Qufu Qūfù
Qufu City is located in the southern part of Shandong Province, China. It is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Jining City. It was called Lu County in ancient times. It was the capital of the Lu State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was also the hometown of Confucius, the founder of Confucianism. It and Zoucheng, the hometown of Mencius to the south, were known as the "homeland of Confucius and Mencius".
Qufu is one of the first batch of national historical and cultural cities in China. It is the hometown of Confucius, Yan Hui, Zuo Qiuming, Lu Ban and other celebrities, the birthplace of the Yellow Emperor, and the birthplace of Confucian culture.
Qufu was called "Shaohao's Ruins" in ancient times. It is said that Emperor Yan, Emperor Huang and Shaohao all made their capitals here in ancient times. The Shang Dynasty belonged to the state of Yan. When King Wu of Zhou founded the Zhou Dynasty, he enfeoffed his younger brother and founding hero Zhou Gongdan here, calling him Duke of Lu. However, only his son Boqin led the country, while Duke Zhou himself stayed in the central government to assist in government affairs. Therefore, from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, this place served as the capital of the State of Lu, with a history of 873 years. It was the capital of the Zhou dynasty for the longest time, and was known as the "state of etiquette" in the world.
The city wall of Qufu City during the Zhou Dynasty was built with rammed earth, with a total length of 11,771 meters, of which the east wall is 2,531 meters long, the south wall is 3,250 meters long, the west wall is 2,430 meters long, and the north wall is 3,560 meters long. There are three city gates in each of the four walls. From west to east on the south wall are Jimen (also known as Gaomen), Nanmen (Yumen) and Lumen; on the east from north to south are Shangdongmen, Dongmen and Shimen; on the north From east to west are Laimen, Beimen and Zhengmen; from north to south in the west wall are Zijuzhimen, Ximen and Limen. The center of the city of Lucheng is the palace, which follows the regulations on the palace levels of princes in "The Rites of Zhou" and has three palace gates: Kumen, Zhimen and Lumen. Inside the road gate is the sleeping palace, which is called "road sleeping room". According to the records of "Book of Rites: Tan Gongxia" and "Historical Records: Lu Zhougong Family", the east of Zhimenwai Road is the ancestral temple area. There are the Zhou Temple for worshiping King Wen of Zhou, the Ancestral Temple for worshiping Zhou Gongdan, and the ancestors of the Lu Dynasty below Bo Qin. The ancestral temples of the princes of the country are arranged in the order of Zhao and Mu. On the west side of Zhimenwai Road are the Boshe built in the Shang Dynasty and the Zhoushe built in the Zhou Dynasty. Between the two houses is the office area of ??the imperial ministers. The north of the palace area is the market ("Zuo Zhuan") In the eighteenth year of Duke Wen of Lu, Xiang Zhong killed the son of Ai Jiang, the eldest concubine of Wen Gong, and appointed the son of the second concubine as Duke Xuan. Ai Jiang returned to Qi, left the palace city, passed through the market, and walked to Beiyuan. door). The layout of the entire city conforms to the Zhou Rites' norm of "the ancestors are on the left and the community is on the right, facing the future market". In addition to the palace city, there is also the Pan Palace built by Lu Xigong near the south gate. The west of the city is the pottery making area, the north is the metallurgical area, the east is the military camp, and the rest are residential buildings, markets and entertainment facilities.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Confucius, a thinker, educator and philosopher who was revered by later generations as the "Literary Sage" and the "Dacheng Sage Teacher", appeared here. His school of thought later became known as Confucianism, which profoundly influenced China for thousands of years. Only one year after the death of Confucius, Duke Ai of Lu ordered a memorial ceremony. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, even held a ceremony to worship Confucius. The descendants of Confucius have lived in Qufu for generations and received awards from successive imperial courts. They gradually developed into the largest family in China and continue to this day. Their family temple and residence, Qufu Confucius Temple and Confucius Mansion, have been continuously expanded with the support of successive emperors, and now they have formed an extremely large-scale building complex. Konglin in the north is the cemetery of the Kong family. There are about 100,000 tombs, making it the largest family cemetery in the world.
