5. Sheep cart, this is a small and light gondola specially made by a few people, driven by a goat. It can be used to carry one or two children out for fun.
6. Ride a donkey. Donkeys are livestock that are easy to raise and relatively tame and durable. Riding a donkey is convenient and trouble-free. In the past, there were many people riding donkeys in Beijing. On the first day of May in the fifteenth year of Kangxi's reign (1676), there was a strong wind in Beijing. Someone rode a donkey passing by Zhengyang Gate. He was lifted up by the wind and landed at Chongwen Gate. Both the man and the donkey were safe. There are also people in Beijing who keep donkeys for business and invite customers to ride them. From Xinjiekou to Xizhimen, Jiaodaokou to Andingmen, Dongsi to Chaoyangmen and other streets, there are many such business donkeys. From Xuanwumen to Baiyunguan, there are more donkeys for business, so that people can go to Baiyunguan to attend temple fairs, offer incense or have fun. Therefore, the street along the east river of today's Xuanwumen was formerly known as the Donkey Market. The donkeys here seem to be more spiritual. After the customer pays to ride on them, the donkey does not need to be followed by the donkey driver. The donkey takes the initiative to carry the customer and quickly runs to Baiyun Temple, stopping still until the customer comes down. As early as in Baiyunguan, the co-donkey driver picked up the guests and patted the donkey's body with his hand, and the donkey spontaneously ran back to the donkey market. This is probably because this kind of donkey has gained experience by traveling between the Donkey Market and Baiyun Temple day after day and year after year. Donkeys can not only be ridden by people, but also carry goods.
7. Camels are docile, hard-working and hard-working. They are better than donkeys and mules for carrying goods. In the past, there were many camel households who relied on camels in the Shijingshan area in the western suburbs of Beijing and the Nanyuan area in the southern suburbs. They raise a few camels to carry their burdens or do business to earn a living. A pigger is someone who carries goods for others and earns a small amount of money. Those who run the business pull camels to transport goods to other places, earning not only a small amount of money, but also profit on goods. In the old days, camel households in Beijing mainly carried coal from Mentougou, camel ash from the Dahui Factory, camel wood from Xishanli, etc., for delivery or sales in Beijing. The number of camels being pulled is calculated by "handles". There are 8 large handles and 6 small handles. Generally, one person can pull a camel. In order to help each other along the way, several of them often go together. However, after the Republic of China, modern transportation gradually developed, and there were new restrictions on camel teams entering Beijing. Only three camels were allowed in a handful. If there were 6 or 8 in a handful, the front and back would be six to seven feet or eight to nine feet long, which would affect the traffic in the city. In the past, camels in Beijing were imported from abroad. According to Mr. Chen Qi, his grandfather made a fortune selling camels. However, camel pulling is mainly busy in spring, autumn and winter, especially winter. In summer, you have to drive camels to graze outside the mouth, which is called "making a field" in the jargon. The camels of Rasha are the few old camels. When rubber-wheeled horse-drawn carriages and trucks became popular, the camel fleet was dwarfed by comparison, and was gradually eliminated due to poor competitiveness.
8. Rickshaw, also known as foreign cart or "rubber", more commonly known as Oriental cart or rickshaw in the south, is a human-powered passenger vehicle introduced to China from Japan in the late Qing Dynasty. Everyone has seen the shape of this kind of car in movies and TV shows. Two wheels support a semicircular or square carriage. There are two long handlebars in front of the body. One person sits on the car, and the other The driver pulled the car away. The first rickshaw that appeared in Beijing was called an iron cart (the wheels were made of iron, hence the name). It was a royal cart given to the Empress Dowager Cixi by the Japanese (it is now on display in the Summer Palace). Later, some people in Beijing imitated it, so in the late Qing Dynasty, iron wagons were often seen in the streets of Beijing. After the Republic of China, the shape of the car changed a lot. The iron wheels were replaced by rubber wheels, and the carriages were mostly changed into semicircular ones. Available in black, brown, and yellow.
