Introduction
The State of Xu was a vassal state granted by the Xia Dynasty. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Xu State was established centered in Sihong County, Jiangsu Province. It was only during the period of King Mu of Zhou that he was willing to surrender to the Zhou Dynasty. The Xu State was the most powerful among the Dongyi. It was defeated by the Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was eliminated by the Wu State in 512 BC. Detailed introduction
According to the "Compilation of Yuanhe Surnames" and "Tongzhi. Clan Brief", the Xu family is a descendant of Zhuanxu and Gaotao. During the Yu Dynasty, Boyi's son Ying Ruomu was granted the title of Prince of Xu.
During the reign of Yu in the Xia Dynasty, Boyi's son Ruomu was granted the title of Xu (today's north of Tancheng, Shandong) because of his assistance in flood control, and founded the Xu Kingdom. Later, during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, Xu was one of the vassal states. Starting from Zhou Gongdan, among the generations of King Cheng and King Kang of Zhou, the wars between the Western Zhou Dynasty and Xu were the most frequent. The State of Xu participated in the rebellion of the remaining Shang and Yin nobles headed by Wu Geng and resisted the Duke of Zhou's Eastern Expedition. King Ju of Xu State raised his troops and attacked Zhou directly to the edge of the Yellow River. Xu's descendants are proud that "the first king, King Ju, went west to seek help from the river." Luhou Boqin (son of Zhou Gongdan) often had conflicts with Xurong. "Shangshu Fei Shi" records: Lu had fierce wars with Xurong and Huaiyi, and Lu was threatened so much that it even dared not Open the east gate of the capital. At the time of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, the king of Xu State, King Xu Yan, was in power. He acted benevolently and righteously, and gained the support of the people. 36 countries around him sent people to pay tribute to him. Later, he raised troops to attack the capital of the Zhou Dynasty. After being defeated by King Mu of Zhou, he lived in seclusion in the mountains near Pengcheng (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province). King Mu of Zhou named his descendants Xu Zi and continued to govern Xu. Since then, Xu State has continued for hundreds of years. After King Helu (Gongzi Guang) of Wu assassinated King Liao of Wu and seized the throne, in the summer of 512 BC, the State of Wu sent envoys and ordered the State of Xu (now Sixian County, Anhui) and Zhongwu to hand over the princes Yiyu and Zhuyong who were leading their troops. (Wu Wangliao’s two younger brothers). Xu Jun was born to Wu Ji and was closely related to the two young masters, so he was unwilling to harm them. Relying on the strong support of Chu, the two countries refused to obey the order, and privately released the two young masters and asked them to defect to Chu. King Chu Zhao was so proud that he immediately sent officials to greet the second young master grandly and allowed him to stay temporarily in Yangdi (now Shenqiu County, Henan). Then, he ordered Chu Yinran and Zuo Sima Shen Yin to garrison Xiuyang City, and sealed the two areas of Chengfu in the northeast of Yangcheng and Hutian in the southeast to the second son, in an attempt to use the second son to harm the state of Wu. This just gave King Wu an excuse to send troops. In the winter of the same year, the King of Wu sent Sun Wu and Wu Zixu to attack the enemy. Xu Guocai was destroyed by Wu. Xu State existed in Chinese history for 1649 years and had 44 generations of kings. Its area was first in the Tancheng area in southern Shandong, and then moved to Si County and Sihong. It was most powerful during the reign of King Xu Yan, and its territory expanded to the entire Yangtze and Huaihe areas such as northern Jiangsu, central Anhui, and southern Shandong. Pengcheng was renamed because of Xu State and became Xuzhou, one of the nine states.
Xu was the largest country in the Dongyi Group in the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Han Feizi" said that his area was five hundred miles. "The Book of Songs·Daya·Changwu" says, "Lead to Huaipu and save this Xu land." At present, in the vast historical documents, it is rare to see the specific operating status of Xu State, such as economic and production texts. But we can get some indirect things from the archeology of unearthed cultural relics, especially bronze inscriptions. Historical evolution Xia and Shang history
During the Xia Dynasty and Yu Dynasty, Boyi assisted Yu in flood control, and his son Ying Ruomu was granted the title of "Xu" (today's Pitan area) and established the Xu State.
