The most famous work of Red Cliff is a poem, a word and a poem. The poem "Red Cliff" has not been sold yet, and it will be recognized by the previous dynasty. When the east wind is not in harmony, Tongquetai locks Er Qiao in spring. "This is Du Mu's masterpiece. Niannujiao red cliff nostalgia, fu is Su Dongpo. Although we are in the same place and cherish the same thing, our meanings and feelings are different. Comparatively speaking, Du Fu's poems are beautiful and elegant, which is due to his ingenuity. Su Ci is bold and unconstrained, with great momentum. Du Mu completely avoided the front, neither wrote scenery nor narrated, but triggered nostalgia through a war legacy, reminding people of that thrilling war. Then a sudden turn, assuming another ending of the war from the opposite side, is its beauty. Ode to history is not the same, it is magical in practice and interesting in heart, which is the characteristic of Komori's Seven Musts.
Su Shi's ci is magnificent and magnificent, which integrates scenery writing, history chanting and lyric, and goes straight to the theme from the front. From the beginning, he tried his best to expand time and space with extraordinary verve, and immediately presented a magnificent picture. People seem to see the poet standing on the shore, looking at the vast Yangtze River, lamenting the long history; Reflections on the towering red cliff. He wrote about magnificent scenery, stormy waves lapping on the shore, flying beads splashing snow, surging and full of weather; The characters he wrote are lifelike, which makes Zhou Yu appear in his distant thoughts as if smiling; What he wrote was affectionate and high-spirited, and behind it were clearly helpless bitterness and repressed feelings. The grandeur of this poem is unprecedented, and it is the masterpiece of Su Ci and bold school, and its heroic power is enough to be proud of ancient and modern times.
Fu is a unique style in China ancient literature. It started in the pre-Qin Dynasty and flourished in the Han and Wei Dynasties, with a long history. The ancient fu is close to poetry, and Ban Gu once said: "The giver is also the stream of ancient poetry." Although the words are undifferentiated, they are generally refined and rhymed. Different from poetry, "reciting without singing" is a poem that is inconvenient to sing. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the rise of the ancient prose movement, it injected new vitality into the prose style, resulting in a prose style with rich feelings, harmonious sound and rhyme, and mixed prose. Fu on the Red Wall is a representative masterpiece in the prose style. Its ingenious conception, lofty conception, rigorous planning, beautiful words, meaningful charm and smooth pulse are unparalleled in ancient and modern times.
Let's get to know his thoughts first:
"Autumn in the morning, looking forward to July, Perilla and guests go boating under Chibi. The breeze blows gently and the water can't reach the surface. Raise wine as a guest, recite the poem of the bright moon and sing the chapter of grace. "
The beginning of the fu is concise, and it seems that it only points out the season, explains the place and explains the characters. Seemingly inconspicuous, it has a wonderful layout, as if it were a brilliant strategist. Before the battle began, it showed its originality. You see, he tidied up the land of Chibi and aroused homesickness; Arrange perilla and the guests to start the debate between them; Let the breeze enhance the sense of movement and sublimate the fun; Giving Qiu Shui an important mission is not only the need of environment and interests, but also the topic of debate later. He also ambushed the wine boat and came to meet him at key points from time to time. Only one important role didn't come out, and that was the moon! But he is already calling, isn't he reciting the poem of the bright moon?
"Little Yan, the moon rises in Dongshan, wandering between bullfights, and the bottom of the river in one thousand. Let the boat float on the boundless river and cross the boundless river. Vast as the wind in Feng Xu, I don't know where it ends; It's like independence, feather and immortality. "
Su Shi is an expert at appreciating the moon. Who doesn't know his "mink head" Sure enough, with the appearance of the moon, the whole mood has changed. Her Ran Ran rises above Dongshan Mountain, just like in a concerto, the violin plays a cheerful theme, and she lingers between bullfights, making the night sky deeper and farther; She sprinkled cold light on the autumn water, making the river more empty and vacant. At this point, Su Shi has laid a poetic dream in order to sublimate his feelings to the boiling point. Suddenly, on a whim, he magically shrunk the boat and turned it into a reed floating in the void. He narrowed himself down just to set off the vastness of the river, and let the wind blow the canoe and sway his clothes. He was magnificent and dreamy. How could he not make people drunk and sway like a fairy? Writing here completes the first paragraph, and this is just a good beginning.
