Chinese painting:
Referred to as "Chinese painting", it has its own unique system in the field of art in the world.
It uses a brush, ink, and Chinese painting pigments to paint on special rice paper or silk.
In terms of subject matter, there are figure paintings, landscape paintings, flower and bird (flower) paintings, and animal paintings.
In terms of technique, it can be divided into two types: meticulous painting and freehand painting, each with its own unique approach and characteristics.
In terms of figure painting, it gradually matured from the late Zhou Dynasty to the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Landscapes, flowers and birds began to form independent painting materials in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
In the Five Dynasties and Two Song Dynasties, there were many schools and it was a stage of high development. Yuanhua ink painting became popular.
In the Ming, Qing and modern times, the previous regulations were generally followed. In each period, there have been many innovative painters.
In the world of art leadership or Chinese painting has a distinctive national form and unique style.
In depicting objects, he actively uses lines and ink colors to express shapes and textures with a high degree of expressiveness, and combines them with poetry, rhymes, calligraphy and seal cutting to achieve a vivid and vivid image of "both form and spirit". Effect.
In addition, Chinese paintings also have unique mounting forms, which serve to set off the body of the painting.
Literati painting:
It is a special name in the history of Chinese painting, also known as "literati painting".
Using bookish style as a criterion for evaluating paintings means poetic painting or poetic style.
Most of his works are based on landscapes, ancient trees, bamboos, rocks, flowers and birds, etc.
The techniques of expression are mostly ink and color or freehand writing.
Its representatives include Wang Wei in the Tang Dynasty, Ni Yunlin in the Yuan Dynasty, Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty, Bada Shanren, Shi Tao, Wu Changshuo in the Qing Dynasty, etc.
Most of their paintings pursue the idea that there are poems in paintings and paintings in poems.
After finishing the painting, most of them wrote poems in the paintings, or painted with poems, so as to express the meaning of the paintings and also express the poems with paintings.
It is called poetic and picturesque.
Religious paintings:
Paintings based on religious doctrines, stories and legends and serving religious propaganda.
For example, in Taoism, there are portraits of immortals, in Buddhism, there are paintings that express the stories of the Buddha’s life, and in Chinese Taoist-themed paintings, as early as the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were paintings specifically about immortals and legendary story scenes and images of immortals. .
Buddhist painting flourished in India in the Middle Ages. After it was introduced to China (with the spread of Buddhism), it was gradually depicted by ancient Chinese painters in the form of Chinese painting, forming Buddhist painting with Chinese characteristics.
Academy paintings:
In the Tang Dynasty of my country, Xu Zhao, enshrinement, etc. were already established. During the Five Dynasties, painting academies were established in Western Shu and Southern Tang.
In the Song Dynasty, the Hanlin Painting Academy was established to select outstanding painters to serve the royal court.
Most of the landscapes, flowers, birds, figures, etc. painted in the painting academies of the past dynasties require the use of colorless brushes, meticulous and magnificent, rigorous composition, and brilliant colors. Some are highly decorative, which is called It is a courtyard painting.
Folk painting:
In Chinese painting, it refers to the paintings made by street artists who, in addition to professional painters and literati painters, specialize in painting as a means of survival and cater to general market customs. Various paintings.
His works tend to be bright, sweet and delicate, which is different from professional painters and literati painters. His paintings pay more attention to poetic, artistic and other cultural connotations.
And it is loved by civilians of general cultural level.
Folk painting, also known as craftsman painting, lacks strict technical training compared with academic painting; compared with literati painting, it lacks literary and theoretical cultivation.
However, some of its characteristics tend to be simple and enthusiastic, and some of its advantages are beyond the reach of literati paintings and academic paintings, and are sometimes absorbed by literati paintings and academic paintings.
Animal painting:
In Chinese painting, animal images are used as the artistic language to express people's hopes, fantasies and various emotions. All animals can be included in the painting, but the main objects are common poultry, livestock and various animals in zoos.
Animal paintings do not need to be lifelike, exaggeration and deformation are allowed, but they must have personality and be able to arouse the audience's excitement and association with the beauty of life.
