"Mandarin Zheng Yu": "Liv is the fire of high spirits, brilliant, knowing it with virtue and shining all over the world, so it is called' Zhu Rong'". Historical records? Chu family: "emphasizing Lebanon is a great achievement of living in the fire, and it can be integrated into the world." Di Ku is called Zhu Rong ". This is the ancient interpretation of the word "Zhu Rong". The word "Zhu" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is like a person kneeling before God to pray. Its original meaning refers to the wizard, who presides over the blessing during the sacrifice, and is extended to express good wishes for people and things. The word "Rong" is a pictophonetic character, which saves sound and avoids insects. Wei is an ancient cooking utensil. The original meaning of the word "melting" is the rising of cooking gas, and it is extended to the meaning of long-term, bright, accessible, circular, obvious, prosperous, harmonious, comfortable, warm and warm. Therefore, the word "Zhu Rong" means that the person who uses fire beside the cooker to bring hope to people is the person who is in charge of using fire.
In modern times, using fire is a very simple technology, but in ancient times, using fire was not simple. The archaeological discovery of Dadiwan site in Qin 'an shows that braised clods, pottery and the earliest painted pottery products were unearthed in four sites of the first phase of culture (about 8000 years ago), indicating that people at that time had used fire. Cultural Phase II (early Yangshao 6000 years ago) 156 architectural site, there are round, ladle-shaped cooking stoves and kindling braziers. This shows that the ancestors of China mastered the technology of artificial fire-making, fire-keeping and fire-using a long time ago. However, because early houses could not be separated from vegetation and building materials, once a fire broke out, the harm was extremely serious. Therefore, the early ancestors of China did not have the habit of using fire indoors. Only by further understanding the nature of fire and mastering more comprehensive skills of using fire can they dare to use fire in the room. It is the tradition of Zhu Rong tribe to develop and improve the technology of using fire.
F30 1 in Dadiwan is an approximately square semi-crypt-like architectural relic, which belongs to the early half-slope type of Yangshao, and shows the methods for ancestors to take, use and preserve fire. Stone axes, knives, bone cones, ceramic spinning fibers, coarse red clay pots with sand, fine red clay pots, bottles, bowls and cups, as well as more than 50 painted clay pots, bone knives, bone needles, bone files, mussels and animal bones have been unearthed in this house, which shows that people's daily lives are carried out indoors. Measured by carbon 14, it is more than 6000 years ago. Stone knives, bone needles and clam shells are all perforated, indicating that the drilling technology has been mastered. Stone axes, bone cones, bone knives, ceramic files, bone needles, etc., it can be seen that there is no problem with these tools to drill wood for fire. The door of the construction site faces northwest, and the door opens in the middle of the western wall. There is a circular pit near the door with a diameter of 1. 12m. There is a crypt near the door, and a ventilation hole with a diameter of 0.3m is opened, which leads directly to the pit. On the other wall opposite the ventilation hole, a cave with a diameter of 0.25m and a depth of 0.3 1m is opened, and a coarse red clay pot filled with sand is built in to store fire. The doorway consists of three steps, which can directly enter the room around both sides of the pit. This pit has three functions: first, it is conducive to preventing the invasion of wild animals. At that time, it was surrounded by virgin forests and wild animals, which was a great threat to people. At night, after people rest and fall asleep, wild animals haunt. When you get to the door, you will be scared away when you see the fire. Second, the doorway is ventilated, and there are ventilation holes in the pit, so the fire is not only easy to burn, but also prosperous. Third, there is fire at the door, which can prevent cold air from entering in winter. The temperature in the room is not only high, but also warm. It can be seen that the stove pit was quite complicated and was an important part of the building at that time. With it, the house has become a warm home for people. The development of such complex kitchen pit facilities can not be completed in one day, which should be the reason why Zhu Rong's deeds are widely circulated. In other words, Zhu Rong's contribution is that he finally introduced fire into people's houses and turned them into warm homes.
Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing: "Beyond the Northwest Sea, to the north of Chishui, there is Zhang Wei. There is a god, the snake's face is red, and his eyes are riding a horse. Its eyes are gloomy, its eyes are bright, it doesn't eat or sleep, and the storm is coming, which is embarrassing. It is a nine-yin candle, which means Candle dragon. " In Qu Yuan's Tian Wen, there is a question: "What if there is no good life in Candle dragon?" Sentence. This story may reflect the fact that Zhu Rong initiated human beings to use fire in the room. The word "candle" is homophonic with "wish", and the pronunciation of "dragon" is similar to "melting". Candle dragon can be regarded as a homophonic word of "Zhu Rong" or a synonym. In Lager's view, the image of Candle dragon is a house with fire in the dark. In ancient times, the population was sparse, and people's houses were scattered. Whenever night falls, the human settlements are completely hidden in the dark, only the shining doors stare at pedestrians, and behind them is endless night, like a long queue. As long as the image is enlarged, it will become a Candle dragon with bright vision.
Generally speaking, before Shennong, people lived a life of gathering, fishing and hunting, and needed to migrate frequently with the change of seasons to get food. Only when primitive agriculture develops to a certain extent, and the grain output basically meets people's daily needs, can human beings live a stable life, the importance of housing gradually emerges, and people can further improve their housing conditions. There is no fire in the room, it is not a real house. Zhu Rong's tribe developed the technology of fire, and finally successfully introduced fire into the house, creating a warm home for their ancestors. Zhu Rong's long history of developing fire technology should not be forgotten, which may be the reason why Zhu Rong's family was designated as one of the "Huang San" by some legends. The height of Zhurongfeng in Four Wonders of Nanyue. Zhurongfeng is tall and straight, higher than the peaks of Furong, Zigui, Tianzhu, Xiangguang, Xia Yan and Furong. According to the newly compiled Records of Nanyue, the elevation of Zhurong Peak is 1289.8m, which is located at 27 degrees north latitude 18: 6 and east longitude 165438. It was named after Zhu Rong, the god of fire. After human beings invented drilling wood to make fire, they couldn't save it, and they couldn't use it. Because of their proximity to fire, Zhu Rong became an expert in the management and use of fire. He lived in Mount Hengshan and was buried in Mount Hengshan after his death. In order to commemorate his great contribution to mankind, the highest peak of Mount Hengshan was named Zhurongfeng. As the old saying goes, "Wish" is enduring, and "Harmony" is bright. Let it be bright forever.
At the top of Zhurongfeng Mountain, there is Zhurong Hall, formerly known as the Old Holy Emperor Hall, which was built as a shrine during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620). The building was later rebuilt, and there were stone railings on the rocks behind the house, which gave a panoramic view of the North Mountain.
On the west side of Zhu Rong Temple, there is a platform. On a moonlit night, the moon is in the sky and the scenery is particularly bright. Tourists standing on the stage, enjoying the moonlight, have a different scene than on the flat ground. Even if the moon sets in the west, there is still its afterglow here. As described in Sun Ying 'ao's poem in the Ming Dynasty: "The glory of the world has been exhausted, and the light here is not low." You can imagine the beautiful scenery.
There are many temples near Zhurongfeng, and there is Shangfeng Temple in the south, which was called Guangtianguan before the Sui Dynasty, and it is a place for Taoist activities. During the Great Cause of Yang Di (605-6 18), he was ordered to change to Shangfeng Temple. Directly in front of Shangfeng Temple is the Nantianmen. There is a sun-watching platform on the hill behind Shangfeng Temple, and now there is a weather station. Next to the Sun Observatory, there is a stone tablet engraved with the words "the source of observing the sun". Autumn is crisp, especially in Chu Qing after the rain. Visitors can see the spectacle of "a red sun rolling a golden ball".
Because the surname Mou originated in the Zhou Dynasty, after Zhu Rong, Vulcan. According to Textual Research on Surnames, Compilation of Yuanhe Surnames and Customs Pass, the country of Mou (the old city is twenty miles east of Laiwu, Shandong Province) is Zhou, and it is said that it is a descendant of Zhu Rong, and it died at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and then it was named after the country.