"So drink, buckle while singing. The song says:' Return to the blue oar, strike the sky and trace the streamer. I'm so confused. I'm looking forward to beauty and paradise.' Guests have oral sex and rely on songs to make peace. Its voice is loud, like resentment, like crying, like complaining, lingering, dancing in the valley, crying for lonely women. "
Silent night, boundless river, diffuse fog. The evening breeze blows gently, the bright moon shines thousands of miles, and my thoughts ripple with the canoe. At this point, the writing style is full of scenes, interesting and enjoyable. What else to write? Isn't this already a good travel book? No, Su Shi's purpose is far more than that! He writes about scenery by traveling, that is, scenery gives birth to feelings, in order to reason from feelings, then discuss by reasoning, explain philosophy and reveal the theme in discussion, which is all his intention. You see, perilla and Hakkas have different feelings about the same environment. One is drinking and singing, full of pride; A flute with sound reveals sadness and sorrow. The heartbroken flute, the six metaphors in the text, are really sad, sad and worried! But why?
"Perilla was very sad. She sat in danger and asked the guest," What is this? " Guest: The moon stars are rare, and blackbirds fly south. Isn't this a poem by Cao Mengde? Looking at Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east, the mountains and rivers are misty and gloomy. Isn't this because Meng Zhizhi was trapped in Zhou Lang? Fang Qi broke Jingzhou and went down to Jiangling, downstream to the east. He was thousands of miles long, wearing a flag, drinking wine and singing poems across the river, and became a hero in the world. Now, where is he? "
No one needs to ask this, so Su Shi asked himself first: "What is it?" If there is a question, there is an answer, and naturally there is the following. In the third paragraph, all the guests are complaining about the source of sadness. His melancholy is first of all due to mourning the past and hurting the present. He is associated with Cao Cao from Chibi, thinking of his literary martial arts, his heroic life and his great prestige here. Where is he now? If only such a sigh is the origin of sadness, it is not enough! Don't be busy yet, this is only the first meaning, and the fun is yet to come.
"In addition, my son and I are fishing in Zhu Jiang. We are friends of fish, shrimp and elk. We sail a boat with a leaf and hold up bottles that belong to each other. Sending ephemera to heaven and earth is a drop in the ocean, mourning for my life and admiring the infinite Yangtze River. Holding the flying fairy to invite you to swim, holding the bright moon for a long time, knowing that you can't get sudden, you will smell it in the hate station. "
He is shrinking himself again, becoming a very ordinary little person, and then comparing with the great men in history. You see, even heroes are inevitably overwhelmed by time, and idle people like you and me are not worth mentioning. Aren't you sad? This is no longer worrying about the ancients, but thinking about yourself. In this royal society where there is no talent to fill the sky, what can you do if you have lofty aspirations? This should be his heart. As a result of this contrast, he lamented the shortness of life and envied the eternity of nature. He fantasizes about being with the gods, but embraces the universe to achieve eternity, but it is impossible. Desire is shattered, so the entrusted inheritance is in hate. At this point, the origin of sadness is enough! The guest's words brought ups and downs to the whole article, forming waves, thus forcing the fourth paragraph to talk about philosophy, which is the crowning touch of the whole article.
"Perilla said you know the husband's water and the moon? The deceased is like this, but he has never been there; If you are full of emptiness, the dead will not ebb and flow. Gai must view it from its changers, then heaven and earth can't be in an instant; If you look at it from its unchangeable point of view, then things are infinite, so why not? "
Su Shi first tied the topic to the water and the moon, and used the water flow and the profit and loss of the month to talk about the philosophy of change and invariance, which is the theme of the whole article. In fact, the so-called "guest" is just a disguise, using virtual characters to create topics for discussion. This is the traditional method of China's ancient Fu, just like Mr. Zi Xu and Mr. Wu. His exposition of "change and invariance" is the meaning of the full text, which has been waiting here for a long time! The pleasure of boating ahead, the wailing of flute and the discussion of guests are all led here step by step, such as peeling bamboo shoots, spinning cocoons, and deepening layer by layer. Finally, at this step, what a delicate artistic conception it is, and the beauty of "making a statement to live" is here! "
"Moreover, between heaven and earth, everything has its owner. If it's not mine, it's a dime. However, the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains are empty to the ear and beautiful when they meet. They are inexhaustible and inexhaustible treasures of the creator. My son and I are suitable. "
Dongpo's wonderful theory of "change and constancy" is only broad-minded in thinking and understanding. To get rid of mental depression, he needs to be detached from things in his behavior, so he comforted' guest' with "the romantic scenery is priceless and the landscape has its own feelings". He wants to find spiritual sustenance in nature, broaden his mind and forget all the gains and losses of honor and disgrace. This is actually a prescription he prescribed for himself. At that time, Su Shi was in a career adversity. He was just arrested and imprisoned for the "Bird Taiwan Poetry Case" and almost lost his life. From Huzhou, he was demoted to Huangzhou Yingyong's deputy envoy, and he is still in a state of waiting for crimes. He is restricted from being placed in the state and may not sign official contracts. The frustration of officialdom and the emptiness of ambition are the roots of his sadness. On the other hand, although he worked hard in Huangzhou and was in a difficult situation, he was no different from the past. He often makes friends with Tian's father and old people, and treats secular dignitaries as dirt in jokes, which is determined by his optimistic and cheerful personality. Therefore, the pessimism and optimism described by the subject and object in "Red Cliff Fu" reveal his own feelings, and relying on the subject and object is nothing more than performing a wonderful self-singing.
