Second, the explanation of proof:
1, using certain materials to express the authenticity of things: facts ~ This statement is correct.
2. Legally speaking, it refers to the litigation activities in which the people's courts and litigants use evidence to identify and confirm the facts of a case in accordance with legal procedures.
3. Certificate or confirmation letter.
4. Also called argumentation. Formal logic refers to the real thinking process of drawing another judgment according to some true judgments. It consists of three parts: topic, argument and argumentation process.
Third, citation: Zhao Shuli's "Registration": "I heard that the two of them are going to register in the district, and the village office will not open a certificate."
Extended data
Cursive script has broad and narrow meanings. In a broad sense, regardless of the age, all scribbled words are regarded as cursive. Narrow sense, that is, as a specific font, was formed in the Han Dynasty and evolved on the basis of official script in order to write simply.
About from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in order to distinguish it from the new cursive script at that time. The cursive script of the Han Dynasty was called Cao Zhang. The new cursive script is relatively called today's grass, which is divided into big grass (also called crazy grass) and small grass. It feels beautiful in madness.
Because cursive script is too simple and easy to be confused with each other, it can't replace official script, and it becomes the main font just like official script replaces seal script.
First, the concept of cursive script division
1, generalized cursive script
Refers to the cursive writing style. Including two situations: first, in ancient times when the characters were not unified, there would naturally be no unified and standardized cursive script, and the cursive script that appeared at that time belonged to the generalized cursive script;
Second, after the unification of words, in case of emergency, or when drafting documents and recording other people's conversations, the strokes are quick, the strokes of Lian Bi are omitted, and the scribbled words written by letters are not standardized. This scribble is difficult to communicate with, and even after a long time, it is difficult for the writer to recognize it. This scrawled word belongs to the generalized cursive script.
2, cursive script
In order to facilitate writing, after a long process of convention, especially in the period of the transformation from seal script to official script, the popular cursive script has gradually increased and the writing method has gradually unified. After the process of quantitative change to qualitative change, a cursive script with statutes was finally produced, that is, Cao Zhang, which further developed into today's cursive script. In a narrow sense, cursive script refers to Cao Zhang and today's grass.
The drafting method of self-cursive script has basically taken shape, and the established cursive script is both standardized and flexible. Its basic content includes the following three aspects: First, cursive script is a kind of character with omitted strokes and simple structure.
Second, cursive script takes stippling as the basic symbol, replacing radicals and a certain part of characters, which is the most symbolic style. Thirdly, the strokes of cursive script are interrelated and echo each other, which is convenient for writing quickly and expressing the writer's feelings.
Second, the brief history and characteristics of cursive script
Any style of writing requires simplicity and easy writing, and there is a tendency to preserve stick figures and scrawled handwriting. This trend is the main reason for the evolution of characters. In the period of social change and cultural development, characters are frequently used, individuals are easy to simplify, and variant characters are accelerated. In order to make the text more conducive to application, it is necessary to revise it. There are traces of cursive script in Oracle Bone Inscriptions period.
Tai Shi Shu, Li Si Zhuan, Cheng Miao Li Shu and Cai Yong's Xiping Book of Songs, written in eight-part script, are all standard characters promulgated by Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties respectively to standardize the popular characters at that time, and are also recognized as the beginning of a new script that has formed regular script.
But the trend towards simplicity has not stopped. As early as in the inscriptions of Shang Dynasty Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhou Dynasty, which recorded the important events of emperors and generals, there were stick figures and scrawled handwriting. "Qu Yuan is a grasshopper" and "Dong Zhongshu's calligraphy is not on the page" in Historical Records show that the ancient prose of the Warring States period and the official script of the Western Han Dynasty are incorrect in rapid writing.
According to Wei Jinzhi, Liu Mu, the revered king of Beihai in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is "good at history books, and today people think it is a model". Before Liu Mu died, Ming Di sent a post horse to write ten cursive scripts. During the reign of Zhang, it was a good example to learn Chinese characters. Emperor Zhang once ordered the writing of cursive script. It can be seen that since the middle of 1 century, cursive characters have not been written in a hurry, but have been cherished and imitated.