Later, during the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and Western Zhou Dynasty, Xu State had always been one of the powerful vassal states. History of the Western Zhou Dynasty
During the reign of King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty, he sent troops to attack Xu State in an attempt to make him surrender, but failed. By the time of the Spring and Autumn Period, when King Xu Yan was king, there were 32 countries ("Han Feizi" said 36 countries) who came to court against him.
During the Zhou Gongdan period, to the Zhou Chengwang and Zhou Kangwang periods, wars between the Western Zhou Dynasty and Xu were very frequent. Xu State participated in the remnant nobles of the Shang Dynasty headed by Wu Geng who rebelled against the Zhou Dynasty and resisted the Duke of Zhou's Eastern Expedition. King Xu Ju raised troops to directly attack the Zhou Dynasty all the way to the Yellow River. The people of Xu were proud that "the first king, King Ju, sought help from the river west."
The Lu State of Lu Gongboqin, the son of Zhou Gongdan, often had conflicts with the Xu State.
During the reign of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, the virtuous King Xu Yan, Ying Dan, came to the throne. He practiced benevolence and righteousness and won the support of the people. During this period, 32 neighboring countries of Xu State paid tribute to Xu. After the country became stronger, King Xu Yan launched a massive attack on the capital of the Zhou Dynasty and almost won. After King Mu of Zhou defeated the State of Xu, King Xu Yan lived in seclusion in the mountains and forests near Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Therefore, King Mu of Zhou named his descendants Xu Zi and continued to rule Xu.
After this, Xu Guo had a period of peace for hundreds of years. Spring and Autumn History
Please refer to the Ergongzi Incident
In the summer of 512 BC (the third year of King Helu of Wu), the State of Wu sent envoys to order the State of Xu to negotiate with Zhongwu State. The young masters Baiyu and Zhuyong went out to lead the troops. The two countries relied on the powerful Chu State as their backing and refused to obey the order. They secretly released the two young masters and let them go to Chu State. King Chu Zhao was very happy and immediately sent important officials to greet them grandly and let them stay temporarily in "Yangdi" (now Shenqiu County, Henan). Then, he ordered Chu Yinran and Zuo Sima Shen Yin to garrison Xiuyang City, and sealed the two areas of Chengfu in the northeast of Yangcheng and Hutian in the southeast to the second son, in an attempt to use the second son to harm the state of Wu.
This gave King Wu an excuse to send troops. In the winter of 512 BC, King Wu sent Sun Wu and Wu Zixu to attack Xu and Zhongwu. Destruction event
Xu State was invaded by Wu State because of the "Second Young Master Incident". As its army was vulnerable, it was destroyed by Wu State.
