Li Yu, the third monarch of Southern Tang Dynasty, was known as Li Houzhu in history. He is good at calligraphy, painting, melody, poetry and writing, especially at words. The content can be mainly divided into two categories: the first category was written before the Song Dynasty, which mainly reflected the palace life and the love between men and women, and the subject matter was narrow; The second category is that after the Song Dynasty, Li Yu wrote with the grief of national subjugation and his own feelings. The achievements of his works in this period far exceeded those in the previous period, which can be described as "masterpieces". Famous works such as Young Beauty, Langtaosha and Huihuan were all made at this time. Most of the ci works in this period are based on sadness, mainly describing the scene of dreaming back through the barrier and expressing infinite nostalgia for the past. So some people say: Li Yu is not a good emperor, but a good poet. Li Yu occupies an important position in the history of China's Ci, and is known as the "Emperor of Ci", which has a great influence on later generations. He inherited the tradition of Huajian poets since the late Tang Dynasty, but through the concrete and sensible personality image, he reflected some universal artistic conception in real life, promoted the creation of Ci, and expanded the field of expression of Ci. Li Yuwen is rich in writing, poetry, books and painting. His ci poems are mainly included in two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty.
The life of the character
Li Yu, formerly known as Li, is a brave man. Later, it was renamed Li Yu, which means "the day of the day is Yu, and the night of the month is Yu". According to historical records, he is the sixth son of Yuan Zong Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty. He is good at writing, painting and calligraphy, and is rich in forehead, teeth and eyes. Because the second to fifth sons of Li Jing all died early, Li Hongji, Li Yu's eldest brother, was actually the second son when he was the Crown Prince. Li Hongji was "suspicious". At that time, Li Yu, who was steady, was afraid of Li Hongji's suspicion and did not dare to participate in politics. During this period, he once called himself Zhong You, a hermit in Zhongfeng and a layman in Lianfeng, indicating that his interest lies in the beautiful mountains and rivers, and he has no intention of competing with his elder brother. In 959 AD, Li Hongji killed his uncle Li Jingsui (Li Jingsui said he would die with his brother at the beginning of his reign), and soon died suddenly. After Li Hongji's death, Li Jing wanted to make Li Yu a prince. Zhong Mo said, "I am timid and self-respecting, but I believe in explaining my family background, not my talents. Being kind, courageous and dignified, it is appropriate to be an heir. " Excavate was furious, made an excuse, demoted Zhong You as a national son, exiled to Raozhou, made Li Yu a prince, a minister and a politician, and let him live in the East Palace. 96 1, in the second year of song dynasty, Li Jing moved to Nanchang, made Li Yu the crown prince, and left him in Jinling. Li Jing died in June and Li Yu ascended the throne in Jinling. Li Yu is "sexually arrogant and extravagant, good at sensuality, and likes to show off. He talks loudly and doesn't care about political affairs." Liyu calligraphy
In 973, Song Taizu ordered Li Yu to go to Kaifeng, but he was ill, so Song Taizu sent Cao Bin to attack Nantang. In 9741February, Cao Bin conquered Jinling. After fifteen years in office, he was called Li Houzhu and the Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty. In 975 AD, the queen came out naked, was captured in Bianjing, and was made an imperial army. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. In 978 AD (the third year of Taiping and Xingguo), Xu Xuan was ordered by Song Taizong to visit Li Yu, and Li Yu sighed at Xu Xuan: "I regret killing Pan You and Li Ping by mistake!" Song Taizong smell of great anger. According to Wang Luo's memoirs in Song Dynasty, Li Yu was poisoned by Song Taizong for writing Yu Meiren. The medicine in the morning is Chinese medicine, nux vomica. After taking it, the central nervous system is destroyed, the whole body twitches, and the head and feet shrink together, which is extremely painful. After Li Yu's death, he was buried in North Mangshan, Luoyang. A few weeks later, he was heartbroken and died soon. Li Yu "was born in the palace and grew up in the hands of women", "sexual forgiveness and injustice", and he gave up killing. After his death, Jiangnan people heard that "all lanes are crying and fasting." Li Yu is brilliant, skillful in painting, good at poetry and ode, and is a generation of poets who have been told through the ages. I didn't intend to fight for power and profit, but I longed for seclusion. Ascending to the throne was a complete accident. He hates being born into a royal family. Merits and demerits have become the track of history. By the time he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had served Song Zhengshuo, paid tribute to the Song Dynasty many times and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu sent letters to the north many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing, where she will be sealed and not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), Qixi was his forty-second birthday, and he was poisoned by taking the morning medicine. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Mangshan, Luoyang. He is good at painting and calligraphy, melody and poetry, especially in the Five Dynasties. In the early stage, most of his poems were about the pleasure and quiet life in the palace, with a soft style, but this is not the life he yearns for, but mostly emptiness and helplessness; The later ci reflects the pain of national subjugation, and the theme is enlarged, which refers to Li Yu's Weibei Ci.
