Zheng Sixiao (1241-1318, some say 1239-1316), whose courtesy name was Yiweng and whose alias was Suonan, was from Lianjiang, Fujian. From his father's uncle, he became the head of the academy in Pingjiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) in the Southern Song Dynasty. When he was young, Zheng Sixiao inherited his father's teachings and was known for his loyalty, filial piety, integrity and righteousness. At the end of the Song Dynasty, college students took the Erxue Hongci Examination and were awarded the title of Mount Chief of Hejing Academy. He once presented anti-Mongolian strategies to the imperial court when they were in danger, but they were not adopted. After the death of the Song Dynasty, he hid in temples and back alleys in Suzhou, still "remaining lonely and loyal". His name (Si Xiao) and character (Suonan) were first used at this time, which is related to the fact that he must face south when sitting or lying down, which means that he will not forget Zhao and Song Dynasties. He also named his study "Benxue World", with the two characters "Benxue" interspersed, which means "Great Song Dynasty". He is the author of "History of the Heart" (there is no final conclusion in the field of literature and history), "Collected Poems of Suonan", etc. Zheng Sixiao's ink orchid painting method is the first in the history of painting, and it can easily express the literati's thoughts. This kind of painting skill was inherited by Zheng Banqiao, one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou" in the Qing Dynasty. It reached the extreme in expressing the painter's personality, and there are many new features in the technique. His ink orchids contain a profound nostalgia for the Song Dynasty. "At that time, it was written about orchids, with sparse flowers and simple leaves, and the roots could not touch the soil. When people asked, they said: "The soil is taken by foreigners, how can you bear it? ’” The ink orchid he painted was well-known in the south of the Yangtze River, and there were endless requests for it. However, Zheng Sixiao had a commandment: “Ask for it and you will not get it. If you don’t ask for it, you will get it.” "A certain official in Jiading threatened to do something else and asked for Hua Lan." Said: "The hand can be cut off, but the orchid cannot be obtained." '" Si Xiao particularly hated the officials of the Yuan Dynasty.
No authentic copy of Zheng Sixiao's ink bamboo works has survived. Occasionally, there are fake works signed "Suonan". The brushwork is poor and there is no ink at all. Lan Zhiyun. Shen Zhou (1427-1509) was an outstanding calligrapher and painter of the Ming Dynasty. His courtesy name was Shitian, Baishiweng, Yutiansheng, Youjuzhuzhu, etc. He was born in Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) in the Ming Dynasty. He died in the fourth year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty at the age of 83. He specialized in poetry, calligraphy and painting. He was the founder of the "Wu School" of literati painting in the mid-Ming Dynasty, and was known as the "Wu School" of literati painting in the mid-Ming Dynasty. "Four Families of the Ming Dynasty". The handed down works include "High Pictures of Mount Lu", "Old Pictures of Qiulin Dialects", "Interesting Pictures of Cangzhou". He is the author of "The Collection of Ishida", "Guest News", etc.
The Shen family Shen Zhou lived in seclusion in Wumen for generations and lived in Xiangcheng, Suzhou. His hometown and tomb are in today's Yangchenghu Town, Xiangcheng District. Shen Zhou's great-grandfather was a good friend of Wang Meng. His father, Shen Hengji, was also a student of Du Qiong. Both his father and uncle studied poetry. Shen Zhou was well-known in his hometown for his calligraphy and painting. He spent his whole life studying, reciting poems and painting, pursuing spiritual freedom, and despising the dirty political reality. He never took the imperial examination and was always engaged in calligraphy and painting creation. He was knowledgeable and well-connected. He is very popular among people, and he is usually friendly and approachable. People who ask for books and paintings are everywhere outside, and "trader Mu Shu" asks him for paintings, and he never refuses. Even if someone makes a fake of him and asks for an inscription, he is happy to do so. Yes.
Shen Zhou's calligraphy and paintings are widely circulated, and the authenticity is mixed, so it is difficult to distinguish. Therefore, Wen Zhengming called him a transcendent "immortal". Huang Tingjian, a calligrapher, is particularly accomplished in painting. He is also good at painting landscapes, flowers and birds, and is outstanding in his landscape paintings. Some of them depict mountains and rivers, expressing the three distant views of traditional landscape paintings. Most of the works describe southern landscapes and garden scenes, showing the leisurely life of literati at that time. Tang Yin (1470-1523), also known as Bohu, also known as Ziwei, also known as Liuru Jushi, Taohua Nunnery Master, Tang Sheng of Lu State, and Escape. It is said that he was born in Yin, Yin, Yin, the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty, and was named Tang Yin. He was a Han nationality and a native of Wu County (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). He was cynical and talented, and was famous for his poetry. Together with Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming and Xu Zhenqing, he is known as the "Four Talents of Jiangnan", and his painting name is changed. Together with Shen Zhou, Wen Zhengming and Qiu Ying, he is also known as the "Four Wu Clan".