Zhu Rong was an official in charge of fire in ancient times, originally served by Li Zhong, the great-grandson of Zhuan Xu. Zhu Rong, also known as Huozheng, was named Zhu Rong by Di Ku because of his great contribution to Lebanon and his ability to blend into the world. Li so heavy * * * workers' families, because no * * * workers' families were killed, and so on. After Di Ku ordered his younger brother Ng Wui to succeed him to the throne, he returned to Huozheng and became Zhu Rong. Lu Zhong, the son of Wu Huisheng, inherited this position. Later, Zhu Rong changed his official position to a tribal name. Later, someone established the Mouguo, that is, Zhou, and the Mouguo perished at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. After the national subjugation, the descendants took the country as their surname. Due to the attack on Zhu Rong's post, most of the later Mou families respected Zhu Rong Road as the ancestor of the Mou family. Since Zhu Rong is also the God of the South China Sea, he should certainly choose a station for him to manage the South China Sea. This place must have at least two conditions. First, it is close to the mouth of the South China Sea, and there is a port nearby, which is convenient for merchant ships to enter and leave the sacrifice. Second, there is a certain population nearby, so people can often go to the temple to worship and worship the management. Fuwei Town (now Miaotou Village) is located in the Pearl River Estuary on the South China Sea coast, about 80 miles away from Guangzhou. On the north bank of the Pearl River, facing the Fuxi River (a section of the Pearl River), it is connected to Shiziyang in the east, Humen in the lower part and Guangzhou in the back. It is the main maritime traffic route in and out of Guangzhou in ancient times, and it can reach countries in the South China Sea when going out to sea. Fuxi Town enjoys a very advantageous geographical position, and is known as "only a hundred steps from the sea, there are always storms, and the shore is close to the abyss of accidents". It became an ideal place to build a sea temple, so people built the Nanhai Temple here, giving Zhu Rong a place to live. But Zhu Rong has two functions, namely, Nanyue Zhurongfeng, Hengyang is the real palace, and Nanqiang Temple keeps the palace for him. In fact, the establishment of Nanhai Temple is closely related to Guangzhou's relative stability, rapid economic development and frequent maritime traffic and trade since the Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, in addition to the Silk Road in the northwest, the exchanges between China and other countries in the western regions developed rapidly. Many overseas businessmen and monks came to China by boat, and China ships also went abroad to Guo Fan. Due to the vagaries of the sea, the desire to pray for Poseidon's protection is increasing day by day. In the fourteenth year of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, he wrote a letter to build the Nanhai Temple, which can be said to be natural and adapted to the needs of the people and the government at that time.
Toumen
After the stone archway, it is the courtyard of Toumen. There are a pair of bluestone watches and a pair of stone lions on the east and west sides of the courtyard, which shows the majesty and extraordinary bearing of the ancient temple.
There are clairvoyance and ears on both sides of the head door, and painted door statues of the early Tang Dynasty and Weichi Gong are painted on both sides of the black painted door. These four gods guard the temple day and night, and their loyalty can be described as a thousand years. Above the door is the horizontal plaque of "Nanhai Temple". The left and right couplets wrote: "When the white waves rise, the waves break the Tianshan Mountains and breathe the thunder wind; After the dark clouds dispersed, the cloud buds blew and breathed the stars and the moon in Hai Huai. " The original couplet was written by Lin Zijue in Qing Dynasty, and now it is reprinted by Lu Youguang 199 1, a famous calligrapher in Guangdong Province. This couplet vividly depicts the infinite power of the South China Sea God.
On the east side of Toumen, there is Hanyu Monument Pavilion, which is the earliest preserved inscription in Nanhai Temple. In the 12th year of Tang Xianzong Yuanhe (8 17) and 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), the 38th generation of Confucius, Sun Kongjian, came to Guangzhou to worship the South China Sea God and allocated funds to repair and expand the temple, which coincided with the demotion of Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, for "remonstrating the Buddha's bone table" in Yuanhe and 14th year. Han Yu happily wrote a 1000-word "Nanhai Shenguangli Wang Temple Monument".
Han Yubei is 2.47 meters high and 1. 13 meters wide, written by Han Yu and written by Chen Jianshu. Han Yu's inscriptions are of great reference value to the study of the origin and development of Nanhai Temple, the customs of offering sacrifices to the sea in Tang Dynasty and the maritime trade at that time.
