Western Han Dynasty
(202 BC - 8 AD), the capital was Chang'an.
Liu Bang, who won the Chu-Han conflict, ascended the throne as emperor in 202 BC, established the Western Han Dynasty, and made his capital Chang'an (now northwest of Xi'an, Shaanxi). Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, learned from the lessons of the Qin Dynasty and adopted the policy of "resting with the people" and focused on restoring and developing production. The state institutions basically followed the Qin system, but there were some changes. The main purpose is to implement the parallel system of monarchs and states to make it difficult for the power of princes and kings to expand too much. During the reigns of Emperors Wen, Jing, and Wu, the threat of local feudal states to centralized power was further weakened, and governors were set up to supervise and control local political power. Using the methods of inspection and recruitment to select officials is conducive to selecting outstanding talents. Economically, salt and iron were run by the government; emphasis was placed on water conservancy construction and new production technologies, which promoted the development of agricultural production; the currency system was reformed and the "Min Qian Order" was promulgated, which increased state treasury revenue. The "Government of Wen and Jing" and the heyday of Emperor Wu emerged with economic prosperity and social stability. The famous "Silk Road" was a trade corridor opened from China to countries in West Asia during the Han Dynasty. Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Regions have been under the territory of the Han Dynasty. This is related to the activities of sending envoys to the Western Regions many times during the Western Han Dynasty.
"Depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism" is the ideological proposition of Dong Zhongshu, a master of the Gongyang School of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty. After his transformation and elucidation, Confucianism became the ideological basis of feudal imperial rule and had a great influence on the political culture of Chinese feudal society. "Tai Shi Gong" Sima Qian wrote China's first biographical history book "Historical Records"; the invention of papermaking was an important contribution to human civilization. During the Western Han Dynasty, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and calendars also developed to a certain extent, and the integration and exchanges between various ethnic groups were further strengthened.
The tendency of bureaucrats, nobles and landowners to annex land and expand their power is getting stronger day by day, and the control of political power by relatives in the court has also reached a very serious level. All these aggravated the social contradictions and crises in the late Western Han Dynasty. In 8 AD, Wang Mang took power, replaced the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the country's name to "Xin", thus ending the Western Han Dynasty.
Eastern Han Dynasty
The Eastern Han Dynasty (25 AD - 220 AD) was established by Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty. He overthrew the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and restored the Liu family. The ruling Han Dynasty was called the Eastern Han Dynasty by historians.
In 25 AD, Liu Xiu, with the assistance of the Green Forest Army, defeated Wang Mang who usurped the throne by force and won the throne. Liu Xiu was a member of the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, so the country was still named Han, but the capital was established in Luoyang and the reign name was Jianwu, which was Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu ordered a comprehensive reform of the old policies implemented by Wang Mang, rectified the official administration, and set up six ministers to take charge of national affairs to further weaken the authority of the three princes (Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong); abolished "official slaves"; and conducted an inventory Land has gradually stabilized people's lives. By the middle of the first century AD, after three generations of governance including Emperor Guangwu, Emperor Ming (reigned 58-76), and Emperor Zhang (reigned 76-89), the Eastern Han Dynasty had gradually returned to the strength of the Han Dynasty in the past. This period was later described as People call it "Guangwu Zhongxing".
In 89 AD, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty passed away, and Emperor He Liu Zhao, who was only ten years old, came to the throne with the reign name Yongyuan. Because Emperor He was young, the power to rule fell entirely into the hands of Emperor Zhang's empress Dou and her brother Dou Xian. The Dou family's exclusive power aroused dissatisfaction among the officials. In 92 AD, Emperor He joined forces with the eunuch Zheng Zhong and others to kill the Dou family. Zheng Zhong was granted the title of Marquis for his merits. Since then, eunuchs have become more and more involved in the political rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition, all Han emperors since He Emperor Liu Zhao favored eunuchs, and even Emperor Huan (reigned from 132 to 167 AD) and Emperor Ling (reigned from 168 to 189 AD) ) years, the power of eunuchs had reached an unprecedented level, forming a pattern of exclusive power of eunuchs and relatives in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
In 189 AD, Emperor Ling died, and Queen Mother He came to the court. At that time, the eunuchs in the palace had exclusive power. Dong Zhuo of Liangzhou led his troops into Luoyang, deposed the prince Liu Bian, killed the Queen Mother He, and made Liu Xie the emperor. This was to serve as the emperor of the Han Dynasty.
