(2) During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the vassals lost their sovereignty over the country, lost the right to appoint and dismiss officials, and the scale of administrative institutions was greatly reduced;
③ After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the institutions of the vassal kingdom were further reduced, and the vassal king completely lost his military and political power. There is not much difference between the vassal kingdom and the county, and it has become an administrative unit equivalent to the county level.
The Han Dynasty first referred to the Han River (now the Han River), and later Liu Bang made his fortune in Hanzhong, which is near the Han River. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was called Han (the historical Han Dynasty). The Han Dynasty had a great influence in the history of China because of its strong and long-term rule, and it has today's cultural concepts such as Han nationality, Chinese characters, Han nationality, Han family and Han state.
Introduction to the Western Han Dynasty
From 22 BC to 8 AD, the capital was Chang 'an.
Liu Bang, who won the battle between Chu and Han, proclaimed himself emperor in 22 BC, and established the Western Han Dynasty with its capital Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi). Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, learned the lessons of Qin Dynasty and adopted the policy of "resting with the people", focusing on resuming and developing production. In terms of state institutions, it basically follows the Qin system, but it has also changed. It is mainly to implement the parallel system of counties and countries, which makes it difficult for the influence of princes to expand too much. During the reign of Emperor Wendi, Emperor Jingdi and Emperor Wudi, the threat of local state sealing to centralization was further weakened, and a secretariat was set up to supervise and control local political power. Selecting officials by means of inspection and recruitment is conducive to selecting outstanding talents. Economically, the salt and iron official camp is implemented; Paying attention to building water conservancy projects and promoting new production technologies have promoted the development of agricultural production; Through the reform of the currency system, the "Money Order" was promulgated, which increased the revenue of the state treasury. There was the "rule of cultural scene" of economic prosperity and social stability and the heyday of Emperor Wu. The famous "Silk Road" is a trade corridor from China to West Asian countries opened in the Han Dynasty. Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the western regions have been under the territory of the Han Dynasty, which is related to the activities of sending personnel to the western regions many times during the Western Han Dynasty.
"To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" is the ideological proposition of Dong Zhongshu, a master of Confucian Ram School in the Western Han Dynasty. After his transformation and elaboration, Confucianism became the ideological basis of the rule of feudal imperial power, which had a great influence on the political culture of China feudal society. Sima Qian, the "Taishigong", wrote China's first biographical history book Historical Records. The invention of papermaking is an important contribution to human civilization. During the Western Han Dynasty, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and calendars also developed to some extent, and the integration and exchanges between ethnic groups were further strengthened.
Bureaucratic aristocrats and landlords are increasingly annexing land and expanding their influence, and consorts in the court have also grasped the political power to a very serious extent. All these aggravated the social contradictions and crises in the late Western Han Dynasty.
In December of 8th AD, Wang Mang, the consort of the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty and changed his title to "Xin". Wang Mang was the Jianxing Emperor of the New Dynasty. At this point, the Western Han Dynasty perished.
Han Emperor Family
(1) Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang (BC 22- BC 195)
(2) Emperor Liu Ying (BC 194- BC 188)
(3) Emperor Liu Gong (BC 188- BC 184)
(4) Emperor after Han Dynasty. Liu Che (14- 87 BC)
(8) Liu Fuling (86- 74 BC)
(9) Liu He (74 BC)
(1) Liu Xun (73 BC-49 BC)
(11) Liu Shi (Han Yuan Emperor) 48- 33
(12) Liu Ao, Emperor of Han Dynasty (32- 7)
(13) Liu Xin, Emperor of Han Dynasty (6- 1)
(14) Liu Kan, Emperor of Han Dynasty (1-5)
(15) Liu Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty (6-8)
Introduction to the Eastern Han Dynasty
The Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-AD 22) was built by Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. He overthrew the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and restored the Han Dynasty ruled by Liu, which historians called the Eastern Han Dynasty.
in the 25th year, with the help of greenwood hero, Liu Xiu defeated the usurper Wang Mang by force and won the throne. As a royal family in the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu still named the country Han, but the capital Luoyang was built and the year Jianwu was built for Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. In the second year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu ordered a comprehensive reform of the old policy implemented by Wang Mang, rectified the bureaucracy, and set up six ministers to take charge of state affairs, in order to further weaken the authority of the three fairs (Qiu, Situ and Sikong); Abolish "official slaves"; Check the land and gradually stabilize people's lives. By the middle of the 1st century A.D., the Eastern Han Dynasty had gradually recovered its former Han Dynasty's strength after three generations of governance by Emperor Guangwu, Ming Di (reigned in 58-76) and Emperor Zhang (reigned in 76-89), and this period was called "Rejuvenation of Guangwu" by later generations.