At that time, there were "Xifuxing" in Hufangqiao, "Dongfuxing" in Chongwai Shangsantiao, "Maoshun" in Donghuamen Street, "Huaxin" in Xisi, as well as "Qishun" and "Shuangheshun". ", "Yelai" and other brands are the most famous rickshaw manufacturers. The rich, powerful and celebrities often buy their own rickshaws and hire someone to pull them. A large number of rickshaws belong to some rickshaw factories, and poor rickshaw drivers rent rickshaws to solicit customers; such as the "Maliu" rickshaw factory on Chaoyangmen Street, the "Business" rickshaw factory, and the "Wufutang" rickshaw factory in Chongwai headlines, etc., are all large-scale, they Each owns between one and two hundred cars. Some small car factories only have 20, 30 or 10 or 20 vehicles. In the old days of Beijing, rickshaws were the main means of transportation. At intersections and alley entrances, there are often three to five or a dozen rickshaws waiting for seats. Especially in theaters, restaurants, bathhouses, Dong'an market, Xidan shopping malls, hotels, train stations, overpasses, parks, Bada Hutong (brothel), etc., there are more rickshaws waiting for customers. Those who pull rickshaws are divided into day and night shifts, and there are also those who pull monthly rickshaws and those who pull free rickshaws. The more famous rickshaw pullers also received nicknames such as "Yi Yan'er", "Ili Horse", and "Flower Pants Waist". In the old society, rickshaw pullers in Beijing were extremely hard and miserable. They endured brutal exploitation by car factory owners and were often extorted by some rogue police officers. Going out early and coming back late every day, running around the streets, earning a few dollars is just enough to survive. After the founding of New China, rickshaws were completely cancelled.
9. Tricycles only appeared on the streets of Beijing in the late 1930s. According to Mr. Ren Youde's recollection, the first tricycle in Beijing was given to the traitor Jiang Chaozong by the Japanese invaders. Later, the number of tricycles gradually increased and became one of the important means of transportation in Beijing. The tricycle relies on the driver to move on the pedals, which is more labor-intensive than the rickshaw, and can pull two people. There are still passenger tricycles on the streets of Beijing. The cargo-carrying tricycle is a flatbed and is called a flatbed tricycle.
10. A handcart is a wheelbarrow. The wheels are under the body, centered. The second handlebar is at the back, with a handlebar at the end. When pushing a cart, put the loops on the back of the neck and shoulders, hold the handlebars with both hands, and push forward to push the wheels. The wheel axle was originally made of wood, which was bulky and difficult to push. When the car is running, the axle rubs against the car lugs, making a squeaking sound. It was later improved to rubber wheel bearings, making the cart labor-saving and noiseless. The trolley has a wide range of functions, it can carry people and transport goods. In the old days, most of the water sellers, vegetable sellers, and manure collectors in Beijing, as well as farmers who transported soil, manure, and crops and grain, used pushcarts.
11. Wedding sedan and white sedan. In the past, ordinary people in Beijing also used sedan chairs. Generally, the sedan used for weddings is called a wedding sedan, and the sedan used for funerals is called a white sedan. The wedding sedan is where the bride rides when she gets married. It is usually a red sedan with four bearers, two on each side. In some places, in addition to the red sedan, there are two green bridges for the groom's wife and the bride's wife. After the 1920s, new-style weddings became popular, and Beijingers gradually switched to horse-drawn carriages or cars to welcome their brides. The white sedan chair was used by wealthy families in the old days for funerals. The custom in old Beijing is that the younger generation sitting in funerals ride in a white sedan chair. If you are a woman, it is limited to married people. Unmarried women cannot sit in a white sedan chair.
