During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Yan Shigu was an Anyang county commandant. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Yan Shigu served as an official in charge of secrets. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he worshipped Zhongshu as an assistant minister and sealed Langxie County. Secretary in charge of tired officials, bachelor of Hong Wen Pavilion. In the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Yan Shigu followed Emperor Taizong to levy Liaodong and died on the way. At the age of sixty-five, he was named Dai.
Yan Shigu rarely carries on the family line, follows the ancestral teachings, reads widely, learns from others, and is good at textual research, phonology and collation. He is also an expert in the study of Hanshu and is very familiar with the history of Confucian classics since the Han Dynasty. There are Rectification, Notes on Hanshu, Notes on Urgent Chapters and anthologies.
Image source overview: "three talents"
Basic introduction Real name: Yan Shigu alias: Yan Hua font size: Zishi ancient time: Sui and Tang nationalities: birthplace of Han nationality: Yongnian, Yongzhou, date of birth: 58 1 year, year of death: 645. Major works: Notes on the History of Han Dynasty, Notes on Urgent Chapter, Customs of Rectification and other major achievements: Notes on the History of Han Dynasty, official position:. Bachelor of Hong Wen Museum: Zi Mao, native of Yelang County: Dai Zuji: Life, major achievements, history, book collection, linguistics, personal works, academics, poetry, calligraphy, character evaluation, relatives, historical records, memorial of tomb site and life of Linyi characters in Ye Lang. Yan Shigu is the grandson of Yan Zhitui, a famous Confucian, and the son of Yan. Pass on less family business, follow ancestral training, read widely, have a wide range of knowledge, and be good at textual research, phonology and collation; He is also an expert in the study of Hanshu and is very familiar with the history of Confucian classics since the Han Dynasty. During the Renshou period of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Zuo Cheng and Minister Li Gang recommended him as the county commandant of Anyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei). Seeing that he was young, Su Yang, the left servant of Shangshu, asked him, "How to manage a drama county?" Yan Shigu replied, "Why cut the chicken with an ox knife?" Su Yang was surprised at his boasting. Later, he became famous for his outstanding political achievements. Later, he was removed from Chang 'an's post because of his position, but he could not be transferred to a new post for ten years. He was forced by an apprentice to make a living. In the 13th year of Yan Shigu's great cause (6 17), Li Yuan, who stayed in Taiyuan, set out to enter the customs, and Yan Shigu was given an audience with Changchun Palace, the same city, and was awarded the post of Dr. Chao San. In the first year of Wude (6 18), Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor to establish the Tang Dynasty, worshipped Yan Shigu as the official document of Dunhuang, moved to live in Sheren, and then moved to Zhongshu Sheren to take charge of secrets and write imperial edicts. Because of his tact, familiarity with state affairs and numerous military affairs, all the imperial edicts were written by him, and his books were unparalleled. In the ninth year of Wude (626), Li Shimin (Emperor Taizong), king of Qin, proclaimed himself emperor, and Yan Shigu was promoted to assistant minister of Zhongshu, who was the duke of Langxie County. Later, she resigned because of her mother's death. After the expiration, Ren Zhongshu served as assistant minister. The back seat was removed from office. Emperor Taizong ordered Yan Shigu to take an examination of the Five Classics in the secretary province, but Yan Shigu corrected it many times. When writing this book, Emperor Taizong wrote a letter to the Confucianists, all of whom were behind closed doors and criticized ancient scholars. Ancient scholars answered cross-examination questions one by one according to the ancient and modern manuscripts since Jin and Song Dynasties. The evidence cited in the answer is concise and thorough, and the talent is beyond words, which impressed all Confucian scholars. Later, he served as the constant attendant of Tongzhi Lang and Shisan, and dedicated his "Five Classics" to the world, "learning from scholars". In the seventh year of Zhenguan (633), Yan Shigu was appointed secretary of Shaojian, responsible for proofreading and correcting ancient books. Every time he meets a strange and inexplicable word, he can distinguish it one by one and explain its source. At that time, the secretary supervisor introduced many underachievers