[1] The scenery is profound, the feelings are sincere, the language is fresh and artistic. Later generations compiled his and Li Jing's works into two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of his reign, the style of his poems was beautiful and soft, and he did not get rid of the habit of "flowers". After the national subjugation, during the house arrest of "Everyday Lacrimosa", the king of national subjugation became the "Southern King" of the eternal ci circle (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's "Ancient and Modern Thorns"). It was after the capture that "the unfortunate poet of the country is lucky, and the words of vicissitudes of life only work" that he was named as the disobedient Hou of Kaifengfu and worshipped General Zuo. According to historical records, Zhao Guangyi repeatedly forced Zhou Xiao to stay in the palace. Every time I go back after Xiao Zhou, I cry and scold. In pain and depression, Li Yu wrote famous songs such as Looking at the South of the Yangtze River, Midnight Song and Young Beauty. Ancient painters also painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky, and Shen Defu wrote Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky in Ming Dynasty: "In the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky, with a hoe on his head, pale face and fat body. After the worship, the limbs were delicate, and several imperial envoys held them and frowned after a week. " Feng Haisu of Yuan Man wrote a poem on the map: "Li Huakai, left in the south of the Yangtze River, was also forcibly folded by the king; Blame the golden wind rushing to the ground, and the imperial garden is full of red and purple. " (Zhou Xiao is E Huang's younger sister. Later, she was named Mrs. Zheng and ordered to visit the palace regularly. Zhou Xiao is a stunning beauty, and Song Taizong covets her beauty.
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children
Prince Qingyuan, Zhong Yugong, the eldest son, and Qi Huai, the second son, presented Zhong Wang Xuan.
Empress and empresses
After honoring the sage Zhao Huiguo, (known as Da Zhou) succeeded to the throne as his sister (not recorded in history books, but in TV series). After Li Yu surrendered, she was named as Mrs. Zheng, the princess, concubine, Baoyu of Jiang, concubine of Huang, imperial concubine of Joe, imperial concubine of Qing slaves, maiko and girl of Xue Jiu.
brothers
Big Brother, Second Brother Li Hongmao, Seventh Brother Li, Starling Li Congying, Jiu Ge Li.
Edit the sequence of events in this paragraph.
Li Yusheng was 65,438+0 years old on July 7th, the first year of the Southern Tang Dynasty (AD 937). In the first year of Xiande in the later Zhou Dynasty, E Huang was married at the age of 18. In the first year of Zhongxing in the Southern Tang Dynasty (AD 958), Zhong Yusheng, the eldest son, was 22 years old and Zhou Xiande was six years old (AD 959). In the second year of Northern Song Dynasty (AD 96 1), Li Yu moved from Zheng Wang to Wu Wang. In February, he was 25 years old and became a prince. In July, after paying homage to his mother Zhong Shi in Jinling, he made E Huang the queen. His second son, Zhong Xuan, was born in this year. In the third year of the Stegosaurus in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 962), he was sent to the Song Dynasty at the age of 26. He sent envoys to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty. In the first year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 963), I was 27 years old. In March, he sent special envoy Song Ping to Jingnan. In November, the Yuan Dynasty was changed. In the second year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 964), I was 28 years old. I started making iron money in March. 1 1 month, his second son Zhong Xuan died. In November, the queen died, writing that her mother was sanctified after the death of Zhong in the third year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 200). At the age of 30, in the four years of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 966), he was ordered by Zhao Kuangyin to cut the Southern Han Dynasty. In the first year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 968), at the age of 32, he went to the Southern Tang Dynasty to pay tribute. 1 1 month, he married Zhou Xiao and became the queen. In the second year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 35), monks and nuns in Pudu County sent their brothers to Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty for four years (AD 97 1). In October, I sent my brother to the Song Dynasty to pay tribute. In the above table, he was invited to go to Nantang, and was renamed Jiangnan Prefecture, claiming to be the Lord of Jiangnan. They were 36 years old in the fifth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 972). In the first month, they derogated from the ritual system and converted to religion. Wait for Li Yu to surrender. At that time, he was 37 years old, and in the seventh year of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 973), he was willing to be ordered by Song Jue, but Song was not allowed. He killed the famous Lin. In the seventh year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 974), he went to the Song Dynasty at the age of 38, seeking to return to China from kindness, but Song was not allowed. He sent a letter to Li Yu to enter the DPRK, but to no avail.