"Smile, wash the lamp is more appropriate. All the dishes have been eaten, and the cups and plates are in a mess. Sleeping in the boat, I don't know Oriental White. "
At the end of the last paragraph, it is short and pithy, but it is emotional, and it can take care of the overall situation and leave a meaningful aftertaste. Because of the temporary relief of depression, "guests smile with joy", thus completing the emotional transformation from joy to sadness and then from sadness to joy. From the beginning of rowing to the last pillow boat, from the rising moon in Dongshan to the east, it is all white, and the beginning and end echo just right, just like nature itself. Look at the glass again, from "holding the wine for the guest" to "drinking happily" to "washing the cup more carefully" until "the cup and plate are messy" It's a good prop, which shows ingenuity. That last sentence is more interesting. Although it is simply said that "they fell asleep when they were lying on the boat, they didn't even know it was dawn", but the meaning of having fun jumped from the paper. Need to be clear? If you read the whole article, you will understand that Dongpo's article is really flowing. His extraordinary pen turned the scenery into emotion, philosophy into poetry and depression into broad-minded thoughts very leisurely, which was wonderful. It is no wonder that some scholars in the Ming Dynasty praised: "There is nothing left in what Mr. Dongpo wrote in ancient and modern times!" I can't praise you any more.
In the history of China literature, Su Shi's name is radiant. He is not only an outstanding writer, but also an all-rounder of poetry, painting and books. Even if it is diet, he is no worse than the nutrition experts of later generations. He admired Han Yu very much and praised Han Wengong as "the decline of eight generations of literature". However, when evaluating the eight masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, later generations lamented: "Poetry is all about Su Huang". His ci swept away the wind of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and created a bold school of ci, which is also called "Su Xin Style" with Xin Qiji's ci. In terms of calligraphy, he is good at running calligraphy, and his brushwork is ups and downs, which is quite interesting. Together with Mi Fei, they are called the four great calligraphers in Song Dynasty. He is good at drawing bamboo and likes to draw strange stones and dead trees. He advocates spiritual similarity in painting and is an advocate of literati painting. The allusion of "having answers" is his famous saying. He is an all-round champion in five aspects: literature, poetry, ci, calligraphy and painting. He is versatile and rare in past dynasties.
It is commendable that among the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, only the Su family accounted for three. His father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are both masters of writing, and both have brilliant positions in the history of literature. They are famous for their outstanding works. From the pre-Qin dynasty to the end of Ming dynasty, they carefully selected and carefully selected, and collected a total of 222 articles, but Su's father and son actually accounted for 24 articles, which shows the weight of the three of them. In order to distinguish the three Soviets, the two brothers are called Dasu and Xiaosu respectively, and their father is called Laosu.
Although Su and his son are famous all over the world, although they were crowned at that time, their official positions were not prominent. Su Xun only worked as a secretary, a bookkeeper of a provincial school, and a county principal. Although the big and small Su brothers are the same as Emperor Kedeng, their official careers are very bumpy, they have suffered several bad luck and been demoted several times, and they are often in adversity. When Su Shi wrote "Red Cliff Fu" in Huangzhou, it was his worst time, and his life was relatively poor. He once wrote in his poem: "Last year, Dongpo picked up rubble and planted 300 feet of Huang Sang. This year, mow the grass to cover the Xuetang, and the sun blows ink. " Dongpo mentioned in the poem is the slope to the east of the house where he built his house, and that's how he got his nickname Dongpo lay man.
