Huang Tingjian (1045.8.9-1105.5.24), whose real name is Lu Zhi, a Taoist in the valley, was named Fuweng at night. He was born in Fenning, Hongzhou (now xiushui county, Jiangxi). He was a famous writer and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School and has been very popular for a long time. They, Chao and Qin Guan all studied under Su Shi, and they are collectively called "Su Men Four Bachelor". He was as famous as Su Shi before his death and was called "Su Huang" by the world. [ 1]
He is the author of Valley Ci, and Huang Tingjian's calligraphy is unique and is one of the "Song Sijia".
The life of the character
Early experience
Huangtingjian statue
Huang Tingjian, a native of Lu Zhi, was born on June 12th, the fifth year of Song Dynasty (A.D.1July 28th, 045), and was born in Fenning, Hongzhou (now xiushui county, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province).
Smart as a child, you can recite it after reading it several times. His uncle Li often goes to his house to ask him about the books on the shelf. He knows everything. Chang Li is very strange. Thought he was a talent from a thousand miles away.
Song Huang You, who was seven years old in the third year (105 1), wrote a poem for a shepherd: "Riding an ox over a thousand villages, playing the flute across the bank, how many fame and fortune visitors in Chang 'an are all tired by the authorities. "
Song Youdi was eight years old in four years (1052). He wrote a poem and sent someone to lift it: "Wan Liyun rode the whip of his ancestors and sent you back to the jade steps. You ask old Huang Tingjian that he has been in the world for eight years. "
Work in the capital
In the fourth year of Song Zhiping (1067), Huang Tingjian was admitted as a scholar and served as the county magistrate of Yexian County in Ruzhou. Xi Ningchu took four exams for Beijing officials. He became a professor in imperial academy because he wrote the best paper. Wen Yanbo, who stayed behind, thought he was talented and asked him to continue teaching. Su Shi once read his poems and thought that his poems were extraordinary and independent of thousands of poems. There was no such masterpiece in the world for a long time. As a result, his reputation began to shake everywhere. Huang Tingjian served as the magistrate of Taihe County for the convenience of governing the county. At that time, the class awarded salt burning, and other counties were vying for the majority. Taihe county is not alone, and the county officials are not happy, but all the people in the county like it. [ 1]
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (1085), he was called into the capital with the secretary of the provincial school. Huang Xiang was born in May, and later served as a reviewer of Zongshen's memoirs, including Zuo Lang.
In the first year of you in Song and Yuan Dynasties (1086), Zhezong ascended the throne and appointed Huang Tingjian as the proofreader of Zongshenlu.
In the second year of the Song and Yuan Dynasties (1087), his works were transferred to Zuo Lang, and a collation of sages was added. After the compilation of Records of Zongshen, it was promoted to be alive. Huang Tingjian, who lost his mother, is filial. His mother was ill for a year. He looked at the color day and night, took off his clothes and died. He built a room beside the tomb to observe filial piety, and his grief almost killed him. After the mourning was lifted, he became a secretary, was promoted to Ming Dow, and was also a national history editor.
Liu Yu Jiang Han
At the beginning of Song Shaosheng, Huang Tingjian was known to Xuanzhou and changed to Ezhou. Zhang Dun, Cai Bian and their henchmen thought that the Record of the Gods contained many false statements, which made the former historians live around the capital for questioning, and extracted more than a thousand articles to declare, saying that these were all unproven. Soon, after the hospital's inspection and review, all of them were based on facts, leaving only 32 things. Huang Tingjian wrote in "The Record of Gods" that "it is a joke to rule the river with iron claws", so he was questioned first. Huang Tingjian replied: "Ting Jian was an official in the northern government. He saw it with his own eyes. It was really like a child's play at that time. " He answered all the questions truthfully without scruple, and everyone who heard him praised his courage and heroism. As a result, Huang Tingjian was demoted as a Fuzhou driver and placed in Guizhou. His attacker thought he would go to a good place and falsely accused him of breaking the law. Later, because of the suspicion of avoiding relatives, he moved to Rongzhou. Huang Tingjian seems to have nothing to do with this and doesn't mind relegation at all. Sichuan soldiers looked up and kissed him gently. He is a tireless speaker, and all the articles he points out have considerable points. [ 1]
The afterglow of dusk
Huang tingjian's inscription and postscript
In Song and Yuan Dynasties (1 100), Huang Tingjian became the tax supervisor of Ezhou. He signed a letter to Judge Ning and was summoned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He refused and asked for a county magistrate, so he was appointed as the magistrate of Taiping Prefecture. After nine days in office, he was removed from office and was in charge of Yulong Temple. When Huang Tingjian was in Hebei, he had some differences with Tingzhi Zhao. When Tingzhi Zhao was in power, Chen Ju, the transshipment judge, obeyed his wishes and presented Huang Tingjian's book Jingnan Chengtianyuan, accusing him of gloating. Huang Tingjian was removed from the list again and sent to Yizhou for control.
In the second year of Song Chongning (1 103), he was moved out of Yizhou for the crime of rejoicing the country.
