1000 years ago, when the western hierarchy was still strict and the aristocratic inheritance system prevailed, China had already implemented the imperial examination system of "carp yue longmen", which made a large number of knowledgeable and ambitious scholars step onto the historical stage and made positive contributions to the country and society. In the Tang Dynasty, China became the most powerful country in the world.
China's imperial examination system is a political system for selecting officials through public examinations, and it is also the earliest civil service examination system in the world. The ancient imperial examination system in China originated from the Sui Dynasty. After the reunification of the whole country, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to choose officials by subject examination in order to adapt to the development and changes of feudal economic and political relations, expand the requirements of the feudal ruling class to participate in politics, strengthen centralization, restore the power of selecting officials to the central government, and abolish the nine-grade system. He asked three officials from each state to take the exam, and those who passed the exam could become officials.
According to historical records, in the first month of the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign, Huang Kai issued a "sage" imperial edict, and in the seventh year of Huang Kai, he made the kyou-kan above five grades, with ZongCan, Secretariat and Second Division as examiners, "determined to do good" and "do justice". In April of the third year of Yang Di the Great's reign, a decree was issued that all civil and military officials who have jobs can be filial, upright, honest, resolute and upright, unswervingly support the Constitution, be sensitive to learning, be beautiful in literary talent and give full play to their talents. The second division and trial selection of the imperial examination system marked the official birth of the imperial examination system.
The word "Jinshi" first appeared in the Book of Rites, and its original meaning was honor. At that time, the main test strategy was
After the demise of the Sui Dynasty, Tang Gaozong inherited the talent selection system handed down from the Sui Dynasty and further improved it. As a result, the imperial examination system gradually improved. Examination subjects in the Tang Dynasty are divided into two categories: regular subjects and regular subjects. It is called a regular subject held in stages every year, and the temporary examination held by the emperor's decree is called a system subject.
The imperial examination system is a specialty of China, but it has far-reaching influence on East Asia and western countries. The influence on East Asian countries is manifested in the fact that Japan has imitated the imperial examination system in history, and South Korea and Vietnam have also implemented it for a long time. The influence on the west is reflected in Britain, France, Germany, the United States and other countries using the imperial examination for reference to establish the civil service examination system.
Of course, due to the development of feudal autocracy in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, stereotyped writing and imperial examinations have increasingly become a stumbling block to ideological emancipation and social development. The writer Wu's Mansion and Lu Xun's Kong Yiji satirize this desperate imperial examination system. Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century,
There are more than 50 regular subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Gentleman, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, subjects such as Faming, Mingsuan and Ziming are ignored. Scholars and other subjects are not often held, and scholars are a subject. In the early Tang dynasty, it was very demanding, and then it was gradually abolished. Therefore, Ming Jing and Jinshi became the main subjects in the Tang Dynasty. In the future, Tang Gaozong scholars will receive special attention. Many prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty were mostly literati. There are two sources of regular candidates, one is students, and the other is rural tribute. Born in the capital, state and county academic institutions, the subjects sent to Shangshu Province are called students; Instead of going to school, you must pass the state and county exams first, and then send candidates from Shangshu Province to call "xianggong". Candidates who pay tribute to Beijing from the countryside are commonly known as juren. The state exam is called Xie Shi, and the Shangshu provincial exam is called provincial exam, or you don't take it. Sacrifice examination is held in spring, so it is also called the end of spring, which means examination room.
At first, Ming Jing and Jinshi subjects were just exam-taking strategies, and the content of the exam was classics or current events. Later, although two examination subjects were changed, the basic spirit was to emphasize poetry, fu, classics and ink. Sticking sutras means opening a page of Buddhist sutras, covering the left and right sides with only one line in the middle, and then sticking three words on the paper for candidates to fill in. Justice is a simple written test of biblical discourse. Sticking classics and ink meaning can be tested as long as you are familiar with classics and annotations, while poetry and fu need literary talent. It is difficult for a scholar to get the first place in the exam, so there is a saying that an old scholar is 30 and a young scholar is 50.
At the beginning of the official examination, three men in Beitun, Taiyuan were electrocuted! Presided over by Yuan Wailang, minister of official department, and later presided over by Quan Zhi, assistant minister of does department. Jinshi is called climbing Longmen, and the first place is the champion or head. People in the same list should raise money to hold a celebration banquet, and let the two teenagers in the same list go to the famous garden to explore flowers, called flower-exploring messengers. We're going to a party in the apricot garden, which is called a flower-exploring banquet. After the banquet, I took my title to the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Jiangji to show my glory, so I called Zhong Jinshi the title of Big Wild Goose Pagoda. Jiao once wrote a poem after graduation: horseshoe disease exists, and I have seen Chang 'an flowers all over. Therefore, the flourishing age has become synonymous with the discipline of Jinshi. After winning the first place in the regular school, you have to pass the examination of the official department. This is the so-called selection examination. Only those who pass the exam can be awarded official positions. Liu Zongyuan, the champion of the Tang Dynasty, was immediately awarded the right word of Jixian Hall because of his erudition. If the official department fails in the exam, you can only go to our time as an adjutant, and then strive for an official position officially appointed by the state. After Han Yu was admitted to the Jinshi examination, he failed in three elections and had to serve as our time before entering the officialdom.
Candidates in the Tang dynasty should not only look at the test results, but also look at the recommendations of various people. So, the candidates rushed to the door of * * * and presented their representative works to them. This is the so-called examination paper. Those who vote for doe are called public paper, and those who vote for power are called running paper. Thesis really makes talented people stand out. For example, Bai Juyi's poem "Send Grass to Gu Kuang" was highly praised by the old poet. However, many people cheat and deceive the world.
In February of the first year of Wu Zetian, the queen personally asked to pay tribute to the Hall of Los Angeles. This was the beginning of palace examination in China's imperial examination system, but it did not form a system in the Tang Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, Wushu came into being. Wushu began in 702 AD when Wu Zetian was in Chang 'an for two years. Martial arts candidates come from "xianggong" and the Ministry of War is the examiner. subject of examination
Mo Yi: This is a simple question and answer question around classics and annotations. A paper often has as many as 30 to 50 questions. The oral test is an oral answer to Mo Yi's similar questions.
Buddhist Scriptures: Just like filling in the blanks in modern poetry volumes, write from memory. The examiner selected a page from the Bible and printed a line on the test paper. According to this line, candidates should fill in the relevant context.
Policy: discussion. Candidates mentioned by examiners
Poetry and prose: In the second year of Yonglong, some people thought that the Book of Ming Dynasty copied more righteous articles, and the discussion only talked about old strategies or learned no real talents. Some people suggested adding two articles, so they began the examination of poetry and fu.
Jing Yi: This is a discussion about book justice. If candidates still have room to play strategies and ask questions, personal thoughts are no longer important. Candidates only follow the "sage book" designated by the court. Since the Song Dynasty, Confucian classics have replaced Confucian classics and calligraphy, but in the Ming Dynasty, scholars simply studied Confucian classics and really entered the dilemma of "dead reading, dead reading".