1. What kind of classical Chinese writing (composition)
Hateful classical Chinese writing
Classical Chinese writing is a form of writing that is completely out of touch with today’s life. Not only is classical Chinese not used today, it was also not used in ancient people's daily lives. It is simply an ancient written term.
There are two ancient jokes saying this:
Zhao Nanxing of the Ming Dynasty said in "Laughing Praise": "A scholar was buying firewood and said: 'Here comes the one who pays the salary.' The firewood seller Because the word "come" was clear, he put it in front of him and asked, "How much is it worth?" Because the word "price" was clear, he told the price. "The firewood seller didn't know what to say, the load was gone."
There is also an ancient joke: A scholar was stung by a scorpion while sleeping and called his wife: "A good wife burns silver quickly." "Deng, your husband was attacked by poisonous insects!" I said this several times, but my wife didn't know what it meant. The scholar couldn't bear it anymore and shouted: "Old woman, light the lamp quickly, the scorpion has stung me!" Only then did the wife understand what her husband meant...
These two stories Jokes can prove that classical Chinese is seriously out of touch with the daily lives of ancient people. People in ancient times probably spoke like the TV series "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which most people could understand. When teachers give lectures to students, they may also use vernacular, just like today we explain classical Chinese. Confucius's "The Analects" retains some elements of spoken language.
Since people also spoke vernacular in ancient times, why didn’t literati write in vernacular? I think one reason is that they are afraid of wasting paper. In the early days, there was no paper. Texts were carved on oracle bones, bamboo slips, and written on cloth. The cost was high, and of course the articles had to be concise. Second, if you don’t write in classical Chinese, you will look uneducated, and literati will feel ashamed, so they don’t use vernacular. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Dayou wrote a poem in vernacular, which was later ridiculed and ridiculed.
China’s cultural revolution first started with language. The New Culture Movement and the language revolution of the May 4th period provided unparalleled impetus to the ideological modernization of the Chinese people. Hu Shi and others believed that "classical Chinese characters can be read but not understood" and "it is a half-dead character", so there must be a living tool to replace the dead or dying tool. Under the promotion of Hu Shi and others, the popularization of vernacular writing was vigorous and surprisingly smooth. China rapidly promoted the vernacular and introduced a large number of Western grammatical and grammatical structures, pinyin letters, Arabic numerals, punctuation marks, mathematical formulas, etc., allowing China to finally integrate with modern society. If there is no reform in language and writing, if new things from the West are not introduced, how can China's native classical Chinese carry the overwhelming amount of modern information? How should China merge into this mighty world torrent?
The reform of classical Chinese into vernacular is certainly a good thing, but new problems have also emerged after the reform: Today, each of us not only has to spend a lot of energy learning modern Chinese, but also spend a lot of energy learning those who were It is a classical Chinese text that is called the essence of Chinese culture but has little practical value. Chinese is the main subject for students. A person has been learning it from elementary school to university, and has spent half a lifetime studying it. However, many people still have incomplete literacy, cannot translate sentences, cannot write articles well, and cannot learn enough knowledge...
Alas, this annoying classical Chinese... 2. What is the use of classical Chinese?
I don’t think so.
In our lives, we are only lucky enough to read a few classical Chinese articles during a few short years in school. After graduation, we will never have the opportunity to read them again. Classical Chinese has a very short relationship with us, so short that it seems that even if you have never learned it, it will not prevent you from becoming a noble and educated person at all. Just like many people who have not gone to school and are illiterate, it does not prevent them from becoming noble and educated people.
Reading, literacy, and understanding classical Chinese have nothing to do with being noble or not. In fact, the more you read, the stronger your ability to do bad things. So for this reason, do we want to burn down all the books in the collection, abandon the sage and wisdom, and let everyone return to the age of knotting ropes to record events? Of course no one would be so anti-intellectual.
Words are a tool that allows you to record your current mental activities and spread them across time and space to places you can’t even imagine, hitting people you don’t even know who they are. Classical Chinese is also just a tool, something that allows contemporary Chinese readers to travel through time and space and "remain friends with the ancients."
If you know the vernacular, you can read books, newspapers, surf the Internet, and enjoy the plots of Harry Potter. But if you know the classical Chinese, your knowledge range can include Laozi, Zhuangzi, Confucius, Historical Records, the Three Kingdoms, Tang poetry and Song lyrics ...get to know all kinds of people with extraordinary talents and abilities in those two or three thousand years.