Nicky Wu version of Li Yu's stills 2(20) cut South Tang. In the eighth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 975), I was 39 years old. In June, Song Jun and Wu Yuebing surrounded Jinling and Zhao Kuangyin, and on November 27th, the city was broken. Li Yu led his children and four officials down the mountain. He went north to the capital of song dynasty and died in the southern Tang dynasty. In the first year of Taiping Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 976), he was 40 years old. In the third year of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 978), at the age of 42, he was poisoned, and the king of Wu pursued him. 10, buried in Beimangshan with a royal ceremony. Zhou Xiao also died in this year and was buried with Li Yu. Li Zhigao, the former leader, was renamed Li Bianzhong, and Li Jingtong was renamed Li Jing after he acceded to the throne.
The honorable achievement of editing this paragraph.
The sentence "The old country can't bear to look back on the bright moon and bright future" expounds the rise and fall of an emperor who devoted himself to Li Yu's inscription in poetry and literature.
[2] Deep sea. As a member of the royal family, he has never been as outstanding as an emperor. However, history always likes to make jokes like this: among the heirs of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Jing, the leader of China at that time, made an oath of "brotherhood" before the death of his fierce ancestor Li Bian, that is, passed the throne to his younger brother Jing Sui. However, because Hong Yi, the eldest son of Li Yu's brother Li Jing, made him a prince at that time, the matter of "brotherhood" was not mentioned for many years. However, Li Yu's brother Hong Yi and his father Li Jing have completely different personalities. Hongyi is decisive and resolute, and has a strong desire for power. Therefore, as an emperor, Li Jing will always be dissatisfied, and Li Jing will also think of brotherhood. Li Hongyi was worried that his father would pass the throne to his uncle according to his oath, so he secretly killed his uncle Jing Sui. However, Li Hongji failed to become emperor. Why? Because history is history after all. He was bent on becoming an emperor, and went with him a few months after his uncle died. Then our hero Li Yu complied with the overall situation, took over the mess of the later Tang Dynasty and became emperor. After Li Yu became emperor, he wrote a letter to the Northern Song Dynasty, called "Song Taizu Promotion Table". As can be seen from this article, Li Yu's next step is really a mess, which also shows that he has no intention of becoming an emperor. This can also be reflected in the later emperor's career, because Li Yu's indecision made him make many political mistakes-killing people who should be killed and killing people who shouldn't be killed is one of the important points. Not only did he fail to be a good emperor, but he also did a poor job. Nevertheless, his position in the history of poetry is extraordinary. After the national subjugation, he wrote his own tragic feelings of national subjugation in Bianjing without fear. The heroic feelings of homesickness, "how much sorrow, just like a river flowing eastward", created a precedent in which words can also be lyrical. A poem "Young Beauty" ruined a generation of great poets, but at the same time it also created the eternal spread of this tragic poet.
achievements of art
Li Yu has made great achievements in art. The most famous word is Li Renmei.