12. Carrying, carrying and carrying burdens. Shoulder carrying, commonly known as "wobo'er", is an industry in old Beijing. People who work in this industry mainly move people or deliver dowries on their behalf. A very small number of "woboer craftsmen" carried valuable furnishings for the royal family. Such "woboer craftsmen" were responsible for the management of the rope warehouse of Maoqin Hall in the palace. Nesting requires certain skills. Most people cannot nest long, tall, heavy and fragile objects. Their "nest" method is to first place the objects to be moved on a rectangular wooden board one and a half feet long and one foot and seventy-eight feet wide, and tie them with soft ropes. Then two people lifted it up and placed it on the shoulders of the "woboer craftsman" who was padded with a cotton pad slat underneath. The "woboer craftsman" held the object with one hand and shook it back and forth with the other hand, looking straight forward with both eyes. Take big strides and walk quickly. After arriving at the destination, two people still need to lift the objects on their shoulders. In addition to being able to carry it on the shoulders, "woboer craftsmen" also need to be able to walk quickly and have the skills to disassemble and assemble various types of furniture. In the late Qing Dynasty, Fan Maogui, a famous "woboer" in Beijing, took only four days to "nest" a 60-pound copper lion to the Mausoleum of the Empress Dowager Cixi in Malanyu, Zunhua. Carrying means carrying things, or even people, on one's back.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it rained heavily in Beijing, and the streets were flooded with water up to their knees and belly, making it difficult for ordinary people to pass. Therefore, there were people who specialized in carrying people across the streets and earning a few pennies. As for those who sell vegetables, fish, shrimps, and flowers in Beijing in the old days, as well as those who deliver coal to the coal shop, ash to the ash shop, and wine and food to restaurants, etc., most of them have to bear the burden. Carrying, carrying, and carrying are all forms of transportation that rely mainly on human power.
13. Boats are the main waterway transportation. There were also many kinds of ships in ancient times. Needless to say, in the Ming Dynasty, there were yellow ships (for imperial use), horse ships (for transporting horses from Sichuan and Yunnan, and after Yongle moved the capital to Beijing, for transporting official items), fast ships (for naval expeditions), and shipping ships (for envoys to Western countries). country), supply ship (for royal fishing), Houhu ship (in Houhu, Nanjing, it is a balcony ship for sightseeing), warship (for conquest), grain ship (also divided into cover ship and shallow ship Two types, both used for water transportation) and other purposes. ② In the Qing Dynasty, there were grain ships (used for canal use), warships (there were also distinctions between outer sea and inland river warships), water post ships (used for waterway stations), and response ships (there were also sand ships, convenience ships, and yellow fast ships). They are classified into categories such as Loufeng boats, Xuanlou boats, and river boats, which can be dispatched by the government at any time), lifeboats (specialized for rescue and lifesaving in rapids and rapids in rivers), Fuliang ferries (used for crossing rivers), etc. ③ However, the only ones that can be seen in the Beijing area are yellow boats, grain boats, water post boats, Fuliang ferries, etc. Yellow boats. In the "Imperial Transport" section above, we talked about dragon boats, which belong to the same category as yellow boats. "Ming Huidian" records: "Yellow boats were built in the early years of the country, in various sizes, for imperial use. By the first year of Hongxi (1425), there were thirty-seven of them; in the eleventh year of Zhengtong (1446), there were twenty-five. Ten of them were often left at the foot of the Jingshi River for reference. ④ According to "Yangji Zhai Conglu", the "Pengdao Feilong" boat left in the Taiye Pond in the Xiyuan of the Imperial City of Beijing in the pre-Ming Dynasty was actually left in the Jingshi Lake in the Ming Dynasty. What about one of the yellow boats? There is still a stone boat carved in the 20th year of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1755) in the Summer Palace. It was slightly modified in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893) and renamed the Qingyan Boat. Although this stone boat only has symbolic meaning and has no practical value, we can imagine the appearance of the yellow boat in the Ming and Qing Dynasties through it. The boats on Nanjing's Houhu (i.e. Xuanwu Lake) in the early Ming Dynasty may be similar to it.