In 89 AD, Emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty collapsed, and Liu Zhao, the Emperor He, who was only ten years old, ascended the throne, with the title of Yongyuan. Because He Di was young, the right to rule completely fell into the hands of Zhang Di's queen Dou Shi and her brother Dou Xian. The autocratic power of Dou's family aroused the dissatisfaction of officials from top to bottom. In 92 AD, He Di and eunuch Zheng Zhong and others joined forces to destroy Dou's family, and Zheng Zhong was awarded the title for his work. Since then, eunuchs have been more and more involved in the political rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition, eunuchs have been prized by the imperial capitals of the Han Dynasty since Emperor He Liu Zhao, and the rights of eunuchs have reached an unbounded level during the reign of Emperor Huan (132-167) and Emperor Ling (168-189), forming a pattern of exclusive rights between eunuchs and consorts in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
In 189 AD, Emperor Ling died, and He Taihou came to Korea. At that time, the eunuch in the palace was authoritarian, and Dong Zhuo of Liangzhou led his troops into Luoyang, deposed Prince Liu Bian, killed He Taihou, and made Liu Xie emperor, which was a contribution to the Han Dynasty. In fact, Xian Di did not have any rights after he acceded to the throne. Dong Zhuo monopolized the power and was cruel and overbearing, which made local officials rebel in dispatch troops, gradually forming a separatist situation, and the unified dynasty actually ceased to exist. Later, Xian Di was controlled by Cao Cao; In 22 AD, Cao Cao's second son, Cao Pi, forced Xian Di to abdicate, and the Eastern Han Dynasty declared its demise, which was followed by another long-term division in China's history-the Three Kingdoms Period.
The Eastern Han Dynasty followed many principles and policies of the Western Han Dynasty, and made adjustments and reforms in some aspects to make it more suitable for the social situation at that time. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the regime further strengthened its integration with local forces, which made the country tend to be stable and surpassed the level of the Western Han Dynasty in economy, culture, science and technology. In 15 A.D., Cai Lun reformed the paper manufacturing technology on the basis of predecessors, which made the way of writing record in China break away from the era of using bamboo slips. At the same time, papermaking has been passed down to this day as one of the familiar four great inventions of ancient china. Another contribution of the Eastern Han Dynasty to later generations was the development of ceramics industry, which completely freed China from the material bondage of the Bronze Age and brought some articles that were previously exclusive to the rich and noble into the homes of ordinary people.
In natural science, the academic circles of the Eastern Han Dynasty, represented by Zhang Heng, have made great achievements. Zhang Heng, on the other hand, made scientific instruments such as "armillary sphere" and "seismograph" with superb technology, and the principles of making these instruments are still widely used today. In addition, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the first surgeon to perform surgical treatment on patients with anesthesia since records began, and his "Five-Animal Play" was the first set of gymnastic fitness activities in China.
By the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy and painting were not only used as characters and graphic symbols, but their artistic status was gradually revealed. Although the number of artworks handed down from the Eastern Han Dynasty today is small, we can still get a glimpse of Chinese culture from them.
the eastern Han dynasty lasted for 12 emperors, ***195 years.
Han Emperor
Liu Xiu (AD 25-57)
Liu Zhuang (AD 58-75)
Liu Wei (AD 76-88)
Liu Zhao (AD 89-15)
Han Dynasty.
Liu Bao (126-144 AD)
Liu Bing (145 AD)
Liu Zuan (146 AD)
Liu Zhi (147-167 AD)
Liu Hong (168-189 AD).