Wu Dong
In 2 12 A.D., Sun Quan, the king of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period, built a stone city on the site of Jinling City, with the natural stone wall at the west foot as the foundation. Stone Town controls the Huaihe River, relying on risks, and can store military equipment and wages. Therefore, it is the fortified stronghold of Jiang Fang Fortress and Wudong Water Army. This stone town is about 6 miles in circumference. In 229 AD, Sun Quan established the capital here and Jianye City, which was the official beginning of Nanjing as the capital, and it has been 1700 years since then. At that time, inside and outside Jianye City, artificial canals were connected with natural rivers vertically and horizontally, and the rich materials in the Three Five Areas (Wu Jun, Xing Wu and Huiji) could be directly transported to Cangcheng City in Beijing through the Jiangnan water network. Thousands of ships are often moored at the Yangtze River Wharf under the Stone Town. They have sailed to Taiwan Province Province, Hainan Island and Korean Peninsula, and have close cultural exchanges with Japanese and South China Sea islands.
Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties
The Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were known as the "Southern Dynasties" in history, and they were five dynasties in succession (3 17-589). The capital was expanded on the basis of Wu Jianye and renamed Jiankang. Prior to this, Nanjing and Wu Dong were called "the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties", so Nanjing was also called the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, agriculture and handicrafts developed greatly, mainly in the cultivation, steelmaking, paper making and porcelain making of fertile fields. The development of agriculture and handicrafts has brought about commercial prosperity. There are more than 100 commercial cities inside and outside the capital, and the range of goods is quite extensive. Economic and cultural exchanges with overseas countries are also more frequent than in Wu Dong.
On the basis of economic prosperity, aristocratic families in the north and south, as well as Buddhist monks and Taoist representatives will gather in Jiankang, thus making it the cultural center of the country at that time. At that time, there were four study rooms in Jiankang: Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history. Buddhism, Taoism, calligraphy, painting, sculpture, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and medicine all developed greatly. Such as thinker Fan Zhen; Writers Guo Pu, Shen Yue and Xie Lingyun; Literary critics Liu Xie, Xiao Tong and Zhong Rong; Historians Ye Fan, Pei Songzhi and Xiao Zixian; Buddhist scripture translators Fa Xian, Bao Qu and Buddhabhadra; Taoist and chemical, medical scientists Ge Hong, Tao Hongjing; Calligraphers Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi and his son; Sculptor Dai Kui and his son; Painter Gu Kaizhi; Mathematicians and astronomers Yu and Zu Chongzhi successively left immortal works in Jiankang.
Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Buddhism has gradually prevailed in Jiangdong. During the Six Dynasties, there were many temples inside and outside Jiankang City. Du Mu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, vividly described this: "Thousands of miles of Ti Ying are green and red, and the water town is full of wine flags." Four hundred and eighty halls in southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy. "In the suburbs of Jiankang, palace gardens, luxury villas of the Han nationality, Buddhist temples and tombs are scattered among them, forming the so-called' six generations of luxury' surface prosperity.
Nantang
After more than 300 years of "six generations of luxury", Jinling entered a low tide during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, because the rulers of the Sui and Tang Dynasties were afraid that Jinling would be separated again. Jinling in the Tang Dynasty has been reduced to an ordinary county, and the imperial palace in the Six Dynasties was also destroyed when the Sui soldiers destroyed Chen. The historical relics of the Six Dynasties are only the objects of mourning by literati, so there are many poems describing Jinling's nostalgia in Tang poetry. Many famous poets have visited Jinling, especially Li Bai.
By the end of the Tang Dynasty, that is, the Southern Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms period, Jinling was once again regarded as the national capital, partially restoring its previous position as an important town in the southeast. Southern Tang Dynasty is a small separatist regime in the south, with the largest jurisdiction only in Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian and Hunan provinces, and the ruling period was only 39 years (937-975). However, its rulers, such as Li Bian, Li Jing and Li Yu, attached great importance to agriculture, rewarded agriculture and mulberry, and developed industry and commerce. Southern Tang paid special attention to cultural and artistic undertakings. Li Jing and Li Yu are famous poets themselves. The Southern Tang Painting Academy also concentrated a group of talented painters, such as Dong Yuan, Zhou Wenju and Wang, and made fundamental contributions to the prosperity of the Northern Song Dynasty painting circle.
As the capital of Southern Tang Dynasty, Jinling City is also an important turning point in Nanjing's urban development, which changed the situation that Jiankang Capital in the Six Dynasties separated the political area from the industrial and commercial area and the residential area, and moved the south of the city to the position centered on Qinhuai Twenty-four Airlines. Nanjing has been the most densely populated area with the most prosperous industry and commerce for more than 1000 years within the scope of Jinling City in Southern Tang Dynasty.
Deming
In a.d. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, with the title of Daming, and was named "Nanjing" in Yingtianfu. The name of Nanjing began at this time. 1378 Nanjing was changed into the capital, and Nanjing was established in the early Ming Dynasty, which lasted for 53 years. 142 1 year, Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, moved to Beijing, taking Nanjing as the "capital", and still retained the imperial palace, with five departments, six departments, Duchayuan and other central institutions.
Two years before Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, namely 1366, he ordered the construction of a new Miyagi and the reconstruction of Yingtianfu City. It took 265,438+0 years to build a brick city, which is called 96 miles in Fiona Fang and measured 33.676 kilometers. Among the existing ancient city walls, Nanjing ranks first not only in China, but also in the world. Nanjing Palace in Ming Dynasty is located in the east of the city, with magnificent architecture. In the early Ming Dynasty, Hongwu, Wen Jian and Emperor Yongle all used it. When Ming Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing and built Beijing Palace, it was based on Nanjing Palace.