Cai Yan is also good at literature, music and calligraphy. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi contains a volume of Cai Wenji Ji, which has been lost. The only works that Cai Wenji can see now are Hu Jia's Two Mourning Poems and Eighteen Beats.
There are not many records of Cai Yan's deeds in history, but the story of "Moon Hee returned to Han" has been widely circulated in past dynasties.
The life of the character
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Li Jian, a painter in Qing Dynasty, once painted Wen Xi Chao Si.
Cai Yan, a native of Chenliu County, is knowledgeable and proficient in temperament. In the early days, he married Wei Zhongdao in Hedong, and Wei Zhongdao died early. They had no children, so Cai Yan returned to his home. [2]
In the second year of Xingping (195), Dong Zhuo and Li Jue made an insurrection in Guanzhong of the Central Plains, and the Huns took the opportunity to plunder, and Cai Yan was taken away by the Huns. Cai Yan lived in the north for twelve years and gave birth to two sons. [3]
In the 11th year of Jian 'an (207), Cao Cao always loved literature and calligraphy, and often had literary and calligraphy exchanges with Cai Yan's father Cai Yong. When Cao Cao saw that Cai Yong had no children, he redeemed Cai Yan from the Huns with resplendence and married Cai Yan to Dong Si. [4]
Then Dong Si committed a capital crime, Cai Yan went to intercede with Cao Cao, and Dong Si also went. At that time, Cao Cao was hosting a banquet for officials and celebrities and said to all the guests, "Cai Yong's daughter is outside. Let everyone meet her today. " Cai Yan's long hair and bare feet, kowtowing and confession, clear words and sour emotions touched all the guests. However, Cao Cao said, "However, the documents for reducing the crime have been sent out. What should we do? " Cai Yan said, "There are thousands of good horses in your stable and countless brave foot soldiers. You also set aside a fast horse to save a dying life? " Cao Cao was finally moved by Cai Wenji and pardoned Dong Si. [5]
Cai Yan wrote two sorrowful poems after returning home. [6] Since then, there is no relevant record of Cai Yan, and the date of death is unknown.
Historical evaluation
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Ye Fan: "There will always be traces and leisure. The district is bright and strong, showing that I am connected. " [7]
Chen Tao: "Huan Yi Di changed the atmosphere, talented Cai Yanqin." [8]
Xu Jun: "This life has been divided into old dust. Who can redeem gold? " . Don't be angry, you know that misfortune is a kind of beauty. " [9]
Hao Jing: "Unfortunately, Wen Xi lost his eloquence. But if you can carry on the family line and avoid the death of your husband, if you have enough reputation, the gentleman will blame you for disloyalty. " "Miss wan, delivery, tied for. Be soft and hard, I will manage it. " [ 10]
Luo Jianlin said, "After being excluded from the team, I spent the rest of my life wandering around. Surprised to see the wild goose crossing south, ashamed to drive north. Don't press Hu Nubo, pass the main book of Wei. Your name will never be redeemed and you will hate Khan for thousands of years. "
Lu Shiyong: "Cai Wenji is very talented in Ying Ying. Reading "Hu Yiyin" can make people feel shocked, and the wind and sand are flying, which is really fierce. " [ 1 1]
Qu Dajun: "Ti Ying can take the place of his father, but Cai Yan shouldn't stay at home. After the jade was burned together, the sound of incense vibrated the sea. " [ 12]
Personality achievement
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literature
Hua Yan painted a picture of Wenxi returning to Han Dynasty in Qing Dynasty.
After Cai Yan returned to Han Dynasty, she wrote two poems of mourning and anger, one in five words and one in Sao style. [6] The first five-character poem, with the theme of "sentimental separation", is a sentimental narrative poem and the first autobiographical long narrative poem created by a scholar in the history of China poetry. Zhang Yugu, a poetic theorist in the Qing Dynasty, once wrote a five-character poem praising Cai Yan: "Wenxi only wants to crush Wen Jun, and' grief and indignation' is long. The old Du family lived in the Seventh Division of Cao Cao, and the incense can also reach the hairpin skirt. " Cai Yan's talent overwhelmed Zhuo Wenjun, a talented woman in the Han Dynasty, and the five-character narrative poems of Cao Zhi and Du Fu were also influenced by Cai Yan.