There is fraternity and killing, divination and misfortune, half of the Analects and precious prescriptions. There are hundreds of wise and foolish human beings who have tried their best to live, think and struggle. trace.
Of course, not knowing those things does not prevent us from singing, using cards, and living our lives at all. However, the world shaped by these ancient classics and historical books has, after all, been living with us for thousands of years. Our thoughts, etiquette, festivals, rituals, allusions, worldview, mottos, myths and legends may appear superficially. There is no particular origin, but if you follow it, you will always return to that huge, silent, classical world.
In the plot of Harry Potter, the wizarding world is parallel to the Muggle world. Muggles do not need witchcraft or spells. They live a self-sufficient life every day and can completely control the wizarding world. Feel nothing, but if you cross Platform 9 and Three Quarters at London's King's Cross Station, your world will never be the same again.
The same goes for the classical cultural world. Although you may feel nothing at all, that world does exist and is the ancient source of our existing world.
Knowledge and vision are the basis of wisdom. Through tools like classical Chinese, you can find full knowledge and vision in a parallel, silent universe (of course, it also includes ignorance and ignorance, but that It can also be regarded as the scope of vision).
Classical Chinese is not used to make the composition beautiful. Classical Chinese is used to let us experience our thoughts, cultivate our horizons, train our insights, and find spiritual enlightenment. Only knowledgeable people can write good articles, otherwise it will just be a pile of words (don’t think that the world of classical Chinese can only educate one kind of people and shape only one viewpoint).
Whether we are willing to admit it or not, most of our writing, language, family names, clan sacrifices, legends of ghosts and gods, and food and drink utensils all come from there. Including that you can understand this article, it is also because that ancient world once existed. 3. What does the word dang mean in classical Chinese?
dang
[dāng]
1. To take charge of, to take charge of.
2. To take charge, to host.
3. At that time or that place.
4. Facing.
5. Commensurate, matching.
6. Should.
7. Resist the enemy.
8. To convict means to impose a considerable penalty.
9. Top, head.
10. Onomatopoeia, the sound of metal hitting.
[dàng]
1. Appropriate.
2. Worthy, equal to.
3. Just act as a temporary act.
4. Think.
5. At the same time.
6. To suffer a loss or be deceived.
7. Mortgage.
Pinyin: [dāng], [dàng]
Radical:彐
Radical strokes: 3
Total strokes: 6
Stroke order: vertical strokes, folds, horizontal strokes
dāng
1. lt;; move gt;; facing; facing. "Mulan Poetry": "When the window is weaving cloud mane, when the mirror is appliquéd with yellow." Also: "Mulan is weaving at home."
2. lt;; move gt;; in; in.
"The Story of Shizhong Mountain": "There is a big rock flowing in the middle." "The Story of Climbing Mount Tai": "Those who are not in the right way will not be able to go there."
3. lt;; introductiongt;; in; in... time (place). "Preface to the Lanting Collection": "When you are happy with what you encounter, you will get what you have, and you will be self-sufficient quickly, and you will never know that old age is coming." "Tombstones of Five People": "The five people were covered with the quilt of Zhou Gong in Liaozhou. "Caught is the one who dies because of his righteousness."
4. lt;; 动gt;; Responsibility; Responsibility. "Chen Qing Biao": "As a humble person, I should serve the East Palace."
5. lt;; move gt;; bear; bear. "Dou E [Injustice": "It is a crime to remember Dou E's gourd."
6. lt;; move gt;; endure. "Water Margin": "There is no color in everything, but the heat is overwhelming."
7. lt;; movegt;; take charge; preside over. "Ten Thoughts on Admonishing Taizong": "The most important thing for a ruler is to be a sacred weapon, and he must be the largest in the domain." "Guide Record": "Beijing invites those who are in charge of the country to meet."
8. lt;; form gt;; equivalent; equivalent. Sima Qian's "Report to Ren An": "And Li Lingti's infantry was less than five thousand... He fought with Shan Yu for more than ten days, and he was killed excessively."
9. lt;; move gt;; Judgment; Conviction . "Historical Records: Biography of General Li": "Many officials were killed in Guangzhou, and they were born as captives, and... redeemed as common people."
10. lt;; move gt;; against the enemy; withstand. "The Battle of Chibi": "No one except Liu Yuzhou can be a trainer."
