Q: What is the main basis of calligraphy and painting appraisal? What does it include?
A: When we face a painting and calligraphy work that needs to be appraised, it is actually an artistic complex composed of various forms. There are not only the contents of calligraphy and painting works, but also calligraphers' own inscriptions or poems, others' inscriptions or poems, as well as the seals, mounting forms and paper silks used by authors and collectors. These are the contents of calligraphy and painting appraisal, which are closely related to the authenticity of appraisal.
What is the main basis of identification in the specific identification process? In other words, what is the main content of the appraisal? The answer is naturally the content of calligraphy and painting, including the style of the times and personal style. These style characteristics are embodied in the painting and calligraphy works themselves, that is, the artistic level of using pen and ink, the skill of composition and the content of the picture.
Style of the times. The so-called style of the times should include two aspects: first, the characteristics and traces left by politics, economy, culture and customs of a certain era in painting and calligraphy creation-it includes customs, costumes, architectural styles and aesthetic tendencies of various eras; First, at the same time, each special style of calligraphy or painting has its origin and foundation, that is, some similarity arising from inheritance and mutual influence.
Personal style. The so-called personal style means that each painter and calligrapher has formed his own style reflected in his works because of his different ideas, personality cultivation, mentoring relationship, aesthetic standards, and different habits of using tools and pen and ink.
Whether it is the style of the times or personal style, the most important thing is pen and ink. Because the style of the times and personal style are reflected by the author's pen and ink operation. Samadhi is painting, but there is no reason to understand it. Therefore, pen and ink are the core and key to identify China's paintings and calligraphy. The brushwork of China's calligraphy and painting can be divided into three aspects: brushwork, ink painting and composition, and brushwork is the most important of these three aspects, which is the core of calligraphy and painting appraisal. Because of the theory of brushwork, ink must be used at the same time. The beauty of brushwork lies in the pen, especially the brushwork.
In a word, the main basis of calligraphy and painting appraisal refers to the style of the times and personal style, and personal style is more important than the style of the times. Because the style of the times is embodied by personal style, there is no style of the times without personal style, and brushwork and ink method are more important than the style of the times and personal style. For example, the vigorous personality style shown by Huang, a master of modern landscape painting in his later years, reflects that landscape painting, after nearly a hundred years of silence, is full of vitality and majestic characteristics of the times under the impact of cultural exchanges between China and the West. These are the results of Huang's successful use of his different strokes, such as different lengths, shades of dry and wet, on the basis of summarizing his predecessors' "five strokes" and "seven strokes", thus achieving a detached and natural artistic beauty.
Q: What is the auxiliary basis for calligraphy and painting appraisal? What does it include:
A: The auxiliary basis of calligraphy and painting appraisal is only relative to the main basis, which includes inscription, inscription, seal, paper, mounting and description. Calling it auxiliary basis means that even if all these contents are true, they can only be used as auxiliary materials, because these materials are valuable only if a painting and calligraphy work itself is true. If the subject is untenable and the correct auxiliary materials are used, this work will never be true.
Inscription Inscription, also called money, refers to the author's name and font size, creation date, drawing place and other contents on calligraphy and painting works. By identifying these famous sentences inscribed by the author, we can identify the style reflected by his calligraphy itself.
Inscription. Inscriptions and Postscripts refer to those written by contemporary people or later generations, including those in calligraphy and painting works or in the world of mounting and trailing. Identification of inscriptions should pay attention not only to the authenticity of calligraphy itself, but also to the relationship between inscriptions and authors and the reliability of inscriptions themselves.
Sealed. The seal includes the artist's own seal and the collector's seal. From the content, including name, font size, fasting name, leisure articles and so on. From the content, font and stamp, we can see some characteristics of the times and personality, and from the quality and color of printing, we can distinguish the authenticity.
Paper and silk. Paper silk is a unique carrier of China's calligraphy and painting, and also a symbol of China's cultural development. From the development of paper and silk in different periods, it provides a certain auxiliary basis for the identification of calligraphy and painting. Such as hemp paper in the Tang Dynasty, Cheng Xin Tang paper in the Five Dynasties, art paper and wax paper in the Northern Song Dynasty. It should be noted that every painter and calligrapher in China has different hobbies and habits in using paper and silk, which provides certain reference value for identifying the works of different painters and calligraphers. For example, Fu Baoshi, a famous landscape painter, used a special kind of Sichuan leather paper in Sichuan during the Anti-Japanese War. If the works created in Sichuan are not made of this paper, you should pay attention.
Frame. Mounting is the unique style of China's calligraphy and painting. There are almost no calligraphy and painting works circulating in ancient times that are not mounted. Installation methods include vertical shaft, hand roll, nave, photo album, screen bar, etc. However, judging from the existing paintings and calligraphy works, it is rare to keep the original old mount. The earliest one is a kind of Yihe Zhuang in the Northern Song Dynasty. For example, the mounting style of "preface" in hand scrolls only existed in the Ming Dynasty, and "Poetry Hall" also appeared at this time. It should be noted that there is a false mounting technique of "golden cicada shelling", that is, the original old mounting is retained, and the original calligraphy and painting itself is replaced by a fake and embedded without leaving a trace. Not long ago, I met a calligraphy and painting dealer in Shanghai. In fact, such works accounted for more than half, both in Qing Dynasty and modern times. A book by Wang Fuchang was sold 1500 yuan.
Record. Description is to sort out the collected or over-targeted paintings and calligraphy works and record them in words, which is called description. If such a text is edited into a book and published, it is called a painting and calligraphy description book. This kind of books is undoubtedly of certain reference value to the appraisal of calligraphy and painting. Calligraphy and painting descriptions can be divided into two categories: palace collections and private collections. Palace categories include Xuan He Hua Pu, Xuan He Shu Pu, Shi Qu Bao Jian and so on. Personal careful records of clouds passing by, Gu Fu's standing and spectacular, and Angie's view of ink margin. However, there is a kind of false depiction aimed at deceiving the world and stealing people's names, such as Lu Baohua by Zhang Taijie in the Ming Dynasty, which has collected more than 200 fake paintings since the Jin and Tang Dynasties, which is ridiculous. For this reason, the records of books in past dynasties must be divided into two parts, analyzed in detail, and must not be blindly followed, because there are many imitations based on description.