In fact, it can also be said that Chu and Wu continued to encroach on their vassal states, so they perished. After the fall of the Xu Kingdom
After the fall of the Xu Kingdom, its descendants took the original country name "Xu" as their surname, which is one of the origins of the Xu surname. Jing'an, Jiangxi is considered the last homeland of Xu. On January 6, 2007, an Eastern Zhou Dynasty ancient tomb was discovered in Lizhouao, Shuikou Township, Jing'an County. According to the analysis and research of the tomb by archaeological expert Xu Changqing and others, it is believed that the ancient tomb is that of Zhang Yu, the last monarch of the Xu Kingdom in the Spring and Autumn Period. Concubines are buried in tombs. This archaeological discovery further proves that Jing'an, Jiangxi Province, was the last stronghold of Xu State. Xu State Statistics
The Xu State lasted for 1649 years and had 44 generations of kings. Xu State Culture
The unearthed cultural relics of ancient bronzes mainly started from the middle and late Shang Dynasty and reached their peak in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The production of bronzes marked the production and economic development of ancient society. The Western Zhou bronzes that have been unearthed have a large number of inscriptions, which extremely richly confirm and make up for the accuracy and deficiencies of traditional historical documents. The records of "Fujijin" conquering Huaiyi are mentioned several times in the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Fu" means acquisition and plunder, "Ji Jin" means fine bronzes, and Xurong is the largest and representative country among the Huaiyi tribe. Zeng Bo's Su Gui inscription contains: "Kiti Huaiyi, seal Xie Fantang (Yang), Jindao tin travel", indicating that the Huaiyi area south of Fanyang (Anhui) at that time was rich in copper and tin. The inscription "Xi Jiapan" records the Western Zhou Dynasty's campaign against Guan City and the corresponding provisions for the Southern Huaiyi people and the people of the princes. The inscription says: "In the old days of Huaiyi, I did not dare to give away the silk, and my accumulated wealth, and my bribes to the people." "If you dare not use orders, you will be punished." That is to say, Huaiyi must pay gold and property to the Zhou Dynasty, as well as provide labor, otherwise it will be conquered. In the era of King Mu of Zhou alone, inscriptions on war records related to the Fifteen Weapons and Huaiyi were found. (The Book of Songs·Lu Song·Panshui) writes about the situation when Duke Xi of Lu conquered Huaiyi and built the Pan Palace to hold a banquet for officials. He said: "I longed for the Huaiyi and came to offer their treasures. Yuan (large) turtle and elephant teeth, The concluding sentence is "a great bribe (a donation) to Nanjin (high-quality bronze products)".
The Xu State had a developed economy and was the main tax provider for the Western Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, the "conquest of the Eastern Yi" and the "Conquest of the Eastern Kingdom" became the main wars after the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty. This is also reflected in many bronze inscriptions in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. There are historical written records.
There are many bronze artifacts unearthed in Xu State. Before the 1950s, according to data, there were as many as 24 pieces, mainly in daily life, family, weapons, etc., such as: "Xu Wang Ding", "Xu Er Zhong", "Xu Yi Yin Zheng", "Yi Chu Bell" , "Xu Wangyi Chupu", "Wang Sun Yi Zhe Zhe" and "Xu Wang Geng'er Bell" all have inscriptions.
Others include "Xu Boge" of Yin Dynasty, "Xu Yanhou Zhiming" of Zhou Dynasty, "Xu Yanwang Pot", "Bean-shaped Beast Zunyi", "Xu Baoyun", "Xu Wang Shouming", "Xu Guanbei", "Huan" The head of the "big knife". Most of these Xu wares are from the late Xu State (Spring and Autumn Period), and the heyday of the Xu State was in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Xu wares at that time had been plundered, donated or lost during the war. So far, no large quantities of them have been unearthed. Learn about the world and discover.
In 1965, the "Xu Zi Ji Ding" was unearthed in Taizigou Village, Shangye Town, Fei County, Shandong Province. It is 21.5 cm high, 22 cm in diameter, and weighs 3.2 kg. The inscription: "Xu Zi Ji Ding is for a hundred years old." "Zhi" is the burial object of Xu Zi's "Jiu". Also unearthed are bronze arrowheads and so on. In April 1979, three bronze vessels were unearthed in Jing'an County, Jiangxi Province, all of which were relics of the Xu State. One of them had an 18-word inscription: "Xu Lingyin, the grandson of Yanjun, chose the auspicious gold and made his own stove." The stove basin is as it is now. Huopan, Yan and Yan have the same pronunciation, and the ancient characters can be borrowed from them. In 1982, a large tomb from the Spring and Autumn Period was excavated in Shaoxing. Three of the six bronze vessels unearthed were cast with inscriptions. The three bronze vessels with inscriptions were the tripod, the furnace, and the fou. On the shoulder of the fou is an inscription of Zhou Dynasty which cannot be read due to damage. There are three lines of inscriptions on the bottom of the furnace, including the words "Xu Wangzhi". The lid and shoulder of the tripod each have the same inscription with 44 characters, indicating that Xu Yaoyin made the soup tripod himself. According to research by archaeologists, Yaoyin may have been the official in charge of sacrifices.