Fan painting:
In the category of Chinese painting, calligraphers and painters of all ages like to paint or write on fans to express their emotions, or to collect them for others or give them to friends as poems.
Fans that keep calligraphy and paintings as they are are called Chengfan, and those that are framed into album pages for the convenience of collection are commonly called fans.
In terms of shape, there are round fans called round fans and folding fans called folding fans.
Light crimson landscape painting:
A coloring technique in Chinese landscape painting.
That is, all landscape paintings that are mainly rendered in light red and blue colors are collectively called light crimson landscapes.
The method is to first use ink lines with varying shades, dryness and wetness to outline structural changes, and then apply light ocher (or add a little cinnabar) to dye the rocks and tree structures.
Finally, it is rendered with light cyan color.
Green landscape painting (also golden landscape):
It is a Chinese painting that uses heavy mineral pigments such as azurite and lime green pigments to express the greenness of mountains, rocks and trees.
There are also gold and stone outlines on the green mountains and rocks. This kind of landscape painting is also called Jinbi Landscape.
The green landscape was created by Li Sixun of the Tang Dynasty. The "A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" painted by Wang Ximeng of the Northern Song Dynasty is also one of the representatives of the green landscape.
Boneless (French) painting:
A painting method of traditional Chinese flower (flower and bird) painting.
The flowers and leaves are painted directly with color or ink, without the "bone" - that is, the outline drawn with ink lines.
According to Guo Ruoxu's "Pictures and Knowledge" of the Song Dynasty, this painting method began with Xu Xi and Xu Chong's descendants in the Five Dynasties.
In fact, it started with Huang Quan, and Xu Chongsi was just "the style of Zhu Huang in the suburbs". "Xuanhe Painting Book" records Huang Quan's "Boneless Flower and Branch Picture";
"Dongtian Qinglu Collection" said that the Huangquan "really resembles a pile of powder without any circles" (note: powder is color in ancient China), which is the "boneless painting method."
Gongbi Painting:
One of the traditional Chinese painting methods.
The painting method is relatively neat and rigorous, and the criterion is to depict the accurate image of the painted object. Relative to "freehand painting".
(based on the principle of depicting the main idea of ??the painted object).
Generally speaking, gongbi painting uses neat and meticulous brushes, applies colors layer by layer, and uses extremely delicate brushstrokes to depict objects, so it is called "gongbi".
Theme painting:
In Chinese painting, the painter shows the viewer some views or feelings about status, society and life through certain storylines, characters, scenes and themes. Or the depiction and reproduction of images and scenes of certain historical story events, etc. Have a certain degree of reproducibility, authenticity, or revelation. Generally, the intention of each painting is relatively clear. Time, events, etc. are relatively clear.
Freehand painting:
One of the traditional painting methods of Chinese painting, compared with "meticulous painting", it uses bold, concise and freehand brushwork to depict the form and spirit of objects and express the author's feelings. emotion.
Freehand painting uses generalization and exaggeration techniques and rich associations to express objects. Although the brushwork is simple, the artistic conception is complex and has a certain expressive power.
It must have the ability to summarize at a high level, have an implicit artistic conception of using less to win more, be precise in writing, and skillful in handling, and be able to write with ease and follow your thoughts.
Boundary painting:
A very distinctive category of Chinese painting.
Use a boundary ruler to lead when painting, hence the name: boundary painting.
It originated very early and existed in the Jin Dynasty.
Gu Kaizhi once said, "A pavilion is a piece of equipment. It is difficult to build but easy to master. It can be wonderful without having to think about it."
By the Sui Dynasty, boundary paintings were already quite good.
Finger painting: a special painting method in traditional Chinese painting.
That is to say, the painter's fingers are used instead of the traditional brush and ink to paint, which has a special interest and skill. Therefore it is called finger painting.
Historically, the Qing Dynasty admired his close relatives Pan Tiantao and Hong Shiqing's finger paintings, which had a greater influence.