as school enemies, but Yan Shigu, who was less supervised as a secretary, suppressed poor households and gave priority to those who respected your power. Even wealthy businessmen such as Dajia were involved. Public opinion said that Shi Gu took bribes, so she was demoted as a secretariat of Chenzhou. Before the appointment, Emperor Taizong pitied Shi Gu's talent and accused him of "being an official for the next term, which was not acceptable to Qing Dynasty". What you gave today, you will accept it yourself. "I hope he" should be deeply self-disciplined. "So I still stay as a secretary, less supervision. Yan Shigu, whether an official or an idle, can follow the family instructions and insist on reading and learning knowledge, so he is qualified to make textual research and annotation on Confucian classics and history. Yan Shigu, driven by the imperial court, was repeatedly appointed by virtue of his talents. He was very depressed after being convicted of many crimes. Since then, the country has closed its doors to the outside world, put an end to guests, indulged in garden pavilions, wore headscarves, and was poorly dressed. But he still likes to search for historical sites and antiques. In the 11th year of Zhenguan (637), Yan Shigu was entrusted by the doctor to write five rites and became a viscount. Later, he was instructed by Prince Li Chenggan to annotate Hanshu. Yan Shigu's masterpiece Hanshu Annotation in his later years has made the greatest efforts and achieved the greatest results, with detailed annotations, which is highly valued by scholars. At that time, Du Zhengnan (Du Yu) and Secretary Yan (Yan Shigu) were honored as loyal ministers of Zuo Qiuming and Ban. After the book was finished, the prince invited it in the imperial court. Emperor Taizong ordered the book to be put into the secret cabinet and gave the teacher 200 antiques and a good horse as a reward. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), Emperor Taizong issued a letter to worship Mount Tai, and the competent authorities gathered with the doctors or officials to discuss the ceremony. There are different opinions. Yan Shigu played: "I wrote the Book of Rites of Fengchan in the spring of the 11th year of Zhenguan (637), which was considered appropriate by all Confucians at that time. "So I gave the book to the minister to decide whether it was feasible. I agreed with him, but the sacrifice to Mount Tai didn't happen. In the same year, he joined the director of the Secretariat Department and immediately became a bachelor of Hong Wen Museum. In the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Yan Shigu followed Emperor Taizong to levy Liaodong and died on the way. He is sixty-five years old and his name is Dai. Before Yan Shigu, many people had annotated Hanshu, and Wang Xianqian summarized Hanshu in Qing Dynasty. He said: Yan Shigu pays attention to Han. I have annotated five books before: Fu Qian, Ying Shao, Jin Zhuo, Chen Zan and Cai. "In these five books, there are concentrated annotations, such as Jin Zhuo, in addition to Fu, Ying, etc. 14, and ministers such as Zan and Liu Bao, etc., totaling 20 * * *, among which there are many famous artists such as Ying Shao, Fu Qian, etc. However, Yan Shigu's Notes on Hanshu was praised by contemporary people as soon as it came out, obviously because of its charm. He claimed to note the purpose of Hanshu: "In modern times, he attacked this article by annotating history, contending for this blog, citing miscellaneous words, ignoring big words, ignoring illness, showing the folly of the previous dynasty, expressing his own knowledge, achieving contradictory hatred, and being very good at rubbing powder. "Today's notes praise old books and follow the trail to close the road." Yan Shigu explicitly opposed the attack on Hanshu by quoting Hanshu, and then expounded his own ideas. He advocates "the same way", that is, objectively annotating Hanshu according to its original text, and "praising ancient books" is only for the correct interpretation of Hanshu. Since then, when he annotated Hanshu, he first corrected the mistakes and omissions in its circulation, restored its original appearance, and then clarified the changes in pronunciation and meaning, as well as the differences in names, things, codes and historical facts. In narrative examples, Yan Shigu mentioned that there are some problems in the table of Hanshu, such as "losing time before and after, obeying from top to bottom, drawing differences, and existing in name only", and he "searched for examples and published more books" to make it "easy to understand, and it is no doubt that ordinary items turn into words". However, in order to "follow the trail", it is inconvenient to change the contents of the table, so it is explained