He was born in a merchant family, his father is Tang Guangde. His mother, Qiu, was smart since she was a child. When she was in her 20s, her family suffered many misfortunes. Her parents, wife, and sister died one after another, and her family declined. Under the advice of her friend Zhu Yunming, she concentrated on studying at the age of 29 and won the first place in the Yingtianfu public examination. Named "Jie Yuan", he went to Beijing to take the examination at the age of 30, but was implicated in the examination fraud case and was dismissed as an official. After that, he decided to make a living by selling paintings.
The characters are accurately modeled, have strong generalization ability, beautiful images, and smooth lines. They are different from the stereotyped habits of the times. They went straight to the Song Dynasty and had a great influence on the later paintings of Youqiu, Yu Zhiding and Qing palace ladies. They became A model of the beauty of ladies of the era, later generations commented that the ladies in his fine brushwork are delicate in depiction, full of energy, elegant and elegant, and are regarded as outstanding figures in the Ming Dynasty. Outstanding works include "Ancient Bamboo Forest", "Spring Dawn in the Han Palace" (part of which is accompanied by a picture), "Service Picture", etc. Zhang Hong (1577 AD - after 1652), also known as Jundu and also known as Hejian, was a famous painter in the Ming Dynasty and a native of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. He is good at painting landscapes, focusing on life, with strong brushstrokes, moist ink colors, overlapping mountains, and deep autumn ravines, which have the ancient meaning of the Yuan Dynasty; his paintings of stone surfaces are characterized by crackling and dyeing. He was also able to paint freehand figures, both physically and spiritually, and dispersed and gathered appropriately. He was a backbone figure in the Wu sect's painting circle in the late Ming Dynasty. Wumen scholars respected it. According to historical records, Zhang Hong is still in good health at the age of 92 and is still painting. Works handed down from generation to generation: "The Picture of Refreshing Air in the Western Mountains", collected in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum; "The Picture of Hanging Swords in Yanling", "The Picture of Acrobatic Games", "The Picture of Fighting the Fou", "The Picture of Changmen Boat Blocking", and "The Autumn Intention of Xiting" are now in the collection The Palace Museum; "Floating Land and Warm Green", collected in the Guangdong Provincial Museum; "Lanting Collection", collected in the Capital Museum, etc.
Zhang Hong’s paintings inherit the literati painting style and characteristics of Wumen School of Painting. He creates on the basis of sketching, learns from nature, realizes the true meaning of painting, and embodies the extraordinary and refined nature in his paintings. His spiritual state made the originally dull landscape painting come alive. Experts from the Palace Museum said that Zhang Hong's landscape painting is exquisite and rare in the world. He once climbed up to draw a bird's-eye view, which was rare at the time. The whole picture of his paintings looks far-reaching and elegant. The rocks are hard and knocking sound, and the water is clear and trickling down. It injects spirituality into the calligraphy and painting, making people immersed in the scene, as if they are in another world. His landscape paintings use rendering techniques to create an otherworldly atmosphere, giving people an immersive feeling as if they are in the painting. The picture is fresh and elegant, the atmosphere is harmonious, with strange peaks and rocks, dense ancient trees, cool breeze and flowing springs, the artistic conception is ethereal and spacious.
Xu Wei (1521-1593) was a native of Shanyin, Shaoxing Prefecture (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). The original name was Wenqing, later changed to Wenchang, and his nickname was Tianchi Shanren, or Tian Shuiyue, Tian Danshui, Qingteng Laoren, Qingteng Taoist, Qingteng layman, Tianchi Yuyin, Jinlei, Jinhuishanren, Shan Other nicknames include Yin Buyi, Baijiu Shanren, and Ebi Shannong. Chinese writer, calligrapher, painter, and military strategist in the Ming Dynasty. Stories and legends about him are also widely circulated among the people, about how smart he was when he was young and how he later played tricks on officials.
He is a poet, he is a painter, he is a calligrapher, he is a military strategist, he is a dramatist, he is a folk writer, he is a gourmet, he is an alcoholic, he is a crazy Zen monk, He is a Taoist priest, a traveler and a historian. Together with Xie Jin and Yang Shen, he was known as one of the "Three Great Talents of the Ming Dynasty".