On the west side of Toumen is the Kaibao Monument Pavilion in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the fourth year (9 17), Pan Renmei led the army south, destroyed the southern Han Dynasty and pacified Lingnan. In the sixth year of Kaibao (9 19), Nanbo Company was established in Guangzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty to manage foreign trade and allocate funds to repair the Nanhai Temple, hoping to ensure smooth maritime traffic and transactions. Kaibao Monument Pavilion mainly describes the ancestor worship and historical events in this period.
Yimen
The second entrance to the Nanhai Temple is called the Ritual Gate. The middle gate is only for nobles with high status, and other people with low status or ordinary people can only take the side gate. There is also a pair of stone drums at the entrance of Yimen. Four kinds of animals, such as birds, sika deer, bees and monkeys, are carved with stones on the feet of the stone drums. Its homophonic word means "Jue Feng Lu Hou". I hope everyone who comes here to worship Nanhai God can be promoted and made a fortune. There is a horizontal plaque above the instrument door, engraved with "Shengdexian Exhibition". The couplet is "the god of Zhenhai rests on harmony, and the temple of Sina looks great".
On the east and west sides from Yimen Courtyard to the Fourth Entrance Hall, there is a corridor in which 45 inscriptions of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties are displayed. In addition to the Han Yu monument in Toumen and the Kaibao monument in Song Dynasty, there are also famous monuments such as Hongwu in Ming Dynasty and Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, and so on. These ancient poems and stone carvings of Nanhai Temple have played a very important role in studying the ancient calligraphy art of China and the historical origin of the temple. Therefore, Nanhai Temple is also called "Southern Forest of Steles".
According to legend, during the Tang Dynasty, ancient Polo paid tribute to China. On the return trip, I went to Nanhai Temple via Guangzhou, where I went to worship Nanhai God, and planted two polo tree seeds brought from the ancient polo country in the temple. Obsessed with the beautiful scenery in the temple, I lingered and missed my boat. So the man shed tears in Wangjiang, raised his left hand to his forehead and looked at the sea, hoping that the boat would come back to pick him up, and then he stood by the sea. People think that tribute ambassadors are friendly envoys from the Maritime Silk Road. He will be buried, the statue with his left hand held high before his death will be enshrined in Nanhai Temple, and he will be dressed in China's clothes, and he will be named "Xi Sikong". During his stay in Shaoxing, Song Gaozong, he was also called Daxi's helper. Because he is a native of polo, he planted a polo tree in the temple, hoping that the polo boat would come back to pick him up every day, so the villagers commonly call it "ghost watching polo" and the temple is called "polo temple". In the Ming Dynasty, Hanshan Zen Master wrote a poem about Daxi, which was very vivid. Poetry cloud:
I thought about how pitiful I was facing the current, sailing west alone and looking empty.
Hold your head high and have a heart to return to your old country, and fly to the wind without wings.
Worry about the clock and drum, worry about the king's food, and tie the clothes and be bitter and ugly.
No need to miss it, the rain and dew will come naturally.
There have always been many textual researches on the identity of Daxi Sikong. During the Tang Dynasty. Guangzhou's overseas trade has been very prosperous, and many foreigners come to China to do business. The above legends about Boluo Tree, Boluo Temple and Daxi Sikong fully reflect the historical facts of Guangzhou's foreign trade prosperity and frequent friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries since the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Ritual pavilion
Out of the door, he entered the third ceremony pavilion. Ritual Pavilion is a place where ancient officials offered sacrifices to Nanhai gods. This is a wooden building with a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain, 3 rooms wide and 3 rooms deep.
The most striking thing about the third entrance is the Kangxi Imperial Monument Pavilion on the west side of the garden. The four golden characters "Wan Li Bocheng" on the tablet are bold and unrestrained. Shining in the sun. This was written by the emperor in the forty-second year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1703), made into a plaque, and then sent to Nanhai Temple by a special person, and a monument was specially erected for this purpose.