Regarding bronze ware, there is a legend in ancient times that "Chi You made soldiers". The Dongyi tribe is the descendant of Chi You and others. The production of Xu ware was once in a leading position and a link between the past and the future. Xu Qi inherited the tradition of Shang Qi. For example, merchant vessels do not have bells, only dou (duo). The shape of the dou (duo) is the same as that of a bell, but it is smaller than a bell and has an upward-facing mouth. It has a handle and is used to ring when holding the handle. If there is an inscription, it is usually engraved on the handle. Only from the Western Zhou Dynasty did the bells with the mouth downwards appear. The Xu ware "Xu Ii Yin Zheng" named himself Zhengcheng, which is Juyao in archaeology. Influenced by Xu Qi. Xu Qi was also good at learning and imitating the bronze production of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and admired the rituals and civilization of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Bronze wares from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period unearthed in Tunxi, Anhui, and Dantu, Jiangsu, were different from the production style of southern bronzes at that time. They all had densely deformed animal patterns with thorns and fine patterns with geometric prints and pottery patterns. Xu The intermediate transition of the instrument is difficult to deny.
Some impressions of the economic development of Xu State can also be obtained from the inscriptions of Xu vessels and the genealogy and miscellaneous histories of the Xu surname. For example: the "Xu Yao Yin Tang Ding" unearthed in Shaoxing, "Yao Yin" was an official in charge of sacrifices in the Shang Dynasty, Xu State and Chu State. (Yi Zhou Shu·Wang Huijie) contains: "Zhu Huai clan and Rong clan" (Note): "Huai and Rong are the two Zhu clans." Among them, the Huai clan should be from Huaiyi, and actually became the head of the Zhou Dynasty. Wu Zhu, it can be seen that the economic development of Huaiyi has brought about cultural progress. Otherwise, the Zhou Dynasty would not have been able to easily grant the sacred position of sacrifice to a Yi people. Xu State is a representative state among Huaiyi, and it already has a very clear division of labor among officials in this area.
"The Book of Songs. Lu Song Jiong" is a chapter praising the many horses raised in the Lu State. Relatively speaking, Huaiyi is located in the intersecting Jianghuai River network, and the shipping industry has an advantage. "The Genealogy of the Xu Family in Yingshan" records: Xu Chang, the thirty-eighth ancestor, "Chang Shi Meng was the Secretary, who was in charge of shipping. King Zhao of Zhou Dynasty marched south, and sent Chang to sail the boat. He traveled to Hanze, and the boat After losing his foundation, King Zhao died and escaped to Nanchang to avenge his father. "Si Ji" is an official in charge of shipping and ships. According to the article "King Xu Yan" in the "Chinese Dictionary" published earlier, he wrote: "King Mu." At that time, Xu Zi was governing the country and was known for his benevolence and righteousness. He wanted to sail to the country, but he wanted to use the canal between Chen and Cai... "The country of Xu actually wanted to use its advantage in shipping to build a canal. One can imagine its national power. Geographical location
The Xu State's area was first located in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, centered on Tancheng, Shandong, and later moved to Xuzhou, Si County, and Sihong.
It was the most powerful during the reign of King Xu Yan, and its territory expanded to the entire Jianghuai area such as northern Jiangsu, central Anhui, and southern Shandong.
Pengcheng was renamed after the State of Xu, and later became "Xuzhou", one of the Jiuzhou (the "Jiuzhou" at this time was different from the "Jiuzhou" when Dayu controlled the floods. The "Kiuzhou" in the "Jiuzhou" during the Dayu period was Refers to the area centered on Shandong, western Shandong and southern Shandong, including eastern Hebei and northern Jiangsu).