And the order of washing sand. Calligraphy and painting: He is good at calligraphy and painting. As for his calligraphy, Gu Tao's "Qing Louis", Ceng Yun said, "The late master is good at calligraphy, vigorous as cold pine and frost bamboo, which is called" Jin Cuodao ". If you write in big letters and don't write in silk, you can be satisfied. It is called' pinch of books' in the world. " As for his paintings, Guo's Painting Knowledge and Experience in the Song Dynasty said: "Li Yu, the queen of Jiangnan, only knows Qing and is good at painting and calligraphy. It is far better to taste the forest stone birds than the regular flow, higher than the accident. " Unfortunately, there are no calligraphy and painting handed down from generation to generation. Ci: The style of Li Yu's Ci is divided into two periods, one before and the other after 975 AD. His early ci style was beautiful and soft, and he didn't break away from the habit of "flowers". According to the content, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is to describe the magnificent court life and the affair between men and women, such as Bodhisattva Man and Ying Huan. Due to the great changes in life, his later poems made the king of national subjugation the "southern king" in the eternal ci world (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's "Ancient and Modern Ci"), which is precisely "the unfortunate poet of the country is blessed". These sad and tragic late ci poems have far-reaching artistic conception, which laid the foundation of the so-called "graceful school" such as Liu Yong and became a generation of masters in the history of ci poems. As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. For example, Yu Meiren, Langtaosha order ... Wang Guowei thinks: "Wen Feiqing's words are beautiful; Wei Duanji's words, bone show also; Li Shiguang's writing is also beautiful. "Moreover, he also said," Ci has become a master's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word. Zhou Jie Village is placed under Wen Wei, which can be described as reversing black and white. " This last sentence is aimed at what Zhou Ji said in "Miscellaneous Poems of Xiecunzhai": "Heshi is a beauty on earth, who is good at strict makeup and light makeup, and rude does not hide the national color. Fei Qing, strict makeup; End yourself and make up lightly; After the Lord, rude and confused. ".Wang believes that this kind of comment is in Yang Wen's suppression of Wei. There is also a view in academic circles that the original intention of Zhou Ji is that Li Yu is not as good as Wen Listening Cloud and Wei Zhuang in terms of words and phrases. However, as far as the vividness and fluency of ci poetry are concerned, the former is obviously more vigorous and natural, and "carelessly does not cover up the national color." Li Yu's ci got rid of Hua's frivolity. His words are true, his language is vivid, his image is vivid, his personality is distinct and his feelings are sincere. After the national subjugation, his ci poems have a wide range of themes and profound meanings, surpassing the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty and becoming the pioneer of the graceful ci school in the early Song Dynasty. Later generations respectfully called him "Ci Emperor". Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. Its main achievements are as follows: ① Expanding the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said, "When Ci came to Li Houzhu, its vision began to widen and its feelings deepened, so it became a musician's ci and a scholar-bureaucrat's ci. "(Shi Shuo Xin Yu) ② has a high generality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. There are many famous sayings, such as "The small building was easterly last night, so my country can't bear to look back at the bright moon in the middle of the month" ([Yu Meiren]), "When the water goes and spring comes, it's all in the world" ([Langtaosha]), "People naturally grow up and hate water" ([Meet each other]) and "Being far away from hate is like spring grass, and living more" ([Qingpingle]). Of course, there are also derailed poems such as "Walking on socks and Golden Shoes" ("Bodhisattva Man"), which are also very famous. ③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature. (4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Yu Louchun's Hao Dang, Wu Ye Tune, Xiong Qi and Bitterness are both male and female (see Tan Xian's Tang Fu Thorn), Yu Meiren, and If a pony is born (Zhou Ji Na Lanxing De said: "The words in the flowers, such as ancient jade, are expensive but not available, and the words in the Song Dynasty are available but few in quality, and Li Houzhu has its beauty, which confuses it." (Miscellaneous Notes of Lushui Pavilion) As the pinnacle of Ci-poetry, Nalan Xingde placed the whole Song Ci under Li Yu's Ci, which was obviously arbitrary, lacked objective basis and was obviously overestimated. However, the great achievements of Li Yu's ci are recognized, but they should not be overestimated. Li Yu's original collection has been lost. There are forty-four words. Only 38 works can be confirmed. His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. There are two main characters, 1 Volume South Tang, in Zhi Zhai Shu Lu to solve the problem. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai (1620) in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, among which Looking at Jiangnan can be divided into two. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia. Complement the "colorful feathers" with big weeks.