can't mispronounce a word, read one less word, read one more word, read one word backwards, or just memorize it. Read it a few times and it will come out naturally, even if it takes a long time. The ancients said, "When a book is read many times, its meaning naturally emerges." In other words, if you read the book well, you will naturally understand its meaning without relying on others to explain it. I once said: there are three kinds of reading, called heart to heart, eye to eye and mouth to mouth. If the heart is not in the book, then the eyes will not read it carefully. Since the heart and eyes are not absorbed wholeheartedly, they just look at it casually, which is definitely unforgettable, even if they remember it, it will not last long. Of the three, the heart is the most important. The heart is here, can't the eyes be there?
3. We must be familiar with the translation of the ancient prose and "original text" of Zhu Zi's family instructions before reading, so that everything comes from my mouth.
After careful consideration, make its meaning come from the heart, and then you can get it. As for the doubts about the meaning of the text, if you have different opinions, you should also consider it with an open mind and don't hesitate to choose.
It is particularly unreasonable to make a self-evident statement and let it mean, so as to test it. Don't wait for him to say anything, just let him outsmart himself. It is self-contradictory to cross-examine each other by public opinion and seek their reasonable protection to test their right and wrong, and it will also be pulled away from public opinion and not established.
A large rate of Xu Xing stood, moving in silence, such as attacking wood, the first relaxed and then the program; If the rope is untied, if it doesn't make sense, it will be left alone, as Xu Lizhi will do. So is this reading method.
When reading a book, you must clean up several cases, put the books in order, stand up straight, read the books carefully and clearly. Every word, every word, every word, every word, every word, every word, every word, no rote memorization, just repeated recitation, naturally catchy and unforgettable.
The ancients said, "Read it a thousand times and you will know its meaning." If you read well, you don't need to explain, you know what it means.
I have learned three times, that is, heart, eyes and mouth. If the heart is not here, the eyes will not look at the child carefully, and the heart will not be single-minded. It will only read aloud, which will never be remembered and will not last long.
Of the three, the heart is the most urgent. Since the heart is here, won't the eyes be there? I think there are three ways to read: heart, eyes and mouth.
The heart is not here, and the eyes don't look closely; My mind is not single-minded, but my mouth is full of waves. I must never remember it, and I can't remember it for a long time. Of the three, the heart is the most urgent.
Since the heart is here, won't the eyes be there? All reading should be familiar with it first, so that the words in it seem to come from my mouth. Think about it further and make its meaning seem to come from what I think in my heart, then I can learn something.
As for those who have doubts about the meaning of the article, everyone's comments are confusing, so you should calm down and think carefully, and don't rush to choose. First, list one of them separately and state it, and think along the way of the article to verify the smoothness and blockage of its thinking. Then those who have no obvious meaning and reason will automatically give in before comparing with other theories.
Then cross-examine and refute each other's remarks, and then seek the soundness of its truth to verify its correctness or error. What seems to be right or wrong will also be denied by the public and cannot be established. Generally speaking, stop and look at it slowly, deal with it statically and observe it dynamically. If you attack hardwood, attack its easy place first and then its key point; It's like unwinding a tangled rope. If something doesn't make sense, just leave it there for the time being and deal with it slowly.
This is the way of reading. When reading, we should first tidy up the desk for reading, make it clean and stable, put the books neatly on the desk, let the body sit up straight, face the books, read the words on the books carefully and calmly, and read the articles carefully and clearly.
Every word you want to read is loud and clear. You can't mispronounce a word, read one less word, read one more word, read one word backwards, or just memorize it. Read it a few times and it will come out naturally, even if it takes a long time. The ancients said, "When a book is read many times, its meaning naturally emerges."
In other words, if you read the book well, you will naturally understand its meaning without relying on others to explain it. I once said: there are three kinds of reading, called heart to heart, eye to eye and mouth to mouth.
If the heart is not in the book, then the eyes will not read it carefully. Since the heart and eyes are not absorbed wholeheartedly, they just look at it casually, which is definitely unforgettable, even if they remember it, it will not last long. Of the three, the heart is the most important.
The heart is here, can't the eyes be there? .
4. For reference, You Hongzhong (1138-1215) is from Nanchong.
1 175 (the second year of Xiaozong) was the first scholar, and the official was the master of money. Li Changtu, the general manager, took a fancy to him and recommended him to work in a manufacturing company to Zhao Ruyu. Zhao Ruyu also attaches great importance to him, calling him a "trustworthy and heard" person.