Xu Wei was born in a bureaucratic family in Dayunfang, Shanyin City, Shaoxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province in the 16th year of Zhengde (1521). His father was Xu Chuan and his mother was a maid and concubine. He was a genius when he was young and entered the Xu family. Studying in a private school, "I received the "Greater Learning" at the age of six and recited more than a thousand words a day." At the age of ten, he wrote an article "Shi Rui" imitating Yang Xiong's "Jie Mo". He had a bold personality and "everything can be done with the palm of his hand." Pan Kejing, a daughter from the county, was married. He failed the next eight exams. "He tried again, but he was rejected because he was not in compliance with the regulations." Zhu Da (1626-1705), also known as Geshan, Daolang, Geshanlu, Langyue, An, Chuanxi, Poyun Qiaozhe, Renwu, Donkeywu, Yinshiseng, Badashanren, etc. . A native of Nanchang, Jiangxi. A descendant of Zhu Quan, the son of Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty. His calligraphy and paintings in his later years were all signed with the four characters "Bada Shanren". There are two theories about the origin of this name: one is that "I try to uphold the Eight Great Enlightenment Sutras, so I am called the Eight Greats"; the other is that "the eight great ones, in all directions and corners, are all great, and there is no one greater than me." According to the autobiography of Bada in Geshan Portrait, Shao was a hereditary noble. He is intelligent by nature and can write poems at the age of eight. When the Ming Dynasty died, he was a scholar (scholar). When he was twenty years old, he "suffered a change and abandoned his home to seek refuge in the mountains." At the age of twenty-three, he "shaved his hair and became a monk" and was given the name Chuanxi and his name was Ren'an. At the age of thirty-one, "he was called the master with a straight brush, and more than a hundred people followed him as scholars." In the seventeenth year of Kangxi's reign (1678), at the turn of summer and autumn, he fell ill. In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), he returned to secular life.
After that, he lived in Nanchang, Jiangxi, and devoted himself to poetry, calligraphy and painting until his death. Bada experienced earth-shaking changes during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the royal family to a commoner in the countryside, he became a monk to avoid harm. However, his poems, calligraphy and paintings were extremely outstanding and eye-catching, and the Qing rulers tried every means to win over him, and "then he became mad." He pretended to be dumb but not crazy, all because of the hatred of his family and country. The sadness in his heart can be seen from this. As for the various strange behaviors of the mountain people, people at that time thought that "this is how crazy they are."
Bada Shanren’s calligraphy achievements are quite high, but because of the name of his paintings, not many people pay attention to him. Huang Binhong once said that "calligraphy and painting are two", which is indeed a wise statement. The eight major calligraphy styles are applied to the running cursive with the round and round lines of the seal script, which naturally rise and cut, without hiding the head and protecting the tail. The falling, rising, walking, staying, stacking, surrounding, and Return, hidden in it without leaving a trace. Skill is hidden in clumsiness, and the writing is austere and simple. The true meaning of this can only be understood after a long period of practice. In short, using seal script to write cursive script is the same as using official script to write seal script in "Tianfa Shen Zhi Shi □ Stele".
The most comprehensive picture of Bada Shanren’s calligraphy styles in middle age is none other than Bada’s self-titled title in “Small Portrait of Geshan”. He wrote calligraphy in the six styles of seal, official, Zhangcao, Xing and Zhen. His skill is so profound that it is rare to compare with anyone else. He can be said to be the masterpiece of Jishanren's calligraphy. On the eve of Bada's death, the level of calligraphy art reached its peak, and cursive script was no longer strange. For example, the "Four Proverbs in Running Script", "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra", and "Posts from Officials Arrive" (i.e., "Posts from Zhou Jin Tang Ji") written at the age of eighty are plain and natural, without any modification, quiet and simple, without a trace of the world. Smoke and dust. The calligraphy of eminent monks is roughly the same. The only person in recent times who has grasped its essence is Master Hongyi.
Zhu Da is good at flowers, birds and landscapes. His flowers and birds inherit the tradition of freehand flower and bird paintings by Chen Chun and Xu Wei. It developed into a broad-brush freehand painting method, which is characterized by exaggerating the painted flowers, birds, fish and insects through symbolic and allegorical techniques. With its unique image and concise shape, the image in the painting is prominent, the theme is clear, and even He painted the eyes of birds and fish as "white eyes toward people" to express his aloof and cynical character, thereby creating an unprecedented flower-and-bird look. His brushwork and ink are simple and bold, vigorous and forthright, dripping and smooth, his composition is sparse and dangerous, and his style is majestic and simple. He first learned landscape painting from Dong Qichang, and later from Huang Gongwang and Ni Zan. He mostly painted ink landscapes, with simple and vigorous brushwork and a desolate and lonely artistic conception. He is also good at calligraphy and is good at cursive and cursive calligraphy. Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Yan Zhenqing, Dong Qichang, etc. use bald pens to write in a smooth and elegant style.