Landscape painting:
It is one of the unique types of Chinese painting.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it gradually separated from figure painting and formed an independent painting material. By the Tang Dynasty, it was fully mature.
Landscape painting is the essence of nature and the beauty of heaven and earth. Therefore, yin and yang, darkness, clear rain, cold and heat, morning and dusk, day and night have endless fun.
Although there were many landscape painters from the Six Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, their brushwork and placement were very primitive.
Li Sixun, Wang Wei, Zhang, etc. have relatively perfected the painting theory, painting method, composition (composition) of landscape painting, and gradually formed the appearance of Chinese landscape painting. Jing Hao and Guan Tong of the Five Dynasties had more new innovations and surpassed the old habits.
A new situation has emerged. In the Song Dynasty, Fan Kuan and Li Cheng were the three most powerful families.
Landscape painting has reached an almost perfect state
Flower and bird painting (flower painting):
It is a unique type of painting in the category of Chinese painting.
The main subjects of the paintings are flowers, bamboos, rocks, birds and insects.
Simple bird and fish patterns appeared on pottery in my country four to five thousand years ago, which can be regarded as the earliest flower-and-bird painting in my country.
Tang Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" records: The flower-and-bird paintings painted on silk during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty have gradually formed independent painting materials.
By the Tang Dynasty, it had become more mature, and there were Bian Luan, who used fine brushstrokes to outline and fill in the colorful style, and Yin Zhongrong, who used ink to replace color, and ink to divide into five colors.
During the Five Dynasties, there were two types of development, namely the "Xu and Huang two bodies".
One is Xu Xi and the other is Huang Jian. In the Ming Dynasty, Shen Qinan, Sun Xueju, etc.
He also pursued Xu Xi when he was involved in writing and dyeing. Xu Qingteng's flowers, transcending the borders, and the flowers of Qing Shitao to the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou", have more perfectly formed the three masterpieces of poetry, calligraphy and painting.
Small paintings:
They are relatively free and lyrical works by Chinese painters. They are casual works and often reach a higher level of artistic level.
The reason is probably that there is no excessive restraint in thinking and it is absolutely free.
Ink painting:
In Chinese painting, one of the unique materials of Chinese painting is ink as the main raw material. The amount of water added is divided into thick ink, light ink, dry ink and wet ink. , burnt ink, etc., to draw different shades (black, white, gray).
It has a unique charm, which is called "Mo Yun". It forms a form of painting mainly based on ink and wash.
Colored ink painting:
In Chinese painting, "ink painting" is used as the base, and colors and stippling are applied on it to make the picture richer, brighter, and brighter in color than ink painting. .
Boundary painting:
A very distinctive category of Chinese painting.
Use a boundary ruler to lead when painting, hence the name: boundary painting. It originated very early and existed in the Jin Dynasty.
Gu Kaizhi once said, "A pavilion is a piece of equipment. It's hard to build but easy to master. It's wonderful without having to think about it."
By the Sui Dynasty, boundary paintings had been painted quite well.
Commenting on Dong Boren's boundary painting in "Painting Notes of the Past Dynasties": "Be sympathetic to the objects you touch, and everything is wonderful, especially the Chuisheng Pavilion";
Comment on Dong Boren's boundary painting Paintings, praise him for "the characters in the building are outstanding in ancient and modern times".
Li Sixun’s "Nine Percent Palace Fan Picture" and "Palace Garden Picture" are also very successful. In the late Tang Dynasty, Yin Jizhao appeared, and in the Five Dynasties, there were Wei Xian, Zhao Deyi, Zhao Zhongyi and others. In the early Song Dynasty, There was Guo Zhongshu, Wang Zhenpeng and Li Rongjin in the Yuan Dynasty, Qiu Ying in the Ming Dynasty, Yuan Jiang, Yuan Yao and others in the Qing Dynasty.
The existing "Que Tower Picture" on the west wall of the tomb of Li Chongrun, Prince Yide of the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest large-scale boundary painting in my country. Famous boundary paintings in the Song Dynasty include "Yellow Crane Tower" and "Tengwang Pavilion Picture".