To the east of the garden is the Ming Hongwu Emperor Monument. The monument was built in the third year of Hongwu (1370), inspired by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, and inscribed by Grace Wai Wong, the lover of Leeb. Because of its complexity, Zhu Yuanzhang cancelled all previous titles of Nanhai Temple and renamed Nanhai God as "Nanhai God".
There is an ancient kapok tree in front of these two monuments, which is said to have a history of two or three hundred years. In ancient times, Nanhai Temple was lush, and there were more than 10 kapok trees alone. Qu Dajun, a famous poet in Lingnan, once compared the kapok tree in Nanhai Temple to a "ten-foot coral" in his book Guangdong Xinyu. Of course, two strains were replanted by later generations. Because of the long planting history, they are all listed as ancient and famous trees in Guangzhou.
auditorium
Behind the pavilion is the tallest and most important building of Nanhai Temple.
The main hall is the fourth entrance of Nanhai Temple. It is an imitation of the Ming Dynasty wooden structure with glazed tiles on the top of Xieshan Mountain. The roof is covered with green glazed tiles; There is a glazed tile ridge in the middle, decorated with patterns such as double phoenix flying and fish hanging upside down; In the upper part, there are two black dragons. Their bodies bend and take off, and they compete for pearls. It is said that the double phoenix represents beauty, the whole fish represents freedom, the black dragon represents strength, and the orb represents wisdom.
Zhu Rong, a 3.8-meter-high South China Sea God, was placed in the center of the hall. He wore a crown, a dragon robe and a Hosta. He is plump, but his expression is very dignified. He is a kind king.
There are statues of six Marquis on the left and right sides of the main hall. It is said that these six people have made great contributions to the management of the ocean by Nanhai God, so they have won a place in the Taoist view of polytheism. They are Daxi as Huihou, Dusi as Huihou, General Cao as Huihou, some envoys as Zunhou, Prince Ichiro as a supplement, and Prince Jiro as Zanninghou.
On the east side of the main hall, there is also a famous bronze drum in the Eastern Han Dynasty and an iron clock in the Ming Dynasty. The bronze drum has a diameter of 138 cm, a height of 7 1.4 cm and a thickness of 0.4-0.6 cm. It is an extremely precious cultural relic, second only to the big bronze drums in Guangxi and Shanghai, and ranks third among the existing big bronze drums in China. Cast in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the drum surface is in the middle of the sun awn pattern. The drum side was originally inlaid with six copper frogs, but somehow they have separated. Its drum body has square holes, money patterns and moire patterns. The bronze drum is an important sacrificial vessel for the ancient Yue people, representing power and status. This bronze drum is not only used to celebrate God's birthday, but also is said to have the function of killing demons and fixing the sea.
There is a wall behind the statue of Zhu Rong, and a dragon walks on the mighty sea. There are couplets on both sides: "A thousand ships go with the water; Fu Bo Wan Li Xiu Zhenlong. "
Zhaoling Palace
The fifth entrance is called Zhaoling Palace, also called Houdian, which is the living room of Mrs. Nanhai Shen. Mrs. Shen Nanhai was named "Mrs. Mingshun" in the Song Dynasty. It is said that she used to be a sericulture woman in Shunde, and later became a god, betrothed to Nanhai God. In addition to the magic power of the South China Sea God, she also has the function of "sending heirs" and is the protector of women and children.
Yuri pavilion
On the west side of Nanhai Temple, there is a hill called Zhangqiu in ancient times. There is a small pavilion on the hill about 10 meters high. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was surrounded by water on three sides, "facing the sea in front, endless". Among the people standing in the pavilion, of course, it is the best place to enjoy the sea view and express their feelings for the sea.
According to relevant historical records, in ancient times, the steps of this mountain were *** 108, and now there are only 72 steps left. There is a lion ocean in the east, and the smoke waves are vast. As night fell, red clouds appeared, and the blue sea suddenly covered with a layer of golden light. When a red sun rises from Ran Ran at sea, half of it is still in the sea, hesitating. This is a spectacular sight-this is the "Fuxi Bath Day", one of the eight scenic spots in Yangcheng during the Song and Yuan Dynasties in history. No wonder many literati visited Nanhai Temple at that time and liked to go boating here at dusk. They boarded the ancient pavilion at dawn the next day to watch the sunrise!