Related information Xu Guo
National Surname
Ying Surname
Title
Marquis, changed to Viscount during the reign of King Mu of Zhou
The capital of the country
Constantly moving from north to south
The first person to seal this country
Xia Chaoyu
The first ancestor
Ruomu
The rise and fall of the dynasty
20th century BC to 512 BC
Reasons for its demise
Destroyed by Wu
Historical records
1. Xunzi. Feixiang Chapter
2. Historical Records
(Volume 4 Zhou Benji), (Volume 5 Qin Benji)
3. Songs of Chu. Seven Admonitions. Shen Jiang Chapter
4. The Biography of the Zuo Family in the Spring and Autumn Period
(First published in the 26th year of Zhuang Gong) The historical changes of Xu State
1. Succession of Dayu His father's ambition was to control floods, and he succeeded, so he succeeded Shun as emperor. In the process of Dayu's successful flood control, he received Boyi's support. In his later years, Yu planned to pass the throne to Boyi, but Boyi was indifferent to power and voluntarily gave up the throne to Yu's son Qi, and lived in seclusion in the north of Jishan Mountain. In the sixth year of Xia Qi's reign, Boyi was killed. In order to win over people's hearts, Xia Qi buried Boyi with heavy ceremony and sealed Boyi's second son Ruomu in Xu, that is, in the Tancheng area in central and southern Shandong. This is the founding of Xu State. Since then, the people of Xu state have taken Guo as their surname, and the main branch of the Xu family has multiplied, developed and grown. Ruomu has become the basically recognized blood ancestor of the Xu surname in later generations.
2. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, especially in the Zhou Dynasty, Xu State was relatively powerful. Zhou always considered it to be Zhou's rival, so he was uneasy about Xu State and frequently conquered it. There are many records about this in the Book of Songs. Xu State was defeated and moved south to the Sihong area, where it continued to develop and grow. At this time, the king of Xu State, as the leader of the vassal states, led his troops to the west to confront Zhou. King Mu of Zhou was afraid and recognized Lord Xu as the leader of the feudal lords.
3. In the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, the Kingdom of Xu spread to King Xu Yan and was revived in the Huaisi area. As recorded in historical records: "King Xu Yan lived in the east of the Yangtze River, with an area of ??500 miles. He practiced benevolence and righteousness, and ceded territory to his dynasty. Thirty There Are Six Kingdoms. "The revival of the Xu State caused concern in the Western Zhou Dynasty, so they ordered the Chu State to raise troops to attack it. King Xu Yan was benevolent and could not bear to kill his people. In 963 BC, he abandoned his country and went north to the foot of Dongshan Mountain in Wuyuan County, Pengcheng. Tens of thousands of people moved with him. The so-called Dongshan of Wuyuan County is in the northwest of Pizhou today. Dongshan was later called Xushan.
4. After the defeat of Xu State, King Xu Yan once led some people of Xu State to go south by sea and arrived in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. So today, people with the surname Xu in Zhejiang are a prominent family there. King Xu Yan was eventually hunted down, and he threw himself into the sea with the jade in his arms. Because King Xu Yan's benevolence and righteousness were highly praised, after Zhou defeated Queen Xu Yan, he was forced to confer a title on King Xu Yan's second son Baozong, set the capital at Pengcheng, and continued to govern Xu State. This is the origin of today's Liang Wangcheng. This was during the period of King Zhou (922 BC-900 BC).
5. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Seven Heroes were divided and dominated, and Xu State moved south again to Huainan and the Huaisi area bordering Jiangbei and Jiangsu and Anhui. At that time, the Xu State was already weak in national power, the people's morale was relatively loose, and it did not have much strong resistance. It was sandwiched between big countries and lived cautiously. In 512 BC, King Wu Fuchai crossed the Huaihe River to the north to attack Xu, and released the Si River to flood the Xu Kingdom. Xu Wang Zhangyu wore his hair and tattoos on his face, tied himself up, and led his wife to kneel down and beg Fu Chai to retain the land, but Fu Chai refused. Zhang Yu fled to Chu with his royal family, and Xu lost its title.