History sometimes plays some modest jokes. The Red Cliff in Huangzhou, sung by two great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties, is actually not "Red Cliff in Zhou Lang of the Three Kingdoms". There are several red cliffs in Hubei province. In addition to Huangzhou, there are three places in the southwest of Wuchang County, northeast of Jiayu County and northwest of Pu Xian County, all of which are called Chibi. When Du Mu was forty years old, he was the secretariat of Huangzhou, and his Red Cliff was visited by Su Shi. Su Shi may not be completely ignorant of this, so he specifically pointed out in his writing that "human nature is the red cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms", which is equivalent to announcing "I heard about it to show my feelings!" . However, since history has created celebrities, celebrities can also create history in turn. The real Red Cliff may just be a witness to the killing, which means little here. The Red Cliff in Su Shi's works is already a spiritual sublimation, arousing the endless reverie and sentiment of future generations, which is the aesthetic value of human nature. During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, Huangzhou Red Nose Alum was officially named "Dongpo Red Cliff", and Er Fu Hall and other buildings were built there to commemorate this great writer.
Author: Xiao Bo, a native of Changsha. Humanities workers. He is currently the cultural director of a magazine in Hunan Province. His works are scattered in Chinese and foreign newspapers and periodicals, and his writing is mainly prose, essays and comments.
Source: International Online
Comparison and Appreciation of Red Cliff Fu before and after
Around "Red Cliff Fu", Su Shi relegated Huangzhou for five years and wrote it in Yuanfeng, Song Shenzong. The two articles are lofty in artistic conception, brilliant in literary talent, deeply integrated into the scenery, grief and indignation are placed under the broad-minded style of writing, and the scenery, lyricism and reasoning are integrated into one, which can be called the eternal swan song. "Fu on the Former Red Cliff" depicts the beauty of the autumn night in Chibi and his interest in boating, and expresses his views on the life of the universe in the form of questions and answers from the subject and object, especially through the discussion on the changes and invariance of the bright moon and rivers, showing a cheerful attitude and philosophical attitude towards life. "Fu on the Back of Chibi" describes the riverside on a winter night with a high mountain and a small moon, and its lonely and dangerous atmosphere, and writes out the sad mood caused by climbing alone. Finally, it ends with the illusory dream of the white crane Taoist priest, and gives him a unique thought beyond the dust in the ethereal fantasy, with a fascinating style. The ancients once praised: "Dongpo's" Red Cliff "two poems, washed through the ages, are like a word, and they are finally unavailable."
The following is a comparative analysis of some characteristics of the two articles.
I. Similarities between the two texts
1, the article is the same on the system.
Fu is a form of literary expression, which formed a specific system in the Han Dynasty. It has both the nature of poetry and prose, and pays attention to literary talent and phonology. By the Song Dynasty, Fu had become dull. Both before and after "Red Wall Fu" belong to Fu style, and they all adopt the form of "Fu plus prose", which not only retains the poetic characteristics of traditional Fu style, but also absorbs the style and technique of prose, making the article both poetic and expressive. They all have a fixed rhythm and a wide rhyme, and the sentences are parallel and scattered, showing a variety of aesthetic feelings in neat dialogues. In addition, the syllables are natural and fluent, and the literary potential is abundant, giving people a strong sense of beauty. Not only that, Su Shi's romantic style of writing landscapes, expressing feelings, narrating arguments, unconstrained style and magnificent fantasy shows special novelty under his rich imagination.
2. The emotions contained are consistent.
The theme of the two poems is amusement, and after a visit, they can all be attributed to the pleasure of enjoying the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, showing a broad-minded and cheerful attitude towards life. Although it cannot be ruled out that the author's detachment is the self-comfort and relief of mental depression after political frustration, and the author's depression and sadness are hidden behind the appearance of detachment and broadmindedness, it is certain that Su Shi's difficult ideological struggle to adhere to his ideals and beliefs in life is between the lines. From this point of view, Lin Yutang's words are worth pondering: "These two articles are famous for a reason, which is by no means comparable to others' articles, because it only takes a few hundred words to express people's feelings about the smallness of the universe, and at the same time, it also shows the richness of nature that people can enjoy in this world of mortals."
3. The perfect combination of poetry and philosophy.
The high artistic taste of the two articles is mainly reflected in the high integration of scenery, emotion and reason, the sublimation and cohesion from poetry to philosophy, and the perfect combination of literature and philosophy. After reading the two articles, whether it is the pre-Chibi Fu or the post-Chibi Fu, you will feel that you are shrouded in moonlight and running water, and listen to a philosopher explain the truth of life to you. No wonder the annotation in Guanzi, an ancient Chinese prose, says that "there is no less than a southern country in the red cliff fu", which means that the red cliff fu can be read as a southern classic of Taoism, because they reveal their understanding of life philosophy everywhere in their scenery writing and lyric.