Sorrow and indignation poems, written in Sao style, are aimed at expressing emotions. The first and second sections briefly describe the experience of Hu and his son being captured in Han Dynasty, and in the middle, a large part of natural scenery is used to render Cai Yan's sad mood of leaving his hometown. In these descriptions of scenery and human feelings, Chae Yeon talked about their differences from her hometown of China, in order to describe her deep sadness and indignation in this different environment from China. [ 13]
music
Zhou Shentang, a painter in the Qing Dynasty, painted Wen Xi Tu Ge Tu.
"Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia" is a lyric of China ancient Yuefu with 1297 words, and it is a vocal suite composed of 18 songs. The original issue of Guo Maoqian's Poems of Song Yuefu (Volume 59) and Zhu's Comments on Chu Ci (Volume 3) are slightly different.
Lu Shiyong, a Ming Dynasty man, said in "A General Theory of Poetry and Mirrors": "When the wind in Tokyo wanes, Cai Wenji will become a talent in Ying Ying. Reading "Hu Yiyin" can make people feel shocked, and the wind and sand are flying, which is really fierce. "
calligraphy
Cai Yan's father, Cai Yong, is a great calligrapher. He created eight-point fonts. [14] Cai Yan's handwriting is also very good. Han Yu once said: "The corps commander (Cai Yong) has a woman who can carry on the family line." Cai Yan once wrote ancient books silently at the request of Cao Cao, saying that he could write both portrait books and cursive scripts. [ 15]
Anecdotal allusions
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Recite ancient books
It was very cold when Cai Yan interceded for her husband Dong Si. Cao Cao saw that Cai Yan had no shoes and loose hair, so he gave Cai Yan a headscarf and shoes and socks. Cai Yan's father, Cai Yong, once collected many ancient books. Cao Cao asked Cai Yan, "I heard that your family has many ancient books. Do you remember them now? " Cai Yan said: "At the beginning, my father left me more than 4,000 books, but because of the war and displacement, very few books were preserved. Now I can only write down more than 400 books. " Cao Cao said, "Can I send ten people to write it down with my wife?" Cai Yan said, "Men and women don't give or receive. Give me a pen and paper and I'll write it to you alone." So Cai Yan wrote down the contents of the ancient books he had written down and handed them to Cao Cao without error. [ 16]
Wen Xi returned to Korea.
Moon Hee Guihantu vertical axis
Wen Xi Gui Han is an artistic story based on the story of Cao Cao's redemption of Cai Yan. Peking Opera and other operas have repertoires of Wen Xi returning to Han Dynasty, and painters have also drawn cartoons of Wen Xi returning to Han Dynasty.
volcanic vent
The International Astronomical Union officially promulgated the proper names of these 3 10 mercury craters in 1979. Their names are borrowed from the names of famous literary artists in the world. There are 15 outstanding artists in China who climbed the Mercury Crater, and Cai Yan Crater is one of them. [ 18]
Qin Fen
When Cai Yan was nine years old, her father Cai Yong played the piano at night and suddenly broke a string. Cai Yan said, "The second string is broken." Cai Yong said, "You happen to be right." So she deliberately broke off one and asked her, and Chae Yeon said it was the fourth one. [19] Cai Wenji's story of distinguishing Qin also appeared in The Amethyst. [20]
Related disputes
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Husband dispute
There have been different opinions about whether Cai Yan married Zuo in the north: According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, Cai Yan did not marry Zuo, not married Zuo. Attila's wife was generally called "E Shi", but Cai Yan did not have this title in the north for 20 years, so she thought that Cai Yan and Zuo were neither. However, another view is that the price of Cao Cao's redemption of Cai Yan is very high, far exceeding the price of ordinary slaves. It can be seen that Cai Yan's position on the Xiongnu side is not low. Some literary works, such as Beijing opera, are written as left princesses. Whether these two statements are right or wrong is still controversial.