In fact, Emperor Xian did not have any rights after he came to the throne. Dong Zhuo monopolized power and was cruel and tyrannical, which caused officials in various places to raise troops to resist, gradually forming a situation of strong separatism. The unified dynasty actually no longer existed. Later, Emperor Xian was controlled by Cao Cao; in 220 AD, Cao Cao's second son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate, and the Eastern Han Dynasty declared its demise. What followed was another long-term period of division in Chinese history - the Three Kingdoms period.
The Eastern Han Dynasty adopted many principles and policies of the Western Han Dynasty in its governance, and made adjustments and reforms in some aspects to make it more suitable for the social conditions at that time. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the political power further strengthened its integration with local forces, stabilizing the country and surpassing the level of the Western Han Dynasty in terms of economy, culture, science and technology. In 105 AD, Cai Lun transformed the paper manufacturing technology on the basis of his predecessors, making my country's written recording method different from the era of using bamboo slips. At the same time, papermaking has been passed down to this day as one of the four ancient Chinese inventions that we are familiar with. Another contribution of the Eastern Han Dynasty to later generations was the development of the pottery industry, which completely broke away from the material constraints of the Bronze Age and brought some supplies that were previously exclusive to wealthy aristocrats into the homes of ordinary people.
In terms of natural science, the Eastern Han Dynasty academic community represented by Zhang Heng has made great achievements; Zhang Heng used superb craftsmanship to manufacture scientific instruments such as the "Armillary Sphere" and "Seismograph". The principle is still widely used today. In addition, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was the first surgeon in recorded history to use anesthesia technology to perform surgical treatment on patients. The "Wu Qin Xi" he created was the first gymnastic fitness activity in my country.
By the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy and painting were no longer simply used as text and graphic symbols. Their artistic status gradually became apparent. Although there are not many artworks handed down from the Eastern Han Dynasty today, we can still get a glimpse of them. The style of Han culture.
The Eastern Han Dynasty had twelve emperors before and after it, lasting one hundred and ninety-five years.
Wei (220-265)
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the eunuchs were dictatorial, relatives fought for power, political corruption, wealthy families with big surnames dominated the economy and monopolized education, warlords were brutal, and officials were corrupt. Civil uprisings emerged one after another. In 184 AD, Zhang Jiao, the leader of the Taiping and Qing Dynasties, led the Yellow Turban Army to revolt. "Seven states and twenty-eight counties all started at the same time." "The whole country responded, and the capital was shaken." The Eastern Han Dynasty mobilized various armies to suppress it. Among the teams that participated in the suppression, the cavalry Captain Cao Cao was appointed Prime Minister of Jinan after the war because of his outstanding military exploits; Sun Jian was appointed Sima of another department because of his military exploits; Liu Bei was also appointed Captain of Anxi County because of his military exploits.
After suppressing the Yellow Turban Army, The country was divided by local warlords, and fighting broke out everywhere.
The Eastern Han government with Cao Cao as prime minister unified northern China. Cao Cao controlled the central government. In 220, Cao Cao's son Cao Pi seized power and brought the emperor to power. Liu Xie dethroned the throne and established the Wei Dynasty.
One year later, Liu Bei, who regarded himself as a royal family, established the Shu Han Dynasty in Sichuan. The next year, Sun Quan established the Wu Dynasty in Wuchang. The Three Kingdoms became a tripartite. Known as the Three Kingdoms in history
Wei Emperor Line
Wudi Cao Cao
Wen Emperor Cao Pi (220-226)
Ming Emperor Cao Rui (227-239)
Deposed Emperor Cao Fang (240-254)
Deposed Emperor Cao Mao (254-260)
Yuan Emperor Cao Huan (260-265)
Jin , a dynasty dominated by the Han people from 265 to 420 AD.