14. Grain ships are ships specially used for water transportation. Sea grain ships are called ocean-carrying ships, and river grain ships are called shallow ships or peeling ships. As the imperial capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Beijing completely relied on the southeast for its food supply and financial resources. Therefore, in a certain sense, without large-scale water transportation, Beijing would not have its historical status as an imperial capital for thousands of years. Because of this, there were many grain ships in Beijing back then. At the beginning of Yongle, both ocean-covering boats for seaway transportation and shallow boats for canal transportation could go up the Baihe River from Zhigu (today's Tianjin) to Tongzhou. Later, only Jizhou's military pay was transported by sea on ocean ships, and the grain in the treasuries of Beijing and Tongzhou was all transported by shallow ships. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, 3.7 million shi of rice grains were transported to Jing and Tongcang by shallow ships, while only 240,000 shi of military rations were transported to Jizhou by Zheyang ships. During the same period, 12,143 ships were built nationwide, of which shallow ships accounted for more than 95%. According to literature, a shallow boat made of four hundred materials has a bottom length of 5 feet 2 feet, a head length of 9 feet 5 inches, a tip length of 9 feet 5 inches, a bottom width of 9 feet 5 inches, a bottom width of 6 feet, and a bottom width of 5 feet. The ruler is 8 feet wide when the lion is lying on its head, and 7 feet when the lion is lying on its tip. There are 14 beam heads, the base plate is 2 inches thick, the pallet is 1 inch and 7 minutes thick, and there are 3 nails for 1 foot. The beam at the mouth of the dragon is 1 feet wide and 4 feet deep. The wind beam is 1 feet 4 feet wide and 3 feet 8 inches deep. The back water beam is 9 feet wide and 4 feet 5 inches deep. The two beams ("Guang" on the top and "Dare" on the bottom) are 7 feet 6 inches wide. To build such a shallow boat, it is necessary to use 7 pieces of nanmu, one piece each of short, double and triple nanmu, 1 elm, 5 and 3 sections of miscellaneous wood, 700 kilograms of large and small nails and curium, and 200 kilograms of hemp. , 200 kilograms of putty and 30 kilograms of tung oil. ⑤ In the Qing Dynasty, the size of grain transporting ships changed. For example, the grain ship built in the early years of Shunzhi had a length of 5 feet 2 feet at the bottom and a width of 9 feet 5 inches in the middle. The width of the longkou beam and the wind beam were only 1 feet 4 feet, and the width of the cut water beam was only 9 feet. The size of the hull is similar to that of the Ming Dynasty shallow ship. In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the title was correct, and the style of grain ships in each province was changed to 7 feet 1 foot long and 1 feet 4 feet 4 inches wide, which was larger than before.
In the fiftieth year of Qianlong's reign (1785), on the grounds that "the provincial watercraft were too tall and heavy, making them difficult to walk in the wet", it was agreed that the Beihe government would build 1,500 boats, each one 5 feet 8 feet long and 1 feet 8 inches wide. It is 8 feet 1 inch wide at the rear and has nine cabins. Each cabin is 3 feet deep and holds 300 stones per meter. ⑥ It is much smaller than the Kangxi ship.
15. The water station is a ship specially used for waterway stations. The style is not recorded. There was a water post station in Tongzhou during the Ming Dynasty, so there must have been water post boats.
16. Fuliang ferry is a mode of transportation that uses boats as bridges to cross rivers. According to Volume 939 of "Qing Huidian Cases": In the 18th year of Kangxi (1679), "Shuntian (prefecture) Tongzhou was set up with bridges and boats within fifty days, and six boats were allocated to the Jinghe River in Sanhe County." Since then, Tongzhou has There are still 44 bridge boats left. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi's reign (1712), "Twenty-two bridge boats in Tongzhou were demolished and built as a quota." After that, Tongzhou had 22 bridge boats. In the first year of Yongzheng's reign (1723), "Four ferries were set up on the Luanhe River at Gubeikou and handed over to flood officials." In the fifth year of Qianlong's reign (1740), the title was accurate: "The ferries at Gubeikou in Zhili Province were decayed, so two ferries were built and a bridge was added. Boat Fourteen. "As a floating beam ferry, it needs to be strong and durable without elaborate decoration. Therefore, this kind of boat is simple in style and labor-saving like a carriage, mule cart, and cart for transporting goods.
Whether it is a yellow boat, a grain boat, a water station or a Fuliang ferry, in addition to relying on water power when the current is flowing and wind power when the wind is flowing, the main thing is the boatman's fiber pulling and paddling. In other words, it is still a water vehicle mainly based on human power.
17. Horseback riding. Horses were an important means of transportation in ancient times. This paper mainly introduces horses.
Post stations throughout the dynasties have been equipped with a number of horses for people delivering documents or passing officials to ride. Horses can run fast and far, and soldiers cannot do without them during battles. But in Beijing, all civil and military ministers, except for a few senior officials, must ride horses when going to court. In order to maintain the Manchu martial tradition, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty imposed strict restrictions on officials riding in sedan chairs (discussed in detail above), and especially required military officials to ride horses. Therefore, in some places in the old city of Beijing, you can still see the dismounting monument saying "Officials have been waiting here to dismount." In the Qing Dynasty, there was also the system of "leading from the front" and "following from the back". That is, when officials go out, whether they are riding in a car, sedan or riding a horse, there are always a number of servants on horseback who lead and follow. This is commonly known as "leading the horse" or "following the mule".