11. lt;; move gt;; cover; cover. "Xiangjixuan Zhi": "The wall surrounds the courtyard to serve as the southern sun."
12. lt;; deputy gt;; should; should. "Chen Qing Biao": "When I am alive, I will die, and when I die, I will be weeded." "Chen She Family": "I heard that the youngest son of the second generation should not be established. The one who should be established is the young master Fusu."
13. lt;; deputy gt;; will; will. "The Peacock Flying Southeast": "You won the honor that day, and I went to the underworld alone." "The Battle of Red Cliff": "Qing, Zijing, and Cheng Gong went forward, and I continued to attack the crowd."
14. lt;; deputy gt;; want; will; will. "Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi": "If you don't correct yourself in the future, and if you tell lies again, I will burn your house and kill your family!"
15. Refers to a certain time in the past. "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgic": "I remember the time when Gong Jin was young, when Xiao Qiao got married for the first time, and she looked majestic and heroic."
dàng
1. lt;; formgt;; appropriate and appropriate . "Shejiang": "Yin and yang change positions, and the time is not right." "Collecting Herbal Medicine": "The ancient method of collecting herbs is mostly used in February and August, which is not appropriate."
2. lt;; verb gt;; fit; adapt. "Promoting Weaving": "There will be nothing to bring to the court, and I am afraid that I will be careless." "Fuchsia": "The flowers are in season, only for a few days when the flowers bloom."
3. lt;; move gt;; as. "Warring States Policy·Qi Ce": "Practice yourself as a chariot at a leisurely pace." "Outwit the Birthday Guide": "You don't treat people as human beings."
4. Mortgage. "Snake Catcher's Theory": "If there are people who can catch snakes, they should be rented."
5. Use things as collateral to borrow money from the pawn shop. Bai Juyi's "Ode to My Old Life to Show My Family": "I can repay my poetry debt with pen, and use my clothes as money for medicine."
6. lt;; move gt;; Worthy; enough. "Travel to Huangshan Mountain": "I have thought about the wonders of Mount Huangshan in my lifetime, and there are wonders like this. I have never explored them before, so I am ashamed to travel quickly!"
7. lt;; formgt;; Local (local); same (day). "Outsmarting the Birthday Plan": "On that day, until the time of the birth card, slowly light a fire, eat and go."
8. lt;; Namegt;; The bottom of the utensil. "Han Zifei · Wai Chu Shuo Upper Right": "The Duke of Chang said to Zhaohou: 'Now there is a jade chest of a thousand gold, which is open but has no holes. Can it hold water?'" 4. What does "zuo" mean in ancient Chinese?
1. People get up.
For example: to start, to start. ——"Shuowen"
Two works of Ming Dynasty.
——"Yi·Li"
For his accession to the throne. ——"Book·Wuyi"
Written with Zi. ——"Poem·Qin Feng·Wuyi"
2. Get up; start working.
For example: work when the sun rises and rest when the sun sets. ——"Collection of Yuefu Poems"
The fleas write and think at night. ——Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty, "Preface to Dong Shaonan"
Works from time to time. ——Tao Yuanming of Jin Dynasty, "Peach Blossom Spring"
3. To arise, to rise.
For example: Bao Xi’s family died, but Shen Nong’s family made it. ——"Book of Changes Xici"
During the Zhou and Qin periods, various scholars wrote simultaneously. ——"Lunheng"
From Tang Dynasty to Wu Ding, there are six or seven works of sage kings. ——"Mencius Gongsun Chou"
4. To do; to create; to produce; to engage in some kind of activity.
For example: Does the person who first made the figurines have no descendants? ——"Mencius, King Hui of Liang, Part 1"
So he studied the yin and yang, and used them to make the armillary sphere. ——"Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Zhang Heng Biography"
Making knotted ropes is a waste of time. ——"Yi Xici Xia"
5. Make tea (tea making); make treatment (make). Also refers to the finished product); make millet (making millet and rice); make trouble (create trouble, cause trouble); make trouble (create trouble); make scene (make trouble, make things difficult); make an enemy (make enemies and make things difficult for others).