in the biography related to the table. For example, in volume 33 "Legend", it is mentioned that his descendant Han said: "Take a captain to attack the Xiongnu and seal the dragon. He lost his position after being gilded, and was replaced by General Heng Hai, who broke the East Vietnam and blocked the road. " Shigu Note: "According to Records of the Historian Biography of Wei Qing, Han said that Long Chu was crowned Hou, and later he was crowned Hou according to Tao, which is the same. However, Han Chen Gong Hou Biao is the name of Yunlong Hou. According to the name of Dao Hou, it is different to be listed as two people. " For the chaotic table, Yan Shigu explained that he never added his own meaning. For example, there is a note at the end of the preface to Volume XV "Prince Hou Biao": "Hou Shi market is written in the county. And those who don't write books, history is lost. Or that someone's heirs and straight books have no years, and they are all lacking. " This is obviously a criticism of this table, which conforms to the facts and helps readers to understand the original text. It is essentially different from "attacking this article". As for the mistakes that appear in circulation, Yan Shigu mostly points out the mistakes and explains the reasons, but does not change them easily. For example, in Volume 43 "Biography of Zhu Jian", it is said that "Jian is asking for a lucky minister, and Hong Jiru", gambling said: "In the biography of filial piety, Gao Zu had Ji Ru and Hong Ru, but both of them had Confucian surnames, but their surnames were different. Today, this cloud is Ji Ru, who left a message by mistake and was praised by future generations. " Yan Shigu's intention is that Confucius said: attacking heresy is harmful, "attacking heresy should be properly discussed", but it will not be changed according to Yan Zhitui's principle of "not jumping to conclusions", so as to avoid new "publishing changes", not keep the original appearance of Hanshu, and also make it impossible for later scholars to sum up the ups and downs. Yan Shigu wrote Notes on Hanshu, with 20 notes, and used different methods to identify the previous notes. As for "saying the wrong thing, arguing for words and committing heresy is just a burden, but also a waste of articles, and there is nothing to cover it up." And "where the old note is, it is seamless, and it exists to show that it is not hidden." For example, in the book Zou Yangchuan (May 1st) and A White Head as New, only Meng Kang noted: "Never know each other." And Yan Shigu said nothing. However, not all notes can be simply discarded. Some notes "refer to interest slightly, but don't extend the contract", while Yan Shigu "spread it out and tell everyone clearly". For example, "The Biography of Sima Xiangru" Volume 57 "If you don't succeed, can you survive if you lose your domain?" Ying Shao was quoted as saying, "Nothing, nothing. If, shun also. Shu, people. Domain, no one. " This note will explain all the difficult words separately, but the meaning of this sentence is still unclear, so Yan Shigu's note: "Words and deeds are good, but disobedience is long." In this way, the inner meaning of this sentence is very clear. There are also notes that are "specious, obscure, and the more reasonable, the more puzzling." Such a note is unacceptable, but it has caused bad influence. In order to correctly understand the original text of Hanshu, we must "correct mistakes to solve doubts." For example, Volume 7, Records of Emperor Zhao, Biography of Fu Bao, Filial Piety, Analects of Confucius and Shangshu, are all unclear. He also quoted Ying as saying, "Jia Yi wrote Biography, which is contained in Courtesy and Waiting for Books. Words can be read through. " Jin Zhuo's Note: "The emperor claimed to know the biography of Fu Bao, but failed to understand it." The minister praised him: "The emperor claimed that although he quoted these four books, he failed to understand them. This emperor is also modest. " Said, "Kim and Zan are both wrong. Although the emperor himself said that he knew the Biography of Fu Bao, The Book of Filial Piety, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of History, he was still unclear. " Yan Shigu's Half-length Notes on Hanshu is a new interpretation of Hanshu. According to the needs of the new note, Yan Shigu used the old note, but it was not enough, because "the old note was lacking, and there was no note", and Yan Shigu made a new note, "The total note is more detailed, and all of them are related", which means "learning from the classics is more elegant". In this way, Yan Shigu's new note is not only rich in content, but also conclusive and convincing. Yan Shigu's annotation contains many contents about phonetic notation, exegesis and distinguishing ancient