Our country is one of the countries with the longest history of raising horses in the world, and is also one of the countries with relatively developed horse culture. Horses were used to drive people more than 5,000 years ago, and horse administration began to be established in the Yin Dynasty, which was the earliest prototype of horse administration in the world. In the Zhou Dynasty, horses were divided into six categories: stallions, military horses, Qi horses (for ceremonial purposes), Dao horses (for post offices), Tian horses (for hunting), and slave horses (for miscellaneous tasks). The Qin and Han Dynasties had established relatively complete horse administration institutions and operated horse farms on a large scale. In the Han Dynasty, 300,000 horses were raised in the northwest border area, and in the early Tang Dynasty, more than 700,000 horses were raised in the northwest. There were improvements in management. During the heyday of the Han and Tang Dynasties, more than 7,000 improved military horses were introduced from the Western Regions. The prosperity of the horse breeding industry at that time not only played an important role in national defense, but also further bridged the cultures of the Central Plains and the Western Regions. With the development of the horse breeding industry, successive dynasties have accumulated rich experience in horse breeding, and have also made great achievements in the science of horse breeding. As far back as the Zhou Dynasty, there appeared Feizi, who was good at raising horses, and Zaofu, who was good at driving carriages. Their names were recorded in history and were rumored to later generations. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were many horse physiognomy schools. Each family had different perspectives on judging good horses, forming various schools, which laid the foundation for horse physiognomy in ancient my country. Wang Liang of the Zhao State, Fang Jiugao of the Qin State, and the particularly famous Sun Yang, the military supervisor of Duke Mu of Qin, were admired by the world for their superior horse selection skills and were known as Bole. Bole's "Xiangma Jing" is the earliest book on horses in the world and has been handed down to this day. In the Tang Dynasty, other Xiangma Jing came out.
In the long history of our country, horses have played an important role in human life and production, so much so that the evaluation of merit is likened to "horse's contribution". It can be seen that horses are the most commonly used means of transportation in ancient times in my country. Below, there is a poem by Du Fu as evidence:
"House Soldier Cao Huma"
Huma is famous for his sharp edges and thin bones.
The ears of the bamboo are steep, and the wind blows lightly on the four hooves.
There is no emptiness in the direction, which is worthy of life and death.
With this, Xiaoteng can travel thousands of miles.
Du Fu had lofty ambitions and ambitions throughout his life. He was a scholarly scholar and scolded Fang Qiu. This poem is about the aspirations in the heart of his friend Cao Huma, a soldier in the room, which fully embodies Du Fu's vigorous and enterprising spirit and the heroic and heroic poetic style. This poem is not the rigid expression of ambition in ordinary poems about things, but expresses the poet's emotions and ambitions in the poem about horses. Du Fu's writing about horses can be said to have reached a state of similarity in form and spirit. The first line points out the extraordinary origin (Dawan produces good horses), and then the depiction is reversed, with the "edge" in front, giving people a sudden impression of the majestic spirit of this Huma. The first impression of the Qing Dynasty is clear; then the poet, who is particularly good at looking at horses, examines the ears one after another after looking at the bones. The sharp and strong ears further reflect the strength of the horse, and repeats the horse's ability and skill. "The word is full of charm, describing the speed of the horse. It describes the refreshing feeling of the horse's hoofs barely touching the ground when it gallops. After chanting the horse, it turns to expressing the ambition. The last two couplets of the poem express the character of Hu Ma. The expectations of friends also express the poet's ambition to be proactive and make contributions. Du Shisheng highly praised this BMW horse for being able to cross vast distances, climb steep obstacles, and even save his life! The last couplet is both a message for horses and a message for people, encouraging friends to join the army. As a soldier to join the army, you should have the ambition of thousands of miles and the spirit of heroism! Although this is to encourage friends, it also reflects the poet's own broad mind!