In December of the second year of Wei Xianxi (265), King Sima Yan of Jin (i.e. Emperor Wu of Jin) seized power and established the Jin Dynasty. The capital was first in Luoyang and then moved to Chang'an, which lasted for four emperors. In the fourth year of Jianxing (316), it was destroyed by the Liu family of the Xiongnu, and it was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In the first year of Jianwu (317), Langye King Sima Rui (ie Emperor Yuan of Jin Dynasty) ascended the throne of Jin Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River, and his capital was in Jiankang, and he was the eleventh emperor. In the second year of Yuanxi (420), it was destroyed by Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty Liu Yu, and it was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
Western Jin Dynasty
In the first year of Taikang (280 AD) of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Wu was pacified and the north and south were unified. The country included Si, Ji, Yan, Yu, Jing, Xu, Qing, Yang, You, There are nineteen prefectures, Ping, Bing, Yong, Liang, Qin, Liang, Yi, Ning, Jiao and Guang, and one hundred and seventy-three counties and countries. , more than 2.4 million households.
Introduction to the Eastern Jin Dynasty
(317 AD - 420 AD) was a small court established in the south by the descendants of the Western Jin Dynasty royal family, although today we write it as a dynasty in China ancient history, but in fact the scope of the Eastern Jin Dynasty's rule was limited to the land south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was also internally divided.
During this period, northern China has been controlled by Later Zhao, Former Qin, etc., and this situation lasted for nearly three hundred years in two eras - the Eastern Jin Dynasty-Sixteen Kingdoms, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. .
After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality established the Eastern Jin Dynasty regime in Jiangdong. In 317 AD, Sima Rui, the Jin clan who guarded Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), rebuilt the Jin clan in Jiangnan, which was known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. The Eastern Jin Dynasty maintained a long-term peaceful rule, and was replaced by the Song Dynasty established by Liu Yu in 420 AD. It lasted for 103 years and lasted for 4 generations and 11 emperors.
In 316 AD, Sima Ye, the last emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, was captured, announcing the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. However, some old officials of the Jin Dynasty were not willing to accept the fate of national subjugation, and were still active across the country in preparation for the restoration of the Jin Dynasty. 's rule. In 317, Sima Rui, the king of Langya, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang with the support of the Zhongyuan clan and the Jiangnan clan who crossed the river in the south. The country's name was still Jin. Sima Rui was the Jin Yuan emperor because he preferred to settle in Jiankang after the Western Jin Dynasty. Jiangnan, so historians call it the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 346 AD, Huan Wen, the general of Anxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, conquered Shu and defeated Chengdu in March of the following year. The Chenghan regime that controlled the upper reaches of the Han River and the Sichuan Basin perished. At this point, the Eastern Jin Dynasty unified the south and faced off with Later Zhao across the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River.
The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the period with the most frequent regime changes in Chinese history. Due to the long-term feudal separatism and continuous wars, the development of Chinese culture during this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding manifestations are the rise of metaphysics, the import of Buddhism, the rise of Taoism and the integration of Persian and Greek culture. In the more than 360 years from Wei to Sui, and in the process of the rise and fall of more than thirty dynasties, the above-mentioned many new cultural factors influenced each other and penetrated each other, which made the development of Confucianism in this period Issues such as the image and historical status of Confucius also tend to become more complicated.
During the Han and Wei dynasties, Cao Cao emerged in the north. The ideas he followed and the political measures he adopted were all based on the rule of law and morality, thus influencing the entire era. In terms of ideology and theory, the study of criminal names, which embodies the combination of Taoism and law, once occupied a dominant position.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the combination of Taoism and Legalism gradually broke down, and the metaphysical trend of thought based on Taoism began to abandon the early Wei and Jin Dynasty thoughts on law and philosophy, and instead criticized Confucianism and Legalism. In this way, the metaphysics formed and developed in the early Wei Dynasty based on the combination of Taoism and Law was further strengthened.