Chong Ning four years (1 105), transferred to Yongzhou, Huang Tingjian died in Yizhou (Yishan County, Guangxi) relegation institute without listening to the announcement, at the age of 60. [ 1]
In February of the third year of Daguan (1 109), his master Su and Bao went to a funeral and were buried in the west of the ancestral hall. After four years of advice (1 130), Emperor Gaozong came back to life and gave him to Dezhilong Tuge.
2 major achievements in editing
literature
Valley ci
Jiangxi Poetry School was formed in the late Northern Song Dynasty with Du Fu as the ancestor and Huang Tingjian, Chen Weizong as the ancestor (that is, "one ancestor and three schools"). Huang Tingjian is the founder and leader of Jiangxi Poetry School. This school advocates Huang Tingjian's theory of "turning iron into gold, robbing a fetus to change bones". Moreover, the members of the poetry school are mostly influenced by Huang Tingjian, and their poetry creation style is mainly chanting the life of the study and paying attention to the scrutiny skills of words. [2]
Taking Du Fu, a master of Tang poetry, as the research object, Huang Tingjian constructed and put forward poetic theories such as "turning iron into gold" and "taking fetus as bone", which became the theoretical program and creative principle of Jiangxi poetry school and had a far-reaching influence on later literary creation. As one of the great poets in Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian's influence on Song poetry even surpassed that of Su Shi, a great writer. Su Shi's poems are full of vitality, vertical in conception, wide in opening and closing, unpredictable, complex in structure and untraceable. Therefore, although Su Shi's achievements were high, there were few teachers and he failed to form a genre. Huang Tingjian's creative ideas are traceable, eloquent and studious, so he has many followers. Huang Tingjian's poems, with rigorous statutes and meticulous reasoning, represent the characteristics of the Song Dynasty. It can be said that Huang Tingjian's poems are the most artistic in the Song Dynasty. Influenced by Huang Tingjian, Jiangxi Poetry School also influenced the poetic style of the Southern Song Dynasty, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. When Su Shi was a squire, he once recommended Huang Tingjian to replace himself. In the recommendation, there are "magnificent articles, wonderful in the world; The sentence "filial piety, catching up with the ancients" illustrates the importance of recommendation. [ 1]
Huang Tingjian pays attention to words in his poems. Use the word "every word has a place". At that time, people commented on Huang Tingjian's poems, "Every word must be refined in the month, and it has not been lightly issued." Huang Tingjian also put forward the "eye in the sentence" of poetry. The so-called "eye in a sentence" is what later generations call "eye in a poem", which means paying attention to the tempering of key words. For example, the word "green" in Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan is tempered, which can be described as "turning a word like a key to closing a door". Second, pay attention to grammar. Huang Tingjian's poem "Send Gu Zidun to Hedong": "The syntax is unknown, and the autumn moon is from Chengjiang". What is "syntax"? As can be seen from this poem, Huang Tingjian's exposition of poetry syntax is relatively simple, such as clear and sensible autumn moon. In "Two Letters with Wang", he said: "After arriving in Kuizhou, if you are familiar with his ancient poems, you will find that their syntax is concise and ingenious. This is a plain with high mountains and deep water. It seems unattainable, the article is successful, and there is no axe tooth. It's a good ear. " The third is to pay attention to the rules. Huang Tingjian made a lot of discussions on the significance of the composition, such as: "If you want to write songs of Chu and catch up with the ancients, you must first read the songs of Chu and observe the twists and turns of the ancients' intentions before writing. For example, a clever woman embroiders me. If she wants to embroider, she must have a brocade machine that can embroider. " The structure of the composition is compared to a "brocade machine". Another example is "the things in the valley must be carefully arranged." Every time I see the post-school, I often tell you that the original road is tortuous. " Another example is: "Writing poetry is like writing a zaju. It was arranged from the beginning, and when it comes, it will be muddy. "Taken together, Huang Tingjian's so-called composition emphasizes the tortuous changes in the structure of poetry, which was conceived by studying the works of predecessors. Although Huang Tingjian talked about the poetic method, he did not stick to it, but wanted to go beyond it and reach the realm of "self-harmony without worrying about breaking the rope". [3]
calligraphy
Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)
Huang Tingjian's Calligraphy Works
Huang Tingjian is good at running script and cursive script, and regular script is also his own. Learning books especially admire Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion. There is a poem praising Yang Ningshi, which can explain his profound experience in studying the Preface to Lanting: "The world tries its best to learn the Preface to Lanting, and there is no bone in it. Who knows that Yang Fengzi of Luoyang went to Wu Si Bar when he was writing. " This is inseparable from his profound understanding of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy learning.