Controversy of works
While vindicating Cao Cao, Guo Moruo published a paper questioning whether Cai Yan's works were written by Cai Yan. Guo Moruo and others think that Cai Yan did not write the sorrowful poems recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, mainly for three reasons: 1. According to "The Biography of Dong Sizhi's Wife in the Later Han Dynasty", Moon Hee was captured by "the Southern Xiongnu left", and the poem should not be said to be driven by Dong Zhuo's followers. 2. Wenxi's father, Cai Yong, is highly valued by Dong Zhuo and occupies a high position in the central government controlled by Dong Zhuo. He was killed by Wang Yun only after the death of Dong Zhuo. Wenxi must have been exiled after Cai Yong's death. In the poem, Dong Zhuo said that he was driven into Hu. 3. In the chapter of Sao Ti, there is a sentence that "Qiang people have gone through hardships and dangers", which is inconsistent with the fact that Yue people were plundered by the southern Xiongnu. There is also a saying that "the desert is dusty, and there are plants and trees that are not glorious in spring", which is inconsistent with the geographical environment of Pingyang, Hedong, where the South Xiongnu was located at that time.
However, Tan Qixiang believes that these three items are not valid. Because: 1. Most of Dong Zhuo's followers are Qiang people and Hu people. In Sorrow and indignation, it is said that "outstanding people come from the east" and "all soldiers follow". Aren't these Hu Bing just "riding around"? 2. Since the fifth year of Zhong Ping (188), the southern Xiongnu has been divided into two parts, one part moved to Hedong, and the other part remained in Hetao area of Inner Mongolia. If "Southern Xiongnu" refers to the part left there, the geographical environment is exactly the same as described. 3. Dong Zhuo's discipline is poor. At that time, Cai Wenji was exiled to Kanto, Cai Yong was in Chang 'an, and Cai Yong was killed after three months in exile, so there was no way to get news, let alone rescue him. Hu Qiang in Dong Zhuo's army is from Guanzhong. It is not surprising that Cai Wenji was driven into the customs by the west after he was captured. He has been going to the land of Qiang people since he entered the customs. Therefore, we can be sure that the second chapter of Sorrow and Indignation is really Cai Wenji's work. [2 1]
Birth year dispute
Cai Yan's birth years are 174 and 177, but they are all guesses and have no historical basis.
Commemoration of future generations
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Memorial tomb
Cai Wenji tombstone
About 100 meters northwest of Caiwangzhuang Village, Lisan Town, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, there is a tomb named Cai Wenji's Tomb, which is about 8 meters high and lush with trees. It is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shaanxi Province. In the 1990s, Lantian County built another Moon Hee Exhibition Hall here to show anecdotes of Moon Hee and cultural relics unearthed in China, and carved Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia and a statue of Cai Wenji on the 18 blue marble in front of the tomb. [22] However, there is no record of Cai Yan's family in the history books. [23]
memorial hall
Lantian Cai Wenji Memorial Hall
Cai Wenji Memorial Hall is based on Cai Wenji's tomb. 1957 was listed as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit by the provincial government in August. There is a "Life Exhibition of Cai Wenji" in the museum, which introduces in detail Cai Wenji's life story and social customs in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. There are also "Lantian Cultural Relics Exhibition" and the stone carving of "Eighteen Beats of Hu Family" by Shu Dan, a famous modern calligrapher. [24]
Cai Wenji Memorial Hall collects more than 30 pieces of Cai Wenji cultural relics/KLOC-0, including 50 national third-class and above precious cultural relics. [22]
Artistic image
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Dramatic image
Li Haiyan plays the role of Cai Wenji opera.
There are many operas described, such as Guo Moruo's drama and Kunqu Opera Cai Wenji, Cheng's Peking Opera Yue Xi Gui Han and Li Shiji's adaptation. At the same time, local operas also have the same content.
In Peking Opera plays, Cai Wenji belongs to the leading role, including Cai Wenji played by Peking Opera actors Li Haiyan and Li Peihong, and Cai Wenji played by Yue Opera actor Qi Yaxian. [25]