In the late Western Jin Dynasty, the trend of metaphysical thought developed to the extreme. At this point, the liberalism advocated by metaphysics had a destructive and disintegrating effect on the feudal regime, both theoretically and behaviorally. Therefore, it caused chaos within metaphysics and The dissatisfaction of Confucian scholars set off a trend of criticism of Taoism and metaphysics.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the popularity of Buddhism, especially the development of Prajna Buddhism, relied to a large extent on the thoughts, languages ??and methods of Taoism and metaphysics, so there was a trend of the convergence of metaphysics and Buddhism. Therefore, in addition to continuing to criticize Taoism and metaphysics, Confucian scholars during this period also criticized Buddhism based on Confucian secularism and humanistic traditions. From the standpoint of safeguarding the famous Confucian religion, they liquidated the influence of Buddhism from the aspects of economy, politics, thought, culture, ethics, etc., and tried to restore the orthodox status of Confucianism, but they all lacked sufficient theoretical system and creativity.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, a new situation emerged in the ideological and cultural fields that was different from that of the Jin Dynasty. The metaphysical trend of thought fell into silence, while Buddhism and Taoism continued to develop. Buddhism has translated a large number of scriptures and is widely popular, penetrating into all levels of politics, economy, society, folk customs and culture. Confucianism faces serious challenges.
Due to the rapid expansion of Buddhism, new changes have taken place in the original relationships among Confucianism, Mysticism, Buddhism, and Taoism, as well as in their historical pattern. The focus of ideological and cultural criticism by Confucian scholars shifted from Lao-Zhuang metaphysics to Buddhism, and a large number of anti-Buddhist thinkers emerged.
Although the development of Chinese culture became more complicated during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Confucianism not only did not interrupt, but on the contrary, it developed greatly. After the fierce impact of Mysticism, Buddhism, and Taoism, Confucius's status and teachings took off the mysterious elements and theological cloak added by the god-making movement of the Han Dynasty, and began to show more vigorous vitality. As far as the academic and metaphysical trends of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are concerned, they all reflected to a certain extent the desire of some intellectuals at that time to reform, develop and supplement Confucianism. They were dissatisfied with consolidating, dogmatizing and theologizing Confucianism, so they put forward philosophical concepts such as existence and non-existence, body and function, and origin and motive to demonstrate the rationality of Confucian famous teachings. Although they advocate metaphysics, in fact, they continue to infiltrate Confucian spirit into metaphysics, esteeming Confucius higher than Laozi and Zhuangzi, and that famous teachings are in line with nature. Although there was a dispute between Confucianism and Buddhism during this period, due to the combination of Confucianism and political power, Confucianism was not always in an orthodox position. Buddhism and Taoism had to identify with Confucian patriarchal ethics, and gradually formed a trend of the merger of the three religions with Confucianism as the core. .
The so-called "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" is a compound word collectively referring to several dynasties. Although it has only five characters, it can include dozens of dynasties or countries.
We might as well start with the term "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties". "Wei" refers to the Cao Wei Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms, and "Jin" mainly refers to the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty built by the Sima family (this At that time, the north was the era of the "Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms"), and the "Southern and Northern Dynasties" refers to several dynasties that were in conflict between the north and the south at that time. The south included the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties, and the north included the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and finally The Sui Dynasty unified the country.
In addition to the term Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there is also the use of "Six Dynasties" to refer to this period. The Six Dynasties refer to the Sun Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties. It is basically equivalent to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its characteristic is that these six dynasties were all founded in the Jiangdong area, and their capitals were all in Jiankang (or Jianye, Jianye, which is today's Nanjing).
The Three Kingdoms include Wei, Shu, and Wu, which were founded by Cao Cao and his son, Liu Bei and his son, and Sun Quan and his son respectively.
The era of Cao Wei began in 220 AD. Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established the capital in Luoyang. It was called Wei or Cao Wei in history. The scope of its jurisdiction includes the entire Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, as well as most areas of Jiangbei in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Gansu, Shaanxi, and Liaoning. He died in AD 265, the 46th year of the Five Emperors' reign.
Shuhan was a country established by Liu Bei. In 221 AD, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu. The country was named Han, and it was called Shu or Shuhan in history. The ruled area includes all of present-day Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and part of Shaanxi. It was destroyed by Cao Wei in 263 AD, and it was the second emperor of the Han Dynasty for 43 years.
Sun Wu was a country established by Sun Quan. In 222 AD, Sun Quan was proclaimed King of Wu, and in 229 AD, he was proclaimed emperor. The country was named Wu, and its capital was built in Jianye. It was called Sun Wu or Soochow in history. The areas under its control include today's middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Zhejiang, Fujian and the Guangdong and Guangxi regions. It was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty in 280 AD, and it was the fourth emperor of the Han Dynasty in 59 years.