from modern. Some people call "Yan Zhu" a historical note based on exegesis. Although there is some truth in this, the main reason is that Hanshu used ancient sounds and ancient characters, which had been separated from ancient times in the Tang Dynasty, so it is necessary to annotate Hanshu. In order to dredge the sentences in Hanshu, Yan Shigu not only explained the words with phonetic notation, but also strung the sentences together to point out how the words evolved. For example, Volume 16, "The Merits of Gao Hui's Gao Hou Wen", "If you don't want to build an assistant minister, you can make great achievements all day." Gambling said: "The merits of heaven are also great achievements in the world." "Yu Shu Shun Dian" said, "admirable, but brilliant when bright." But most notably, Yan Shigu attached great importance to the supplement and annotation of time, place and historical facts according to the characteristics that Hanshu is a historical book. For example, Volume 36 "Biography of the King" and "Heavy Rain and Hail" Note: "It happened in the autumn of the 29th year of Nuo, the winter of the 3rd year of Zhao, and the first month of the 4th year. Another example is Volume 25, Book of Sacrificing Suburbs and Three Ambulances, which records: "It is said that Zhuang will quell the Song Dynasty rebellion in Beixing in the 13th year. After four years of invading Cai, Cai was defeated, and then cutting Chu, second only to. In the 1960s, Kevin·Z New Town also. "Yan Shigu against textual research, but also have different opinions in the notes. For example, in Volume 55 of Biography of Wei Qing, "The art of war is the strength of a small enemy, and the birds of a big enemy are also strong", and it is said: "If you are outnumbered, if you fight hard, you will lose people's hearts, so all the soldiers will be lost. On the other hand, if you don't return to China because of shame, you will also be driven away by Xiongnu birds. "The purpose of this inclusive interpretation with certain reference value is to correctly understand the original text, and there is no intention of' quoting many miscellaneous theories' to sensationalize. In addition, there is an intriguing saying in the Narrative, "Words may be difficult to identify, they have both borrowed sounds and borrowed meanings, so we can't forget them for the time being. If you want another volume, you are afraid to waste it on browsing. Now it's under it, and then the sound turns. " For example, Volume 22 of the Book of Rites and Music records that "Gao Zu said sigh" and made a bet: "Speaking and thinking are all in Yue Yue. "In the next paragraph, the story of Wendi is recorded." The Son of Heaven said what he said, "Reading is a pleasure. "This not only shows that Yan Shigu is deeply puzzled by words and loanwords, which is the main obstacle to reading Hanshu, but also considers that readers will not understand the original text well because they are afraid of wasting it on browsing. Yan Shigu, the editor of Sui Shu, also participated in the editing of Sui Shu under the recommendation of Wei Zhi. Yan Shigu, a bibliophile, was invited by the National Library to study the characters of books, but many of the ancient books were false and misunderstood, so he revised them by hand. During the Zhenguan period (about 638 years), after Wei Zhi and Yu Shinan, he served as the secretary supervisor, managed the National Library in an all-round way, and actively suggested to the emperor that people from all over the world should buy books, choose people with more than five products as calligraphers, write books and stand up, and hide them in the inner library (Royal Library), which was in charge of the imperial secretary. Correcting the fallacies and customs is another important work of Yan Shigu. The book is divided into eight volumes, 182. There are 55 articles in the first four volumes, mainly about exegesis and pronunciations of various classics, and the last four volumes are 127 articles, which are widely used in all books, focusing on the differences between word meanings, word pronunciations and common sayings. Kuangmiuzhengsu is an unfinished manuscript with incomplete structure, but as far as its specific items are concerned, it is rich in quotations and pertinent in discussion. In particular, Yan Shigu can point out that the fallacies of some explanations are caused by differences in pronunciation and pronunciation, so it is more valuable to introduce homophone borrowing theory. Therefore, the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu called him "as famous as Shi Mao, Shen Zhongyin and later Ye Yin's theory". The discussion of Kuangmiuzhengsu mainly discusses the relationship between interpretation of absurdity and pronunciation, which is often different