At the end of the Warring States Period, after the State of Lu was destroyed by the State of Chu, the State of Chu established Lu County. During the Western Han Dynasty, this was the fiefdom of King Lu of the clan, also known as the State of Lu. In order to build Lingguang Hall, King Lu Gong of the Han Dynasty Liu Yu (son of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty) demolished Confucius' former residence and unearthed a large number of Spring and Autumn documents that had been lost at the time from the walls. Liu Yu built a new city wall along the north and east walls of the Lu Palace. The area of ??the city was reduced, with two gates on each side: the Ji Gate and Yu Gate of the Zhou Dynasty were retained in the south; the Li Gate was retained in the west, and the Mai Gate was opened in the south. ; The north wall is Longmen and Guimen; the east wall is Qimen and Zhangmen. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty successively granted Liu Xing and the deposed prince Liu Qiang the title of King of Lu, and the city of Lu in the Western Han Dynasty continued to be used. During the Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasties, Lu County was reestablished as Lu County, and the city walls were reduced again. In the Sui Dynasty, it was renamed Qufu County. It was named after "there is Fu in the east of the city, which is seven or eight miles long" and it belongs to Yanzhou. It was renamed Xianyuan County during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, and was renamed Qufu in the seventh year of the Tianhui reign of the Jin Dynasty. At this time, Qufu County has been moved to the old county village area east of Qufu City today, and the Confucius Temple and Confucius Mansion are located outside the city. In the sixth year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty, the Liu Liu and Liu Qi uprising broke out in Shandong. They captured Qufu County and garrisoned horses in the Confucius Temple. This shocked the imperial court. In the seventh year of Zhengde, the court was ordered to "move the city to a temple" and build it around the Confucius Temple and Confucius Mansion. The new county seat is the current location of Qufu.
The new city was completed in the first year of Jiajing. The city wall was eight miles and thirty-six feet long, two feet high and one foot thick. It was made of rammed earth on the inside and city bricks on the outside. There are five gates in the city, among which the south gate in front of the Confucius Temple is the Yangsheng Gate and the east gate is the Chongxin Gate. The east gate is Bingli Gate, the north gate is Yan'en Gate, and the west gate is Zonglu Gate.
In addition to the famous three holes in Qufu, there are also the Yan Temple dedicated to Yan Hui, the great disciple of Confucius and the "resurrected saint", as well as the ruins of the Marquis of Western Xia, Zhougong Temple, Spring and Autumn Academy, and the Tomb of King Hanlu all over the city of Qufu. , Shaohao Mausoleum, Shimen Temple, the former site of Song Jingling Palace and other countless cultural relics and historic sites.
Qufu is located in the southwest of central Shandong Province, halfway between Beijing and Shanghai, and 135 kilometers north of Jinan, the provincial capital. It borders Mount Tai in the north, Fuyi in the south, Sishui in the east, and Yanzhou in the west. It is 35.8 kilometers long from north to south and 25 kilometers wide from east to west, with a total area of ??895.93 square kilometers. There are more than a hundred mountains in the territory stretching along the east, north and south borders. There are dozens of hills scattered inside the mountains, and there are large tracts of fertile farmland in the central and western parts. The ratio of hills to plains is about 3:7, forming a terrain that is high in the northeast and low in the southwest. The highest point is Fenghuang Mountain in the north, with an altitude of 548.1 meters. The lowest point is Chengzhuang in the southwest, with an altitude of 47 meters. The center of the city is 60.5 meters above sea level.
The territory belongs to the Nansi Lake system of the Huaihe River Basin. There are 14 large and small rivers in the country, mainly 4 rivers: Si River, Yi River, Liao River and Lai River. The two main rivers, Si and Yi, traverse the entire territory from east to west. The total length of the river is 245.9 kilometers, with an average annual runoff of 180.44 million cubic meters, an average annual runoff depth of 201.4 millimeters, and an average annual total usable water resource of 230.87 million cubic meters. There are 270 reservoirs and dams in the city, with a total storage capacity of approximately 155.16 million cubic meters. Among them: 62 reservoirs, mainly Nishan Reservoir, Hejiadian Reservoir, Liyuan Reservoir, Hu Erdong Reservoir, Baita Reservoir, Wucun Reservoir, Weijiazhuang Reservoir, etc.
Qufu’s biological resources are relatively diverse. Among them, there are fifteen kinds of food crops, including wheat, corn, sorghum, millet, mung beans, sweet potatoes, soybeans, rice, etc. Cash crops mainly include cotton, peanuts, sesame, etc. There are more than 40 kinds of vegetables, fruits and vegetables that are commonly grown. There are 135 kinds of flowers, among which orchid is the "city flower" of Qufu. There are more than 120 kinds of medicinal materials. There are 140 species and varieties of trees, shrubs, flowers and trees. There are mainly twenty-nine kinds of fruit trees, including apples, peaches, apricots, pears, and hawthorns. There are 49 kinds of ornamental trees, including juniper, cypress, ginkgo, cedar, lilac, etc. Among them, juniper and cypress are the "city trees" of Qufu. Twenty-six species of aquatic plants. Livestock and poultry mainly include cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, rabbits, etc. There are twenty-nine species of various birds, among which the egret is the "city bird" of Qufu. There are more than ten species of wild animals and more than 30 species of insects. Aquatic animals mainly include fish, shrimp, shellfish, etc.