After Zhao Ruyu returned to the DPRK to take photos, you were also recommended to enter the DPRK, and the official governor boarded the Drum Music School. After Zhao Ruyu was sent out of North Korea, she swam back to Sichuan, where she was transferred to Lizhou Road and her sentence was increased.
It can be seen that Hong Zhong's official position in Beijing is less than ministerial level, and he is only a departmental official at the local level. Quot "worship" and "participate in politics" are completely false. Travel like (also write lovers) (? -1252), the word Ren Jing,No. Kezhai, presented to Shao Shi.
He is diligent and studious, and studied under Liu Guangzu. 122 1 year (14th year of Jiading, Song Ningzong), a scholar, served as an official in Dali.
1239 (the third year of Li Zongjiaxi) paid tribute to the bachelor of Ming Temple, signed an order in Council and appointed Nanchong County Bo. In August of the same year, he joined the Senate and learned about politics. 1245 (five years of Chun [You]) Worship Prime Minister Right.
The official career like traveling surpassed the father's emperor, from the bachelor of Baiming Temple to the death of worshipping power and sealing the country, and it has always been in the position of "control". After traveling like a senior official, he settled in a new town in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province, which used to be his shrine.
The achievements of you and his son. Hong Zhong's rank is not as high as his son's, but his courage and courage are far above his son's.
When he was in charge of building fortifications, Dong Man Department of Yibin invaded Qianwei and captured some Song people. Song is going to send troops to attack, and you invite him to deal with it alone.
After asking the inside story, he ordered the prisoners to be released, and Song paid the price of the horse and turned the war into a friendship. You surrendered and returned. Since then, he has gained a great reputation and was transferred to Chengdu as a staff officer.
He proposed to Yang Fu that the soldiers to be wiped out should be used for farming. In this way, the retired soldiers were placed, the tax revenue of the people was reduced, and the abandoned land was used. It's really "killing three birds with one stone".
Shao Xi entered Korea for four years, which was the time when Han stomach rejected Neo-Confucianism and attacked Zhao Ruyu. Prime Minister Liu Zheng, philosopher Zhu and admonition officer Huang Du all left the court.
You Hong Zhong said angrily: "When your majesty's house is in a hurry, the court can't count books;" The day before yesterday, the prime minister left him and went to the right, without courtesy; Huang Du, the remonstrator, will go, or else he will. A recent minister, Zhu, went there, but he didn't stop by. Since ancient times, there have been no prime ministers, admonishers and lecturers who can think they are smart.
I hope to return to the light, and don't let the villain succeed, so as to cultivate disaster. "He dare to be so arrogant, give his head to Ningzong and Han Wei, it's so human. Since the "Qingyuan Party Ban", he was listed as party member and suffered a blow. He returned to Sichuan to work in our company, and often paid attention to the situation of Deputy Ambassador to Wu.
Wu uprising, has returned to Nanchong, the company curtain officer Xue Ama also came to Nanchong. Fu Xuan sent Cheng Song to Nanchong, and Liu Chongzhi was always assigned to Nanchong. You Hong Zhong pointed to a book that said "Ding Mao died in the first month" and said to Ai Xue: I have told my family that "if the sunrise forces me to die, I will fill in the date".
You said to Xue Mao, I have written to persuade yangfu to hire a thief. yangfu doesn't need my advice. If Cheng Song is willing to take my advice, I will take twenty thousand soldiers to escort him to Chengdu.
As a result, Cheng Song ignored it. It seems that Hong Zhong sent his son to swim again, saying that Liu Chongzhi had committed the crime of soliciting thieves, but he didn't listen.
This shows that you, Hong Zhong, have extraordinary courage to have the above ideas and activities. If you had been a local official at that time, the great contribution to winning Wu would not have belonged to An Binghe.
You seem to have a successful career since you were a scholar, and you have never suffered setbacks. In the meantime, apart from telling Li Zong about his mind and kingliness, persuading him to be pro-Confucian, respecting his health, saving his love, and selecting talents and appointing talents, there was nothing special at all.
However, it seems that during the reign of Korea, it was the time to revive the Southern Song Dynasty, seek governance through rationalism and establish the position of Neo-Confucianism. Some talents and people who were hit and influenced by the party ban were mostly taken to North Korea, such as Fan Zhong, Wei Liaoweng, Zhao Kui, etc. They all entered North Korea and were employed during this period.
Therefore, especially in the DPRK, he seems to be called a man of integrity, and was named one of the "Four Sages in Shu" by Yang Shengan in the Southern Song Dynasty. You and his son opened Nanchong's theory of sex.