For example: Take delicate steps with delicate steps. ——"New Odes of Yutai·Ancient Poems Written by Jiao Zhongqing's Wife"
It is a trend of elaboration. ——Song Dynasty Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Yuyincong Talk"
6. Writing and creation.
For example: Qu Ping's "Li Sao" is based on self-pity. ——"Historical Records·Biography of Qu Yuan"
Zhong Ni then wrote "Spring and Autumn". —— Han Dynasty Sima Qian's "Report to Ren An" 5. What is classical Chinese
1. Classical Chinese is very exciting. There is no doubt about it. The main body of Chinese traditional culture is classical Chinese. It can be seen that the history of China's modern civilization is still very short, and it is still necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture for modernization, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely text. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and oracle bone inscriptions are also knowledge. Why not learn oracle bone inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because oracle bone inscriptions are more primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further learning of traditional advanced writing (study) such as oracle bone inscriptions.
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. Chinese expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... fully embody the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of ideas. Master the physical structure of classical Chinese and have a deeper understanding of modern Chinese, and you will have "laws" to follow for the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "Albino Chinese". The structure of the word is this: classical Chinese-文. The first "wen" is "writing" and "yan" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It illustrates two meanings: first, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a kind of language; second, this language was later literalized. "Literalized" language also has two meanings: first, a culture that can have language but no writing, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; second, the language function withdraws from life and becomes history in the form of writing.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a style of language that has been written down. The "wen" at the back refers to the style of writing.
So apart from archaeological research, does classical Chinese have any "future"? In other words, what other application value does it have in life? I think there is. When the traditional form of life fades into modern society, it is only that people ignore the social life in some marginal areas, which causes modern applications to doubt or ignore classical Chinese. For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions are still written in classical Chinese, written in calligraphy, and engraved using tools. This is also the case for most applications of seal script.
Looking further, classical poetry belongs to the category of "classical Chinese", and they have not left us in life. It's just that in terms of language form, Zhihu has also left the spoken word. After it became written, it obviously has definite normative requirements for the refinement of techniques and the expansion of meaning. Its "prospect" lies in its application and its ability to awaken ambiguous etymology and allusions. It can be said that the future is promising.
The term "classical Chinese" can also encompass the cultural and historical relationship between language and writing. In a certain form, once a certain language - including dialects - is "wen" or literalized, that is, written, the charm of its language is suddenly reduced, while the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life, language has not yet entered a cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style.
When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear train of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which gives you the solemn feeling you deserve. 6. As a modern person, what is the use of learning classical Chinese?
Although the ancient Chinese we study does not have many applications in real life! But since it is in the national textbooks, it means it must have its significance
I think the significance of learning ancient Chinese is not simply practical application but an important way to enrich knowledge and expand horizons
Our Chinese nation has a long history of 5,000 years and once had the most advanced culture in the world. So by studying ancient Chinese, how can we better understand how our predecessors learned, thought, and progressed!
In short, I think it is necessary for us to learn ancient Chinese! We should learn them well!
Learning ancient Chinese means learning the language habits, ancient Chinese vocabulary meanings, and grammatical habits of the ancients. These are mainly for us to better learn the vast culture of our ancestors. It is impossible for us to translate everything into modern vernacular. If you learn English, you will also find that the flavor of the translated things is far less flavorful than the previous things, so we cannot translate everything. Only if we come into contact with a large number of ancient Chinese vocabulary and grammatical phenomena and have a certain understanding of them, then we can directly read ancient books ourselves, why not?
Someone once asked Ba Jin a question: Where does your creative inspiration come from?
He said: What benefited me the most was that I recited a book when I was a child. The name of the book is "Gu Wen Guan Zhi". What enlightenment does this sentence give us?
Looking back at contemporary history, we will also find that those who are really very solid in writing skills, not to mention writers like Lu Xun, and even great scientists like Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao, are all old school A very knowledgeable person.
Only good ancient literature can be written well. I think this is absolutely true.
Only from ancient Chinese can we truly learn how to use Chinese well and write Chinese well. 7. What is the most important thing for writing classical Chinese essays?
What is the most important thing for writing classical Chinese essays? The accumulation of classical Chinese words, both content words and function words are important. In the current examination, the most important thing is the translation and translation of classical Chinese essays. Understand, so only if you can understand the words in classical Chinese, can you do the questions well
If you want to improve your level of classical Chinese, you must continue to do the questions, accumulate, and have a sense of the questions. To the extent that you know the meaning
Sima Guang said: "You can't fail to recite the book, either on horseback or in the middle of the night when you are awake, chanting its text and thinking about its meaning, you will gain a lot.
"Recitation is also one of the most important means of learning classical Chinese. The meaning of classical Chinese is implicit and rich, and it can only be understood through repeated recitation.