Qufu has numerous cultural heritages. There are more than 600 cultural relics and historic sites of various types in only 896 square kilometers of land, six of which are listed as national key cultural relics protection units, and 21 It was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong Province. In 1994, Confucius Temple, Confucius Mansion and Confucius Forest were also included in the world cultural heritage.
The Confucius Temple is a temple that worships Confucius and commends Confucianism. It was built in the Zhou Dynasty and completed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is the largest of the more than 2,000 Confucius temples in the world and occupies a central position among China's palace-style buildings.
The Confucius Temple now covers an area of ??140,000 square meters, with a three-way layout and nine courtyards, running through a central axis and arranged symmetrically on the left and right. The entire building complex includes five halls, one pavilion, one altar, two halls, 17 stele pavilions, and 466 rooms, which were built in the Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China periods. The main building, Dacheng Hall, has double eaves and nine ridges, yellow tiles and flying rafts, and is surrounded by cloisters. It is one of the three main halls in the East. More than 1,200 ancient junipers are bright and green, solemn and majestic, and natural. There are more than 1,040 inscriptions from the past dynasties since the Han Dynasty, together with a large number of precious cultural relics such as books, paintings, plaques, and plaques. They are not only the carrier of Confucian culture, but also engraved with the vicissitudes of Chinese civilization.
The Confucius Mansion is the residence where the direct descendants of Confucius lived for generations. It is the oldest, largest and best-preserved ancient building complex in China that combines government offices and residences. It is "the first in the world". called. After the death of Confucius and before the Song Dynasty, the eldest son and grandson lived in the former residence of Queli in the temple, taking care of Confucius' relics and worshiping Confucius, which was called "Xifengzhai". While respecting Confucius and promoting Confucian culture, the emperors of the past dynasties also granted their descendants additional titles and titles, and granted them land to build mansions. During the Baoyuan period of the Song Dynasty, Kong Zongyuan, the 46th generation grandson of Confucius, was the first to be named "Yanshenggong" and also the magistrate of Qufu County. A new mansion was built and renamed Yanshenggong Mansion.
In the 10th year of Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty, the mansion was rebuilt, and official offices were set up in the mansion. Later, it was expanded through generations to reach its current scale. The Confucius Mansion now covers an area of ??120,000 square meters. It is based on the form of a first-class official mansion in the Ming Dynasty, with Ming and Qing architecture as the main style. It has a three-way layout, with a front hall and a back office. The functional divisions of the mansion are clear and the buildings are arranged in an orderly manner. In front of the middle road is the official office, where Yan Shenggong handles official affairs and clan affairs; in the back is the inner house, where Yan Shenggong eats and lives. In front of the east road is Dongxue, for Duke Yan Shenggong to study and encourage officials and to receive officials; in the middle is the family temple, for Duke Yan Shenggong to worship his ancestors; at the back is Yiguantang, for the second son of Duke Yan Sheng and the hereditary Hanlin Academy where Zisi is enshrined. Used by doctors of the Five Classics. In front of the West Road is the Western School, which is used for Yanshenggong School to study poetry, etiquette, poetry, and poetry; behind it is the Flower Hall, where Yanshenggong lives in leisure time.
The main responsibility of Duke Yansheng is to guard the Lin Temple of Confucius and worship Confucius on behalf of the country. Therefore, the Confucius Mansion has preserved many sacrificial ritual vessels, the most famous of which are the Zhonghe Shao music and dance utensils and the Ten Offerings of Shang and Zhou Dynasties awarded by Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty respectively. Yanshenggong adhered to the ancestral motto of "poetry, etiquette and inheritance" from generation to generation, and deliberately collected ritual vessels and artifacts from past dynasties. The collection amounted to more than 10,000 pieces, especially the portraits of Confucius, Yuan and Ming dynasties, and the portraits of Yanshenggong and his wife. The most famous collection of the Confucius Mansion is the Ming and Qing Dynasty documents and archives. It is a record of various activities of the Confucius Mansion over four hundred years. There are more than 300,000 pieces in total. It is the largest and oldest private archive in China. It is of great value for studying the history of China's Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the economic history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is the most prominent aristocratic mansion in the world.