Neo-Confucianism originated in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu was a master of science. He established a relatively complete physical education department of Neo-Confucianism and Philosophy with objective idealism. When you entered the DPRK, you assisted Zhao Ruyu in making plans and said, "I often listen to Zhu's lectures."
Therefore, you accepted Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, and Zhu also called it a strange man in Sichuan. When Zhu was expelled from North Korea, he wrote a letter against it, demanding that Zhu "extremely return".
Later, Hong Zhong was listed as a "fake school" and was hit. After his death, Liu Guangzu expressed his grave day: "Alas! Party member, Qingyuan visited Gong's tomb.
"You Xiang's academic views are not only influenced by his father and his teacher Liu Guangzu, but also by Wei Liaoweng, a hero of Neo-Confucianism. When Wei was an official in Tongchuan (now Santai), he invited you to study sexuality.
You seem to say, "Jiading lived for fourteen years (122 1). Zhai, from Tongchuan County, a public school, read the Book of Changes, try out the old theories and study with friends.
"This year, I traveled around like a scholar and began to be an official in the DPRK. The next year, Wei Liao Weng was also called into the DPRK, and the relationship between them was better. They casually said, "I often talk a lot."
His explanation of Wei's "loyalty is not for the outside, affection is not for the inside" is "clap your hands for joy" It can be seen that you seem to accept Wei Liaoweng's great influence in learning.
Therefore, when you seem to be talking with the emperor about governing the country, it fully embodies the heart-based Neo-Confucianism. You seem to be the minister of power and etiquette. He said: "If you want to do the courtesy of Heaven, you must do your best to respect Heaven. If you have a heart, you must be appropriate in politics. Say what you say and be reasonable. If the rain follows its order, you will be safe in summer.
"When you seem to be an official minister who has participated in the classics and the emperor asks for advice, you seem to be saying,' A teacher of one mind is strong enough to turn a master into Kun, and ... there is no way to save the world. "Wandering discourse is to hold on to the heart and treat it as omnipotent, which not only embodies his Neo-Confucianism, but also embodies Wei Liaoweng's subjective idealism.
As we know, Wei Liaoweng's Neo-Confucianism thought comes from Zhu's students. Like Zhu, Li Shao, Wei Liaoweng and you, this line is very clear.
Therefore, the Jiaqing edition of "Nanchong County Records, External Collection" said: "Nanchong You Zhonggong often listens to Zhu Wengong (Xi) and has a deep understanding of human nature. So far, it is quite popular in the county, all built by his father and son. " Miscellaneous notes also said: "After Song Gaozong crossed the south, Central Plains literature.
5. Urgent for Zhuzi's original reading method.
Cheng collects Yuan Siming. Cheng Ming Li Duan. No, Zhai Wei.
Zhu listened to the ceremony and said: the way to learn. Don't walk in front of poverty. The key to poor management. You must care about reading. The method of reading. It's not expensive to be accurate in order. The essence of the essence lies in respect and ambition. It's not easy. His disciples and private scholars. Extract the daily training from Zhu. This part is very important. It is defined as six reading rules.
Hongmou studied in Zhu's own way. Step by step. Read carefully and think carefully. Both do their best. And these six articles. Then future generations will collect what they say and infer what they say. Examination of Qingyuan Fu's family. First, grasp your ambition with respect. Step by step. The handouts of Jiangdong Academy should be gradual. Live with respect and stick to your ambition. The husband's house is respectful and ambitious, and the order is exquisite. But at first, it seemed to be to blame. Murray first quoted Zhu's own ideas. Then swim with an open mind. Look at yourself. Hold on tight, push. In the end, I will become respectful and ambitious. Therefore, going to college is progress. The order of learning seems to be smoother. Therefore, it was written by Shi Cheng. And fu's theory. A visit by a good scholar is self-evident.
Step by step.
Zhu Xi said. Take two books as words. Then you can read a book, then a book. Say it in the book. Every word in this chapter. The beginning and the end are secondary. They are also orderly and can't be chaotic. Do what you can. Keep it. The world seeks its training. A proper sentence. Not before. Not afterwards. I don't know about that. I dare not aim at that. If so, then the ambition will be clear, and there will be no trouble with a thin tomb. If you take advantage of the limit. It's stuck all the time You still don't look. Nearby, I feel this pain is not a trivial matter. The origin of Taoism is unknown. It's not that the work above is not in place. But there are no feet below. It was said step by step.