When Huang Tingjian traced back to the Jin and Tang Dynasties and studied the classic calligraphy of his predecessors, Su Shi had the greatest influence on him. It can be said that Huang Tingjian's calligraphy was largely imitated by Su Shi. Huang Tingjian, as one of the "Four Scholars of Su School", cannot but be influenced by Su Shi's calligraphy style. In Huang Tingjian's book theory, there are many comments on Dongpo's books, and most of them are admired. Su Dongpo is not only a teacher and promoter of Huang Tingjian's literature, but also a model of his calligraphy. Huang Tingjian's inscription reflects some news that Huang Tingjian learned calligraphy from Su Shi, such as "learning from Dongpo Yan Pingyuan". However, if you are all thumbs, you will never find a job. " Another example is "Dongpo's post is very similar to the inscription on Princess Yu Shinan's tomb. It is my nature to comment on Dongpo's good books. When I went to Dongpo, I saw two capsules of Shouze, including several pieces of paper like Liu Gongquan and Chu Suiliang, which were definitely better than Xu Hao's calligraphy. I also tasted a roll of Lu Gong's post to Yu Lin, and all 20 pieces of paper got six or seven, which was almost beyond my knowledge. " Huang Tingjian and Su Shi are eight years apart. Between two friends, a teacher and a friend. Judging from Huang Tingjian's handwriting, it is obvious that his calligraphy is characterized by a sharp pen, a flat shape and a rising trend to the right. It is even exaggerated and emphasized, but it is not as familiar as Sue. Huang Tingjian took the book of Zen Enlightenment as the interaction with Su Shi. For example, Su Shi's "Pray for Rain" is very similar to Huang Tingjian's, especially the numbers at the end are calm and elegant, and the pen is slow to fade, almost like Huang Tingjian's ghostwriting.
The formation of Huang Tingjian's Chinese calligraphy style is due to his self-discipline after seeing the cliff "righteousness and brightness" in Jingkou. There is a misunderstanding in Huang Tingjian's "Tuoheming", that is, he took "Tuoheming" as a book written by the right army and believed it, so he tried his best to figure out the teacher's knowledge. But it was also a mistake, which promoted the formation of Huang Tingjian's long gun and short gun style. Objectively speaking, Huang Tingjian and Su Dongpo are calligraphers who surpassed the cover of the calligraphy style of the Tang Dynasty 800 years earlier than that of the Qing Dynasty in the history of calligraphy in China, and traced back to the inscriptions before the Tang Dynasty or merged into one. As far as the origin of Su Shi's calligraphy style is concerned, a clear answer can be obtained by comparing his masterpiece "Cold Food Poetry" with Luoyang's "Longmen Twenty Products". Huang Tingjian clearly flaunted the model of "righteousness and clarity".
cursive script
Huang Tingjian's cursive script "Bamboo Post"
Huang Tingjian's cursive script is Zhou Yue's [4]. Su Shi regarded Zhou as "dangerous and inferior" and Mi Fei regarded Zhou as "vigorous and fierce". Later, Huang Tingjian expressed his views on Zhou Yue's calligraphy after his calligraphy and calligraphy thoughts matured in Shu Tan: "Wang's Lanting, Le Yi Lun, Bu Yong's Zen master and Wednesday's Qian Wen are all wonderful, and at the same time they are good at using pens. Thousands of books in the chest, not following the crowd, the book is not sick, wins Li Xitai, wins Lin Hejing. Wang Zhu, Gai Meiren, is sick; Strong people are sick, Zhou Yue-all the crimes of squatting, and non-scholars are ineffective. "
Undoubtedly, Huang Tingjian's profound understanding and mastery of cursive brushwork should be regarded as "the ink of Huai Su, a monk, and Gao Xian, and a glimpse of his brushwork". He wrote in "Postscript of Poems in this Temple": "In modern times, scholar-officials rarely got the ancient method, but they circled the pen left and right, hence the name cursive script. I didn't know that tadpoles, seals and officials agreed to the same method. For hundreds of years, only Huai Su and Yu, crazy monks in Yongzhou, knew this method. Su Caiweng was enlightened, but he couldn't bring his religious interest into play, and the rest were useless. "
The maturity of Huang Tingjian's cursive script also benefited from his understanding of foreign art. In addition to what he mentioned above, "Watching oars in a boat for many years and pulling them in groups is a feeling of not making progress, and you need to use a pen for your own pleasure", he also explained the reason in a passage: "I live in Kaiyuan Temple in Sitang, Yi Xi, and sit down and watch the country. Every time you work here, you seem to get help from mountains and rivers. However, the long history and crazy monks all depend on each other, and entered the wonder. I don't drink, and suddenly 50 years later, although I want to do something good, I'm not good at it. I always stumble when I write, and I can't write back when I'm drunk. " Both Zhang Xu and Huai Su entered an irrational state of ecstasy through drunkenness, and they were often elusive and superb. Huang Tingjian doesn't drink, and the grass is all in his head, so that he can use a pen. But his meditation and wonderful enlightenment, though rational, can also be opened and closed, gathered and closed, and entered the realm of writing. And its pen, by contrast, is more calm and elegant, although ups and downs, but also can stay everywhere, stay everywhere. Huang Tingjian's "All Seated Posts" and other Buddhist cursive scripts are really wonderful. Thus, Huang Tingjian created a new realm of China's cursive script.