After Ruomu sealed Xu, Xu State experienced three dynasties: Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. There were 44 generations of kings in total, which lasted for more than 1,500 years. Capital changes
The capital of Xu State also moved several times. Among the migrations of more than 1,500 years, the main ones that have been verified are:
The first is Tancheng, Shandong. According to the research results of historians, when Xu State first closed the country, it should be from the northeast of Mount Tai in Shandong to the south to Tancheng. There is the tomb of Xu Bao, the fifth generation king of Xu State, in Hanshu Village in Surabaya, Shandong Province. In October 2001, the Tancheng County Government designated Xu Bao's Tomb as a county-level cultural relic protection unit.
The second is Xucheng in the Hongze Lake area.
There is Xiangcheng Village in Taiping Township, Sihong County. "City" refers to the city built by King Xu Yan. Xiangcheng is named after the legend that there is a pink makeup building of Princess Xu Yan in the city.
The third is Liangwang City (Liangwang City) in Pizhou. The currently excavated Liangwang City in Pizhou (including Jiunvdun, Eyacheng and other sites) can be determined to be the largest and longest-lasting capital of the late ancient Xu Kingdom. After three consecutive excavations, *** discovered 122 ash pits, 22 tombs, 11 house sites, and more than 1,000 cultural relics unearthed. The local place once had the name "Jinluan Palace", and 19 bronze chimes of palace instruments were unearthed and engraved with the inscription "For the use of Prince Xu and Sun Yongbao". Expert Mr. Zhang Zhihan said in "A Brief Talk about Ancient Xuzhou": "The seat (capital) of the State of Xu was in Xiapi. This refers to the State of Xu founded by King Xu Yan. King Xu Yan restored the state to Pi, so it is natural that the capital should be built in Xiapi." "Liang There are records of political activities in "Wangcheng" in historical records, which can be proved that Liangwang City is the political center of Xu State and the base city of Xu State. Xu State cultural relics and relevant records in inscriptions
The inscriptions on bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty mentioned several times that the Zhou Dynasty conquered Huaiyi and Fu Jijin. "Fu" means: to acquire, to plunder. "Jijin" represents fine bronze ware. The Xu State is the largest and representative state among the Huaiyi tribe.
The inscription "Zeng Bosu Gui" contains: Keti Huaiyi, Yin Xie Fan Tang (Yang), Jin Dao Xi Xing. It means: "At that time, the Huaiyi area south of Fanyang (Anhui) was rich in copper and tin."
"Xijiapan" records the "Conquest of Guanshi" in the Western Zhou Dynasty After that, there were regulations for the people of the southern princes: Huaiyi, the old country of Huaiyi, did not dare to give out silks and bribe people. ...If you dare not use the order (command), you will be punished (attack). It means: "Huaiyi must pay good fortune and property to the Zhou Dynasty, as well as provide labor force, otherwise it will be conquered."
During the period of King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty, there were inscriptions on fifteen vessels containing war records related to Huaiyi, especially the Xu State.
"The Book of Songs·Lu Song·Panshui" records that Duke Xi of Lu conquered Huaiyi and built the "Pan Palace" to entertain officials. The ending is: I look forward to the Huaiyi people and come to offer their treasures. Yuan Dynasty (Da) provided turtle and elephant teeth, and Da bribed (offered) Nanjin (high-quality bronze products).