In the early years of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1094), Su Dongpo, a great writer, was exiled to Lingnan and worshipped the South China Sea God in Guangzhou. He boarded the sunbathing pavilion and marveled at the magnificence of the sea, the brilliance of the sun, the vastness of heaven and earth, and the simplicity of the temple. He wrote the poem "Sunbathing Pavilion in the South China Sea" with deep affection: "The shock wave is inserted into the night, and the bright light destroys the Yellow Bay. Sitting and watching the golden halo floating in the valley, I think of the Qiantang Yong Snow Mountain in the distance. I feel sad and disgusting, and washing my face is more annoying. Suddenly, the birds began to move and pedestrians flew to the green peaks. "
Poetry is written by the pavilion, and the pavilion is also influenced by poetry. Good-hearted people will engrave the poems sung by Su Dongpo on the stone tablet as a souvenir. In the stele pavilion, the pavilion is also called the bathing pavilion. After the fame spread far and wide, many literati came here to watch the "bathing day in the sea" (because the temple was called Polo Temple in ancient times, it was also called "Polo Bathing Day"), leaving many poems echoing Su Dongpo from a distance. Among them, Chen Xianzhang's Bathing in the Sun Pavilion and Su Dongpo's Rhyme are the most famous. The poem is written like this: "The waning moon shines into the sky without light, and the fishing boat counts to the front of the bay. Yesterday was empty and the green exhibition was boundless. The shadow must mourn in the end, and the negative mystery can offer a dragon face. Who can hold the sun and go into the ravine? "
Later generations also carved Chen Xianzhang's poems on the monument. Now two stone tablets coexist in the pavilion.
Nanhai Temple is like an old man who witnessed the history that the Maritime Silk Road originated in Guangzhou since the Western Han Dynasty. The temple is really a microcosm of Guangzhou's foreign traffic and foreign trade prosperity. It combines Chinese religions, ancient buildings, calligraphy, sculpture and various literature and arts, and has high historical value and tourism value.
The Guangzhou Municipal Government has formulated a master plan for the development of Nanhai Temple, which will be implemented soon. The whole planning covers an area of 440,000 square meters, and the "Gufuwei Street" will be restored. In front of the stone archway, the ancient pier and seascape will be restored and a waterway leading to the Pearl River will be opened. The South China Sea Maritime Silk Road Museum will also be established. After the completion, visitors can wander around the spectacular scenery of the Maritime Silk Road here and think about ancient love. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in China and the Lingqu connecting Tingjiang River and Pearl River have long been known. However, there is an ancient canal on the Fuxi River along the coast of South Guangdong, and I'm afraid not many people know it.
In ancient times, the Pearl River had a vast surface, like the sea. Therefore, people in Guangzhou often refer to the ferry crossing the river as crossing the sea, and also refer to the long dike along the river as the sea skin (edge). The Pearl River Estuary, located in front of Nanhai Temple in the east of Guangzhou, is also called the sea. There is a big storm on the sea here. If there is bad weather, white waves are flying and the waves are surging, the scene will be very scary. Small boats sailing between Dongjiang River and Pearl River will be safe only in calm days. In order to solve the problem that ships can travel between Dongjiang Yu and the Pearl River without passing through the waters of the Pearl River Estuary, in the Tang Dynasty, a Gufuxiu Canal was dug not far from the temple, that is, on the east side of Huangpu Power Plant. The canal is 10 Zhang wide, passes through the outside of Zhicheng and Suidong, reaches Hengli of Dongjiang, and leaves Dongjiang, with a total length of 10 km. Gufuxu Canal connects Huang Mu Bay and Dongjiang River, shortening the voyage from Pearl River to Dongjiang River. /kloc-boats under 0/00 tons can shuttle between the two rivers all day without being tortured by the waves of the Pearl River. After the canal is dug, ships and boats like to choose this channel. So the canal channel is very lively and enduring for many years. The function of the canal continues to this day, and it is also a beautiful episode of the Maritime Silk Road in Guangzhou.