The Jin Dynasty was divided into the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 265 AD, Sima Yan replaced Wei and proclaimed himself emperor (Emperor Wu of Jin). The country was named Jin, and the capital was established in Luoyang. It was called the Western Jin in history. In 280 AD, Wu was destroyed and the country was unified. The divisions since the Qin and Han Dynasties were reunited. The ruled territory extends to the sea in the east and south, Congling in the west, Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest, the desert in the north, and Liaodong in the east.
However, shortly after the death of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out among the clans. The nomadic people who had migrated to the Great Wall since the Cao Wei Dynasty also took the opportunity to raise troops and proclaim themselves emperors, and the country fell into a situation of division and melee.
The Huns Liu Yuan established the Han Dynasty (later changed the country's name to Zhao, and was called Qian Zhao in history). In 316 AD, Liu Yao, a son of Liu Yuan's clan, captured Chang'an and captured Emperor Min of Jin. The Western Jin Dynasty fell, ** *In the 52nd year of the Four Emperors, the north entered the era of the so-called "Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms".
Sima Rui, a clan member of the Jin Dynasty, reestablished the Jin Dynasty in the south, occupying the current Yangtze River, Pearl River and Huaihe River basins. The capital was built in Jiankang, which was known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
In 420 AD, Liu Yu replaced the Jin Dynasty and changed the name of the country to the Song Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty died in the 11th emperor and 104 years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was the fifteenth emperor of the Jin Dynasty, 156 years ago.
In the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, since Liu Yuan became king in 304 AD, various ethnic groups in the north established their own kingdoms, until the Northern Wei Dynasty established by the Tuoba clan of Xianbei in 439 AD unified the north. So far, it has been 135 years in the calendar. During this period, six races in Japan established kingdoms, including. Yun,
Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Qiang, and Jie; the ruling areas of these kingdoms are distributed in the north and Sichuan. Lian clan), Former Zhao (Liu clan of Xiongnu), Later Zhao (Shi clan of Jie clan), Former Qin (fu clan of Qiang clan), Later Qin (Yao clan of Qiang clan), Western Qin (Qifu clan of Xianbei clan), Qian Yan ( Xianbei Murong clan), Houyan (Xianbei Murong clan), Nanyan (Xianbei clan Murong clan), Beiyan (Han clan Feng clan), Qianliang (Han clan Zhang clan), Houliang (clan Lu clan), Xiliang Sixteen kingdoms including the Li family of the Han people, the Tufa family of the Xianbei people, the Tufa family of the Xianbei people, and the Juqu family of the Xiongnu people. However, there are also the Wei of the Han Ran Min, the Xiyan of the Murong clan of the Xianbei people, and the Dai State, the predecessor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which are not included in the calculation. This is the era of the "Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms" in history.
At this time, all the countries were at war with each other. Only during the time of Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty, the north was once unified, but it did not last long.
The Southern Dynasties were divided into four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. The Song Dynasty was established after Liu Yu seized power from the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD. The country was named Song Dynasty and its capital was Jiankang. Because the royal family's surname was Liu, it was called Liu Song Dynasty in history.
When it was strong, it ruled the area south of the present-day Yellow River, the Yangtze River Basin, and the Pearl River Basin. It was the largest territory among the Southern Dynasties. Later, Henan and Huaibei were gradually captured by the Northern Wei Dynasty. It was usurped by Xiao Daocheng in 479 AD, which lasted for 60 years.
Qi was founded by Xiao Daocheng in 479 AD. The country was named Qi and its capital was Jiankang. In order to distinguish it from the Northern Qi of the Northern Dynasties, it was called "Southern Qi" in history. It was also called "Xiao" because the royal family's surname was Xiao. together".
The area under its control includes the present-day Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin provinces. There was great chaos in the country during the reign of Donghun Hou, and was usurped by Xiao Yan in 502 AD.
Liang was built by Xiao Yan in 502 AD. The country’s name was Liang, and the capital was Jiankang. The royal family’s surname was Xiao, so it was called Xiao Liang.” During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty, the country was very powerful and ruled areas including the present-day Yangtze River and Pearl River basins. It once captured Huaibei and Hanzhong. It was captured by Chen Baxian in 557 AD, 56 years after the Eight Emperors.