It can be seen from the Han bamboo slips unearthed in modern times that the simplified characters of the official script of the Western Han Dynasty have become popular. In the era of Xin Mang, there were more stroke-saving and ligature characters. In the 22nd year of Jianwu (AD 46), the bamboo slips were completely cursive. However, from the Zhou Dynasty to Xin Mang, cursive script was never listed as a kind of calligraphy.
Shuo Wen Jie Zi was written in the 12th year (AD 100). Xu Shen said in Xu that "there were cursive scripts in Han Dynasty", and cursive scripts started from cursive scripts. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, famous artists such as Zhang and later Zhong You emerged in large numbers, each of which became a genre.
At that time, Zhao Yi had an article "Non-cursive script", and Cai Yong also had a similar discussion on maintaining the status of orthography, which reflected that cursive script was very popular. From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, cursive script developed from Cao Zhang with the meaning of official script to today's cursive script, and even to wild cursive script.
Cao Zhang originated in the Western Han Dynasty and flourished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The font is in the form of official script, and the characters are different and correct each other. Cao Zhang's name has been interpreted in different dynasties. It is the most absurd to say that Cao Zhang got his name from the chapter in Urgent Chapter since the end of Han Dynasty.
It is speculated that Zhang Di liked cursive script or ordered it to be used as a souvenir, and even said that Zhang Di created cursive script. Some chapters are synonymous with the articles of association and Zhang Kaizhang, which are in line with the early cursive script with eight strokes, and the words are not related to each other, and the strokes have changed into rules to follow, which many people believe.
When did this grass come into being? There are two viewpoints: Zhang Zhi in the late Han Dynasty, Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Wang Qia. From the handed down tables, stickers and unearthed Han bamboo slips and bricks, it can be seen that at the end of the Han Dynasty, eight-part essay, as a regular script, had a writing method similar to real books.
Cursive scripts can also mutate. Cui Yuan, a cursive writer who is a little later than Zhang Zhi, described cursive script as "like a string of beads, never leaving", "losing momentum, entangled with others", "hanging without a tail" and "having subtle opportunities, adapting temporarily". It can be seen that the cursive script at the end of Han Dynasty was smooth and informal.
The development of calligraphy has no obvious boundaries. It is said that this grass originated from the bud of Zhang Zhi as a new body; It is said that this grass originated from the two kings, focusing on the typical formation. True books have been handed down since the Tang Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, cursive script, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. Cursive script, also known as big grass, is bold and unrestrained, with continuous momentum, such as Zhang Xu's Broken Monument with Thousand Words, Four Ancient Poems in the Tang Dynasty and Huai Su's Autobiographical Notes. Zhang Xu is known as the "sage of grass" in history, but Sun's is different and has no connection.
"Big grass" and "small grass" are symmetrical. Big grass is pure grass-based and difficult to identify. Zhang Xu and Huai Su are good at it, and their words are written in one stroke, sometimes out of line, but the context is constant. In Qing Dynasty, Feng Ban gave a lecture on cursive script in "Blunt Printing Book": learn from it, learn from it, learn from it, and learn from Zhang Xu as weeds, so it is better to learn from Huai Su.
Huai Su's cursive script is easy to recognize, the handwriting is fine, and the relationship between words is clear and easy to put pen to paper. Zhang Xu's glyphs vary widely, often a number, and the momentum between them is constant, which is difficult to identify and forms a unique style. As mentioned in Han Yu's Preface to Giving People a Noble Mind, Zhang Xu's cursive script is "angry and embarrassed, sad and sorrowful, resentful and resentful, yearning, drunk and annoyed, unfair and moving in the heart, which is bound to be reflected in the cursive script", so it is difficult to learn from Zhang.
Baidu encyclopedia-cursive script