The Xu State had a developed economy and provided a lot of taxes to the Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, the conquest of the Eastern Yi and the Eastern Kingdom became the main wars after the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty. These can be found on many bronze inscriptions in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
There are many bronzes unearthed from Xu State. Among them, before the 1950s, there were 24 pieces. For example:
Xu Wangding's son's bell Xu iliac Yin Zhengyi Chu bell Xu Wangyi Chupu Wang Sun's legacy bell This and the following are all from the Zhou Dynasty) The head of the "huan-tou broadsword" of Xu Baoyun, king of Xu Yan, and Xu Guanbei, the king of Xu. Most of these are products of the Spring and Autumn Period. However, the heyday of Xu State was the Western Zhou Dynasty. Most of the Xu vessels at that time have been lost, and none have been unearthed so far.
In 1965, the "Xu Zi Ding" was unearthed in Taizigou Village, Shangye Town, Fei County, Shandong Province.
In 1979, three bronze vessels were unearthed in Jing'an County, Jiangxi Province. These are all products of the Xu State. One of the inscriptions reads: Xu Lingyin, the grandson of Yanjun, chose the auspicious gold and made his own stove. The stove basin is a fire plate, with Yan Tongyan (tongjiazi).
In 1982, a tomb from the Spring and Autumn Period was excavated in Shaoxing, and six bronze vessels were unearthed. Of these, three have inscriptions. These three pieces are: tripod, furnace, and fou. There is an inscription from the Zhou Dynasty on the shoulder of the fou, but it is impossible to distinguish it due to damage. The three lines of inscriptions on the bottom of the furnace contain the words "King Xu". The lid and shoulder of the tripod have the same inscription, both with 44 characters. Among them, it is marked that Xu Yaoyin made his own soup cauldron. According to textual research, "Yao Yin" may be an official in charge of sacrifices.
Xu Yao Yin Tang Ding was unearthed in Shaoxing. Yao Yin was a sacrificial official in the Shang Dynasty, Xu State, and Chu State. The significance of the bronze ware of Xu State
The bronze ware of Xu State has obvious characteristics of commercial vessels. For example: Shangqi does not have a clock, but it does have a bell. They have the same shape. The difference is: the bell is smaller than the bell, with the mouth facing upward.
And it has a handle, and when you hold the handle, it makes a sound. Its inscription is usually engraved on the handle.
It was not until the Western Zhou Dynasty that bells with their mouths pointing downwards appeared. Xu Qi, Xu Ili and Yin Zheng are Duo. In Shaoxing, Zhejiang, a bronze ware from the Yue Kingdom called Juchu was unearthed. It can be seen that it was influenced by Xu ware in many aspects.
Xu ware also absorbed the technology of bronze ware production in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Because Xu State admired the etiquette and civilization of the Western Zhou Dynasty to a certain extent. Xu State bronzes from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were unearthed in Tunxi and Jiangsu in Anhui Province, and they have a very different style from southern bronzes. They all have dense deformed animal patterns of spiny type, and have geometric prints and fine patterns characteristic of pottery patterns. These are the distinctive features of Western Zhou bronzes.
Therefore, the transitional role of Xu Qi is difficult to deny. Miscellaneous Notes on Historical Records
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Xu was the largest country in the Dongyi Group.
"Han Feizi" records: the area is five hundred miles.
Chapter "The Book of Songs·Daya·Changwu": Lead Huaipu and save this Xu land.
Xu State is located in Huaiyi, where the Jianghuai River network intersects, and its shipping industry has an advantage.
"The Genealogy of the Xu Family in Yingshan" records: Xu Chang, the thirty-eighth ancestor, Chang's dream was to be the Secretary, in charge of shipping matters. King Zhao of Zhou went on a southern expedition, and sent Chang Cao to help him. He traveled to Hanze, but the boat lost its bottom. King Zhao died, and he escaped to Nanchang to avenge his father. "Si Ji" is a shipping official.
King Xu Yan once said, "In the reign of King Mu, Xu Zi ruled the country and was famous for his benevolence and righteousness. He wanted to sail to the country, but he used a canal between Chen and Cai..." He actually wanted to use the advantage of shipping to open a canal, and his national power would surely Extremely powerful.