from ancient times and modern times, and from refined customs. There are great differences between the northern and southern languages in China. Coupled with the long-term isolation of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the difficulty in communication, there are many differences in pronunciation and word meaning. Yan Zhitui has realized this, and discussed it in two articles, documentary evidence and phonology in Yan Jiaxun, expressing his intention to seek the relationship between different sounds. Inspired by this, Yan Shigu consciously linked pronunciation with the interpretation of meaning, and solved many difficult meanings. This not only enabled Yan Zhitui to put his intention of seeking the inheritance relationship between different sounds into practice, but also initiated the later Ye Yin theory and opened up a new way for annotation. The Analects of Confucius, Shangshu and Historical Records, as the entries of Kuangmiuzhengsu, do not correct the interpretation of some words, but involve the conception of books, the use of a certain style and some situations in circulation. For example, Historical Records traces the relationship between the autobiography of Taishigong and the preface to Shangshu, and the misinterpretation of the autobiography of Taishigong and the biography of Hanshu by later generations. Although there are not many such titles, it reflects that Yan Shigu's explanation of specific words is based on his overall understanding of the book, and so is the annotation of Hanshu. Yan Shigu noticed that with the passage of time, the names, systems and customs have changed, and the corresponding vocabulary has inevitably changed, either surplus or deficit, or contrary to the original intention. The context of this vocabulary change must be explained. For example, the fifth volume explains Shu Lang: "The Biography of Feng Tang says,' Emperor Wen passed by and asked him when he saw Feng Tang'. Lang Zhe, the then Suwei official, was not a small official; Department, deployment, still said cao bureau, today's department of agriculture, a teacher also. It is not the ear of the Langguan Cao Bureau, so Liu's "On Life Discrimination" said: "This life belongs to people, and I don't know what it means." However, Zhao Lingshi and Fu Shishi are Lang's departments. The person who interprets the documents of Yunhe Langli District by himself is called Shu Lang. This is a literary work, and there is still a long way to go. "Scholars in the Tang Dynasty didn't know the gains and losses of Shu Lang from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, so it was inevitable that it would be a little far away to use Tang Shu to understand Shulang. Objective The purpose of this book is to correct the pronunciation and annotation errors of some classic works, and to explore the causes of the errors. For example, in "A", Yan Shigu thinks that A has an awkward sound, not because of the cover of words, but because A training has an awkward sound, and later generations mistakenly regard A training as an awkward sound, which makes A have an awkward sound. This shows that one of the reasons for pronunciation errors is that the pronunciation of the interpreted word is mixed with the pronunciation of the interpreted word (including the pronunciation with the same meaning), which also clarifies the concept of borrowing. Borrowing means that because A and B have the same pronunciation, they can be substituted for each other, which is the same as the meaning of words because, that is, reading two words into one sound is two different situations. In addition, interpretation errors or obstacles caused by pronunciation are also common in ancient books. These different pronunciations appear because of ancient and modern sounds, dialects or common sayings. Yan Shigu gave a detailed explanation of different situations with sufficient arguments in his book. Yan Shigu's "Kuangmiuzhengsu" has corrected many mistakes in pronunciation and annotation, and its content is very rich. From here, we can see that there are many mistakes in the circulation of literary classics due to oral and written copying, and these mistakes have been handed down as correct things over time. Yan Shigu wrote Correcting Fallacy precisely to prevent fallacies from spreading and delaying future generations. Yan Shigu corrected the errors in pronunciation and annotation of ancient books, not simply marking their correctness, but citing a large number of materials to clarify the cause and effect of their fallacies, which not only made his conclusion fully convincing, but also objectively preserved a large number of valuable materials. From many fallacies, Yan Shigu summed up a lesson: "As the saying goes, a gentleman doesn't know what he knows. If you