Chen, in 557 AD, Chen Ba succeeded Liang and proclaimed himself emperor. His country was named Chen, and his capital was Jiankang. The area under its control includes the provinces in today's Yangtze River and Pearl River basins. It was the smallest territory among the Southern Dynasties. It was destroyed by the Sui Dynasty in 589, the 33rd year of the Five Emperors.
The Northern Dynasties mainly include the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was founded by the Tuoba tribe of the Xianbei people. Its predecessor was the Dai State during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. After the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba Gui rebuilt the Dai State. Later, the name of the country was changed to Wei, and it was called the Northern Wei Dynasty in history. , also known as Later Wei, Tuoba Wei and Yuan Wei.
In 398 AD, the capital was established in Pingcheng (today's Datong, Shanxi). In 399 AD, he changed his name to emperor and gradually annexed the Xia, Northern Yan, and Northern Liang kingdoms among the sixteen kingdoms.
In 439 AD, the north was unified, and its ruling area extended to the Mongolian Plateau in the north, eastern Xinjiang in the west, western Liaoning in the northeast, and was roughly bounded by the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains in the south, confronting the Liu Song Dynasty in the south.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was quite powerful. Emperor Xiaowen Tuobahong moved the capital to Luoyang in 493 AD and carried out a series of sinicization movements. However, due to various factors, the confrontation between the two camps of sinicization and anti-sinicization led to the "Six "Zhen Rebellion" disintegrated the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Split in 534 AD. The Eastern Wei and the Western Wei were governed across the Yellow River. The Eastern Wei was succeeded by the Northern Qi, and the Western Wei was succeeded by the Northern Zhou. From the founding of the Wei Dynasty by Tuoba Gui to the fall of the Western Wei Dynasty in 557 AD, there were seventeen emperors and 171 years in the Western Wei Dynasty. It was the longest neutral state among all the kingdoms in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
In the Eastern Wei Dynasty, in 534 AD, Xiaowu Chang of the Northern Wei Dynasty was coerced by the powerful general Gao Huan and fled to Guanzhong.
Gao Huan established Yuan Shanjian as Emperor Xiaojing and moved the capital to Ye (southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province today), which was known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history.
The area under its control includes the area east of Luoyang, the former territory of the Northern Wei Dynasty. He was replaced by Gao Yang (Gao Huanzi) in 550 AD, the 17th year of the Eastern Wei Dynasty.
In the Western Wei Dynasty, in 534 AD, Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered Guanzhong from the west, and general Yuwentai greeted him. In 535 AD, Yuwentai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu to death, and established Yuan Baoju as Emperor Wen of Wei. His capital was Chang'an, which was known as the Western Wei Dynasty in history. The area under its control includes the area west of Luoyang, the former territory of the Northern Wei Dynasty, as well as Yizhou, Xiangyang and other places. In 557 AD, he was replaced by Yuwen Jue (Zi Wentaizi), the 24th year of the Three Emperors of the Western Wei Dynasty.
The Northern Qi Dynasty, in 550 AD, the Eastern Wei general Gao Huanzi Gao Yang seized the power of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named Qi and the capital was built in Ye. To distinguish it from Xiao Qi in the Southern Dynasty, it was called Northern Qi in history. Because the royal family's surname was Gao, it was also called Northern Qi. Called Gaoqi, the area under its control is equivalent to the territory of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In 557 AD, the Northern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed, in the 28th year of the Eight Emperors of the Han Dynasty.
In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, in 557 AD, the Western Wei general Yu Wentai and his son Yuwen Jue seized the power of the Western Wei Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor.
In 577 AD, he destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified northern China. He continued to conquer Jiangbei and Huainan, and expanded his area of ??control to the north bank of the Yangtze River. In 581 AD, the Sui Dynasty reigned supreme for 25 years.
In 581 AD, Yang Jian, a minister of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, usurped and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named Sui. In 583 AD, the capital was established in Daxing (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). In 589 AD, the Chen Dynasty in the south was destroyed, ending the split between the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The country was unified again. The ruled territory extends to the sea in the east and south, to eastern Xinjiang in the west, to Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest, to the desert in the north, and to the Liaohe River in the east.