Reading and meditation.
Zhu Xi said. Xunzi said that recitation is consistent. Look at the ancients' endorsement. Also remember the times. As we all know, Hengqu teaches people to sing when reading. The first meaning of Taoism. The frequency is enough, but I just don't sing. You have to recite it. Not enough times. Although I have already recited it. Must be full time. But a hundred times. Of course it's better than fifty times. 200 times. Better than 100 times. People don't remember it today. Say no, live under your heart, and you're dead. They are all immature. So it is not as good as the ancients. Scholars read books. Read the text. Remember the comments. Good at singing. Notes explain the meaning of the text. Things and names. Invent the button Recognize one by one. It's like making your own bottom. In order to ponder over it. There is an upward infiltration. It is so familiar with the study of strengthening thinking.
Swimming with an open mind
Zhu Xi said. Zhuangzi said, I don't pay lip service to it. It is empty. It's very tortuous with him. Reading should be conducted with an open mind. The sage said that every word is a word. I only open my heart. Go weigh him. You can't make it up Now, people read books. Most of them have a meaning first, but they combine the words of sages. If you have different opinions, you will combine your experience. How can we see the original intention of a saint? It is said that swimming modestly.
Look at yourself.
Zhu Xi said. The gate of Tao. Is to put yourself in the truth Gradually dating. Be one with yourself. Now humans are coming. Home is not here. Yuan is irrelevant. Scholars should embody the words of sages when reading. Such as self-denial. For example, going out and meeting distinguished guests. I have to cover my body. I can really restrain myself and return the favor. Please forgive me. This is the case. This is beneficial. It is said so.
Hold on tight, push.
Zhu Xi said. The deadline is very long. Stick to the course. Be resolute and decisive in your study. Idle is not good either. If you get angry and forget to eat. Enjoy yourself and forget your troubles. What is spirit? What bones and muscles? Scholars today have never been angry. Cheer up. Such as fire fighting and medical treatment. Such as supporting water boats. One pole cannot be slow. It is said that it is so tight and hard.
Respect and ambition.
Zhu Xi said. Mr Cheng Yun. Self-cultivation needs respect Learning is learning. This is the most essential. When there is nothing. Respect yourself. The heart cannot be placed in a place where there is nothing. It must meet here. Respect what should be done. When reading. Respect reading. Nature is to keep moving. The heart is everywhere. Nowadays, scholars tell stories mostly by wriggling. But I don't know how to live. This disease is not a book disease. This is a kind of heart disease. Gaixin is not good at quietness and purity. Therefore, thinking is not smart. Need to be raised in an empty and quiet way. It is good to let the truth flow from your heart. It is said so.
6. Zhu Xi Zhu Zi's family instructions translation: All reading should be familiar with first, so that everything in it seems to come from my mouth.
Think about it further and make its meaning seem to come from what I think in my heart, then I can learn something. As for those who have doubts about the meaning of the article, everyone's comments are confusing, so you should calm down and think carefully, and don't rush to choose.
First, list one of them separately and state it, and think along the way of the article to verify the smoothness and blockage of its thinking. Then those who have no obvious meaning and reason will automatically give in before comparing with other theories. Then cross-examine and refute each other's remarks, and then seek the soundness of its truth to verify its correctness or error. What seems to be right or wrong will also be denied by the public and cannot be established.
Generally speaking, stop and look at it slowly, deal with it statically and observe it dynamically. If you attack hardwood, attack its easy place first and then its key point; It's like unwinding a tangled rope. If something doesn't make sense, just leave it there for the time being and deal with it slowly. This is the way of reading.
When reading, we should first tidy up the desk for reading, make it clean and stable, put the books neatly on the desk, let the body sit up straight, face the books, read the words on the books carefully and calmly, and read the articles carefully and clearly. Every word you want to read is loud and clear. You can't mispronounce a word, read one less word, read one more word, read one word backwards, or just memorize it. Read it a few times and it will come out naturally, even if it takes a long time.
The ancients said, "When a book is read many times, its meaning naturally emerges." In other words, if you read the book well, you will naturally understand its meaning without relying on others to explain it.
I once said: there are three kinds of reading, called heart to heart, eye to eye and mouth to mouth. If the heart is not in the book, then the eyes will not read it carefully. Since the heart and eyes are not absorbed wholeheartedly, they just look at it casually, which is definitely unforgettable, even if they remember it, it will not last long.
Of the three, the heart is the most important. The heart is here, can't the eyes be there? .