don't know how to practice, you will make mistakes in the future. "This is an eternal proverb for sorting out ancient documents, which is worth emulating. Yan Shigu's personal works Hanshu and Jizhang were outstanding at that time. In the third year of Yonghui, his son Yan arranged his legacy into eight songs, which were played in the court. What have been preserved so far are Notes on the History of Han Dynasty and Correcting the Fallacy and Correcting the Custom. Written in the Five Classics, I wrote to the Confucians to discuss in detail, learn from the ancient arguments, and answered them one by one. Everyone was amazed. The classics involved in Kuang Zheng are The Book of Songs, The Analects of Confucius, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan, Historical Records, Han Shu, Han Fu and the history books of the Six Dynasties. It is not finalized, so the stylistic content is more complicated. His main works are Five Rites, Urgent Chapter and Yi Jun. Five Classics, Correcting Fallacy and Vulgarity, Notes on Han Book. The 60-volume poem "New Tang Shu Yi Wen Zhi" written in the inscription of Dengci Temple Tower has been lost. Quan has 19 articles, and Quan has a poem. Calligraphy is Yan Shigu's meticulous calligraphy, but there is no trace. Some people think that Yan Shigu's inscription on the tower of Denci Temple is also his book. People's evaluation of Li Shimin: ① Qing's knowledge is good, but he is a pro-official, which is not allowed by Qing theory. (2) The sports industry is rampant. Use detailed sensitivity. The learning resources are a little flowing, the words are both beautiful and elegant, and functional books are in urgent need of chronology. Zhu Xi made outstanding contributions and wrote a lot. Li Zhi: Yan Shigu has a comprehensive literary circle and a high reputation in the field of ci. There are many corrections in the discussion of classics and history. The previous book made up the story, which is a good idea. Bai Juyi: (1) I heard that Yan Shigu and Chen were called "big hands" in Wude and Kaiyuan Middle Schools, and they were in charge of the king's life, so they became articles as soon as they opened their mouths. (2) Since the Dynasty, Wei, Tang Lin, Yu Shinan and Yan Shigu have been appointed as officials, earning the title of virtue. Li Deyu: In the past, a minister of Emperor Taizong said that he was an ancient teacher and writer, and a minister of Emperor Gaozong said that he was beautiful and harmonious. Xuanzong has a minister: "Xuan"; On behalf of a minister, I said: As for the ancestors, there was a minister who called you Temple Zhonggong, and asked Taibai to preach the spirit, not to smoke and algae. Only in this way can Wei Bing be shallow and deep, and the Tao can flourish and decline. Liu Wei: ① I studied Confucianism in the ancient family, so I should be knowledgeable and have a sense of justice. As for Shi Ce, exploring the ritual, the Qingming is in the bow, and his talent is outstanding. However, the opposite of the three mistakes was actually ridiculed at that time. Confucius said "difficult". Isn't it true? (2) Jiejing is not poor, like Yan. Deng Ying entered the museum, but it was not full! Yan Shigu's family can be traced back to Yan Hui, a student of Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. Grandfather Yan Zhitui was a famous scholar in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He worked in Liang, Beiqi and Beizhou, and finally lived in Guanzhong, so he was born in Jingzhao Wannian (now Chang 'an, Shaanxi). Yan Zhitui is knowledgeable, especially Zhou Guan and Zuo Zhuan. There are 30 volumes of anthology and 20 articles of Yan Jiaxun, which are in parallel with the world. Yan Shigu's father, Yan, is famous for Confucianism, and he is the author of Han Shu Yi. In the early years of Wude, he joined the army as the Qin archives room. There are four Yan Shigu brothers. Second brother Yan; Yan's third brother is Yan Zhenqing's great-grandfather. He is young, enlightened, knowledgeable and influential. He is good at seal cutting, especially at exegesis. He and his two brothers, Gu and Yan, are both bachelors of Chongxian, and he corrects history. The fourth brother, Yan Yude, was appointed as the general manager of the Prince, studying classics and history in the scholastic. According to historical records, Yan Shigu's tomb is located in Chang 'an District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. According to Luo Tianxiang's Tomb of Changshan, "Yan Shigu's tomb is twenty miles south of Xianning County." The Tomb Records of Xianjia County quoted the Records of Taiping Universe as saying: "The tomb of Yan Shigu, the prefect, is located in Sanzhao Village, twenty miles south of the county." Shaanxi local chronicles are also recorded.