Second, the differences between the two texts
1 describes different seasonal scenery.
Su Shi Yuanfeng traveled to Chibi in Huangzhou in July of five years and wrote Qian Chibi Fu. Three months later, he revisited his hometown and wrote the latter's Red Cliff Fu. From the seasonal point of view, every word in the previous article is autumn, and every sentence in the next article is winter scenery. As far as the scenery is concerned, what I saw by boating in the previous article is pleasing to the eye: "The breeze is Xu Lai, and the water waves are quiet." Describe the clarity of Qiu Jiang. "The moon is above Dongshan, hovering between bullfights. Bailu Hengjiang, the water meets the sky. " The vast fog, river water and night sky, soaked by the Yin Hui of the moon, look boundless and seamless, which makes people intoxicated. The scenery in the following article is about a moonlit night, but it is very dangerous and terrible. "first frost is exposed, the leaves are falling, and the shadow is on the ground, seeing the moon." "The river is in the sky, the thousands of feet is broken, the mountains are high and the moon is small, and the bottom is clear." Dead wood and thin stone are frightening and sad. The following article is full of strange feelings and forced, mainly written by Walking on the Shore.
2. The emphasis of the content is different.
At the beginning of the article, I drew a quiet picture of nature, and then wrote my inner feelings in the way of subject-object question and answer. The words "perilla" are aimed at the feelings of "guests". He talks about the philosophy of life from the change of the universe. It is believed that from the perspective of change, heaven and earth will not remain unchanged for a moment, life is short and natural sadness; But from a constant point of view, that is, heaven and earth are born with me, and everything is born with me, endless. Besides, everything in the world has its own owner. "If it's not mine, I don't want it." In this way, the gains and losses of honor and disgrace, joys and sorrows in the world are not enough to remember. Finally, he pointed out the way out for the "guests": to seek spiritual sustenance in nature. It can be said that in content, the first part focuses on expounding philosophy, which is also the embodiment of Su Shi's literary proposition of "discussing poetry" in his creation.
The following article was written on a clear moonlight night, answering guest songs. First, there is the regret of "no wine for guests" and "no food for wine", and then there is the pleasure of "taking wine for fish". The article twists and turns in a gentle extension. From the night view of the riverbank where the river is gurgling and its banks burst in thousands of feet, the cliff danger of "walking on a rock, covered with velvet ..." is written. From the sigh of "the geometry of the sun, the moon and the rivers can no longer be recognized" to the change of mood of "silent and awe-inspiring", it is extremely ups and downs. Finally, write the dreamland of Taoist solitary cranes. It can be said that the latter article focuses on narrative scenery. Yu Ji, a writer in the Yuan Dynasty, highly praised the achievements of later generations, saying that "it is natural that things are as high as mountains and as small as the moon." Finally, there is a road crane, which is particularly unexpected. "
3. The mood of pursuit is different.
Scholars in feudal society can't control their own destiny, just like a boat in a storm, so they sometimes inspire themselves with the idea of Confucianism's entry into the WTO, and sometimes comfort themselves with the idea of Laozi and Zhuangzi's birth, which is a unique scenery of ancient literati in China. The above article, in the form of a question and answer between the subject and the object, expresses the thoughts, feelings and attitudes towards life, such as short life, hard ambition, indulging in mountains and rivers, eating, drinking and enjoying in time. The author's philosophy of life has a reasonable and positive side, but it also contains negative factors in Buddhism and Taoism, but it is optimistic in the main theme. Later, he wrote a lonely crane sweeping the boat, "dreaming of a Taoist priest, feathering a fairy". The crane is a symbol of Taoism that has been used for a long time. This fantasy shows that Su Shi tried to take up the ideological weapon obtained from Zhuangzi to defend his own mind, maintain an optimistic mood and cope with the ups and downs of life. It is the Taoist culture that makes him adjust himself in the face of the storms of life, detached and broad-minded, but not closed, masochistic and resentful. This is also the reason why predecessors commented that the front and back red wall fu is "a South China". Compared with the previous one, the latter one is slightly illusory and more reveals the idea of abandoning the world.
The above compares and analyzes the characteristics of the red wall poems before and after, but in fact, as Lin said: "If there is no first chapter, the beauty of the second chapter will not be seen; If there is no later article, you can't see the beauty of the previous article. " In this way, it is not an exaggeration to think that the red wall poem is the "Shuang Bao" in Su Shi's prose.