Of course, Du Fu's poems alone cannot explain many problems. There are also the following famous lines from ancient poems that can prove the status of horses in ancient times:
1. The horse roars, and the horse roars.
"The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Chariot Attack"
2. Riding on a horse to gallop, come to me, Daofu, to lead the way.
"Chu Ci? Li Sao"
3. Hu Ma followed the north wind and crossed the southern branches of the bird's nest.
"Nineteen Ancient Poems" by Anonymous Han Dynasty
4. The old man is in trouble and aims for a thousand miles. In his old age, the martyr is full of ambition.
Three Kingdoms Wei? Cao Cao's "Stepping out of Xiamen? The turtle is long-lived"
5. The white horse is decorated with gold restraints, and it dances to the northwest.
Three Kingdoms Wei? Cao Zhi's "White Horse"
6. He stumbled and became angry, shaking his head and hissing.
Liang Xiao Gang's "Horse Tying Poems" of the Southern Dynasties
7. The wind is blowing at the edge, and the horses are in trouble.
Poem "Out of the Fortress" by Yu Shiji of the Sui Dynasty
8. The grass is dry, the eagle's eye is sick, and the snow is gone, and the horse's hooves are light.
Poetry "Guan Yu" by Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty
9. The ears of bamboo are steep, and the wind blows lightly on the four hooves.
Poetry of the Tang Dynasty Du Fu's "House Soldier Cao Huma"
10. The spring breeze is so proud that the horse's hoof is so bad that he can see all the flowers in Chang'an in one day.
Poetry "After Enrollment" by Meng Jiao of the Tang Dynasty
11. The hair on the grass beside Ma Si is twitching, and the eagle's eyes are open to the blue clouds.
Poetry "The First Smell of the Autumn Wind" by Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty
12. Horses are running late on the ancient road of Chang'an, and cicadas live in high willows.
Song Dynasty? Liu Yong's "Youth Travel" lyrics
13. I lie down at night listening to the wind and rain, and the iron horse glacier falls into my dream.
Poem "Wind and Rain on the 4th of May" by Song Dynasty Lu You
14. Withered vines and old trees, dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people's houses, west wind and thin horses on the ancient roads.
Yuan Dynasty Ma Zhiyuan's "The Sky is Pure and the Sand is Autumn Thoughts"
15. The horse's hooves tread the water and mess up the bright clouds, and the drunken sleeves catch the wind and fall flowers.
Yuan Dynasty Liu Yin's poem "Mountain Family"
16. The horse neighs, the sun sets over the green hills, and the wild geese ride through the west wind and the white grass is new.
Poem "Drinking with Li Buzheng, Yanshuo, Feng Qianxian and Jingyang" by Wang Yue of the Ming Dynasty
17. The flags on the four mountains are like rolling clouds, and the hooves of thousands of horses are coming like a sudden rain.
The poem "Big Hunt" by Xu of the Qing Dynasty
It has many good names and reputations: thousand-mile horse, Tianma, BMW, good-blooded horse, fine horse, old horse, white horse, etc. The six horses used by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty for many expeditions, the eight horses used by King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty to tour the world, and the nine excellent horses owned by Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty were named Jiuyi. When young people read the "Three Character Classic", they know that horses, cattle and sheep, chickens, dogs and hogs are among the six animals. Horses and cattle and sheep are among the three most precious animals, with horses ranking first among the six animals.
There is no vastness in the direction, which is worthy of life and death. If Xiaoteng is like this, he can travel thousands of miles. "The poem "Hualiu" written by Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty is more concise and moving. The poem goes: "Hualiu is also a handsome thing, and it is outstanding on the upper reaches of the earth. Walking in anger chasing the wind, suddenly crossing the nine states. "Zheng Sixiao, the lonely minister of the Song Dynasty, expressed his grief and indignation that "there are horses here for a while, but only the people of Song Dynasty for life", which fully expressed his nostalgia for the old Song Dynasty. It is difficult to fully examine this kind of thing.
Stories and poems praising horses, There are countless more that can be found. Just from these pieces, you can see the horse's unique spirit and meritorious spirit such as its power, strength, gracefulness, gracefulness, and speed.
The ancient means of transportation are roughly as above. Said.
Reference: Internet