Xu State was a big country in Huaiyi. It moved south from Haidai District and laid its foundation at the junction of Jiangsu and Anhui, and its influence grew day by day. Legend has it that in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, King Xu Ju commanded an army to attack Zhou. During the reign of King Mu, there was also a legend that King Xu Yan came to the land and conquered the Zhou Dynasty. There was a legend that he led his army to attack Zhou.
When Bo Qin was in Lu, he once Continuously conquered Xu State. "Historical Records of the Lu Family" records: Bo Qin led his troops to attack him, wrote "Fei Oath", and then defeated Xurong and defeated Lu. The chapter of "The Book of Songs: Qing Palace" contains: Due to the merits of the Marquis of Lu,... Xu's house was left in ruins. "Desolation" means possession.
The main god of the Xu Kingdom’s religion: Donghuang Taiyi (possibly the same as the highest god of Chu)
The main member of the Dongyi tribe, an ancient god descendant. According to legend, the founder of the Dongyi tribe is Hou Yi.
Before the Xu Kingdom's lineage was destroyed
Posthumous title
Beginning and end of reign
Reign time
Remarks
Ruo Mu
2070 BC - 2052 BC
Reigned for 17 years
Xia Yu granted the title to Xu
Yan Yan
2053 BC - 2003 BC
Reigned for 51 years
Chen
2002 BC - 1986 BC
Reigned for 17 years
Shuo
1985 BC - 1918 BC
Reigned for 68 years
Hongxian
1917 BC - 1903 BC
Reigned for 15 years
Liang
1902 BC Year - 1868 BC
Reigned for 35 years
Yun Di
1867 BC - 1833 BC
In Reigned for 35 years
Jiang
1832 BC - 1804 BC
Reigned for 29 years
Dun
1803 BC - 1783 BC
Reigned for 21 years
Jing
1782 BC - 1731 BC
Reigned for 52 years
Yi
1730 BC - 1695 BC
Reigned for 36 years
Rui
1694 BC - 1668 BC
Reigned for 27 years
Jing
1667 BC - BC 1624
Reigned for 44 years
Jing
1623 BC - 1593 BC
Reigned for 31 years
p>The fall of the Xia Dynasty
Yun
Yan
Xiao
Xun
Chong
p>興
Zhen
Guan
Table
Chang
Fan
Fan Chang
Guang
Tong
Chu
Fu (King Xu Ju)
Unknown name, during the period of prosperity of Xu State
Dan (King Xu Yan)
He was the monarch of the same period as King Mu of Zhou
Yichu
He was the monarch of the same period as Duke Zhao of Lu
Baozong (Yingzong)
Mai
Xiu
Mou
Rail
Scenery
Hun
Shu
Heng
Prison
Yi
Zhang Yu
?-512 BC
In 512 BC, after the fall of the Xu Kingdom
Name
Remarks
Rong
Sacrificed his father in national disaster
Jian
King Zhou Yuan ( During the period of 476 BC to 469 BC), he assisted the Yue soldiers to avenge the country
Qiao
He was a doctor during the reign of King Zhending of Zhou Dynasty (468 BC to 441 BC)
Man
He was a doctor during the reign of King Zhending of Zhou Dynasty
King of Zhou Kao
He was a doctor at that time, born in Min and Yue
Min
He was a doctor when King Weilie of Zhou Dynasty
Du
He was a doctor when King An of Zhou Dynasty
Xie
He was a senior official during the reign of King Lie of Zhou Dynasty
Yuan
He was a senior official during the reign of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. He was born in Chui and Pi
Chui
An official in Chu, a doctor
Pi
Xinzhang (345 BC ~ 267 BC), the first ancestor of the Xu family in Donglu
Ke
Served as an official in Chu and became a doctor
Shen
He was the prime minister during the reign of King Zhuangxiang of Qin. Lived in Xuzhou. Health Zhong, Ju.
Zhong
Chang
Meng
Yi (city)
That is Xu Fu, a famous alchemist in Qin Dynasty, Dong Crossing Japan.