Kong Lin is his family cemetery, the largest in the world. Since Confucius was "buried in Sishang, north of Lu City", his descendants have been buried in the tomb without interruption for more than two thousand years. There are numerous tombs in the forest, with more than 100,000 graves, making it the longest and largest family cemetery in the world. It now covers an area of ??more than 2 million square meters and has more than 100,000 tombs and tombs. After Confucius died, "each of his disciples planted strange trees from all directions, so there were many strange trees, and the people of Lu could not name them for generations." There are more than 100,000 trees in the forest, including ancient trees that are more than 200 years old. There are more than 9,000 trees. Konglin also has more than 130 species of exotic flowers and plants, which can be said to be a natural botanical garden. Konglin is also an open-air museum integrating tombs, burials, buildings, stone carvings and inscriptions. In order to praise Confucianism, successive dynasties continued to expand cemeteries, build sacred roads, build walls, build forest gates, and carve stone rituals; their descendants also buried each generation and erected steles and carved stones. There are more than 4,000 tombstones from the Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China in the forest, making it the forest of steles with the largest number in my country. In addition to the Han dynasty stele moved to the Confucius Temple, there are also inscriptions inscribed by famous calligraphers of the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Li Dongyang, Yan Song, Weng Fanggang, and Kang Youwei. The rich above-ground cultural relics are of high value for studying the evolution of ancient Chinese tombs, burial systems, and for studying ancient Chinese politics, economy, culture, customs, calligraphy, and art.
Shaohao - the son of the Yellow Emperor, the head of the Five Emperors, his surname is Ji, his given name is Zhi, and his name is Jintian.
Liu Xiahui, the Zhan family, whose name was Huo and whose courtesy name was Qin, was a native of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a descendant of Gongzi Zhan, the son of Duke Xiao of Lu. Liu Xiahui is considered a model of abiding by traditional Chinese morals, and his story of "sitting in peace" has been widely spread throughout the ages in China. It is called "Hesheng". Liu Xiahui is the ancestor of the Chinese surname Liu.
Confucius - the most holy, named Qiu, styled Zhongni. He was a great thinker, educator, and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. Confucius was also the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. "The Analects of Confucius·Yongye Chapter": The benevolent people enjoy the mountains, and the wise people enjoy the water.
Yan Zi - Fusheng was named Hui, with the courtesy name Ziyuan.
Luban - Luban, the surname is Gongshu and the given name is Ban. Also known as Gongshuzi, Gongshupan, Banshu, and Luban. Because he was from the state of Lu, people often called him Lu Ban.
Kong Ji - Shusheng, courtesy name Zisi, the grandson of Confucius. Author of "The Doctrine of the Mean".
Zuo Qiuming, a historian in the late Spring and Autumn Period, is the author of "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu".
Gu Liangchi, author of the Confucian classic "Spring and Autumn Annals of Gu Liang".
Shen Pei, Ming Pei, also known as Shen Gong and Shen Pei Gong. Kong Anguo, courtesy name Ziguo, the founder of "Lu Poetry" in the modern poetry of the Western Han Dynasty, was a Confucian classics scholar in the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of books such as "Biography of Classical Classics", "Explanation of the Analects of Confucius", "Biography of Ancient Classics of Filial Piety", and "Confucius' Family Sayings". The founder of the ancient literature school.
Kong Rong, a writer of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was named Wenju and was the 20th grandson of Confucius. One of the seven sons of Jian'an. Kong Rong is famous for his prose.
Jia Yingchong, a famous drum lyric writer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, was named Si Tui, also known as Jin and Fan.
Kong Shangren, an opera writer in the early Qing Dynasty, was also nicknamed Pinzhi and Ji Zhong, also known as Dongtang, also known as Antang, and named himself Yuntingshanren. He is the author of the outstanding historical drama "The Peach Blossom Fan".
Kong Jishu, a famous calligrapher, was given the courtesy name Nobufu and a solid font. His name was Guyuan, and his nickname was Jiagu Jushi. He extensively collected the calligraphy of famous ancient and modern masters, carefully identified them, copied and painted them, and then carefully carved them into 584 large and small stone tablets, which were named "Yuhong Tower Fate Engraved Stones". Its rubbings are packed into 101 volumes, so it is also called "One Hundred and One Tie". The existing Confucius Temple.
Guifu, a famous calligrapher and exegesis expert, was named Donghui, nicknamed Weigu, and also nicknamed Laomo and Ziyunxianguan. At that time, some famous nobles rushed to collect his calligraphy and paintings. At that time, there was a saying that "no family can be established without Gui".
Kong Fu, the founder of modern landscape poetry, was originally named Kong Linghuan. He is the author of "Landscape Spiritual Sound", "Landscape Clear Sound", etc.