Character profile
Liang Qichao
Liang Qichao, courtesy name Zhuoru, also known as Ren Gong, also known as the owner of Yin Bing Room, Yin Bingzi, Aishike, China He is a new citizen, the master of Ziyi Zhai, and the emperor of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. Han nationality, a native of Xinhui, Guangdong, a representative figure of modern China's reformers, an ideological enlightener of modern China, a great social activist who was deeply involved in China's transformation from old society to modern society, one of the four professors of the School of Chinese Studies at Tsinghua University in the early Republic of China, and a famous Newspaper activist. His articles are rich in unique historical perspective, thought-provoking and enlightening. Liang Qichao received traditional education at home since he was a child, and passed the national examination in 1889. In 1890, he went to Beijing to take the examination and failed. On the way back to Guangdong, I passed through Shanghai and saw "Yinghuan Zhilue" which introduced world geography and Western books translated by the Shanghai Machinery Bureau, which opened my eyes. In the same year, he met Kang Youwei and joined his disciples. Later, he and Kang Youwei led the famous "1898 Reform". His works were compiled into "The Collection of Drinking Ice Room", including "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years" and "Research Methods of Chinese History", which have far-reaching influence on later generations.
Edit this paragraph's life history
Born in Xinhui County, Guangdong in 1873. In 1889, he passed the Guangdong Provincial Examination. In 1890, he began to study under Kang Youwei. In 1891, he studied with Kang Youwei at Wanmu Thatched Cottage. Kang Youwei's thoughts and theories led to the path of reform and restoration, and the world collectively called him "Kang Liang". In the same year, he married his wife Li Huixian. In the spring of 1895, he went to Beijing again for the examination, and assisted Kang Youwei in launching a "public petition" for candidates taking the examination in Beijing. During the reform movement, Liang Qichao was active. He was in charge of the "Global Gazette" in Beijing (later renamed "China and Foreign Chronicles") and the editor of Liang Qichao's "Shiwu" in Shanghai. He also went to Macau to organize the "Knowledge of the New" Newspaper". Many of his political comments had a great influence on society. In 1897, he served as the chief teacher of Changsha Current Affairs School and promoted reform ideas in Hunan. In 1898, he returned to Beijing to participate in the "Hundred Days Reform". In July, he was summoned by Emperor Guangxu and ordered to submit his "General Discussion on Reform", and was awarded the title of Sixth Grade. He was responsible for handling the affairs of the Translation and Bookstore of the Capital University Hall. In September of the same year, a coup occurred. Liang Qichao fled to Japan and had contact with the revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen. During his stay in Japan, he successively founded "Qing Yi Bao" and "Xin Min Cong Bao" to advocate reform and oppose revolution. At the same time, he also introduced a large number of Western social and political theories, which had a great influence on the intellectuals at that time. After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, he tried to make the revolutionaries compromise with the Qing government. In the early years of the Republic of China, he supported Yuan Shikai and accepted Yuan's wishes. He merged the Democratic Party with the Communist Party and the United Party to transform the Progressive Party and compete with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen for political power. In October 1903, "New Novel" was founded. In 1913, the Progressive Party’s “Talent Cabinet” was established, with Liang Qichao serving as the Chief Justice. At the end of 1915, Yuan Shikai's intention to proclaim himself emperor was increasingly exposed. Liang Qichao opposed Yuan's proclaimed emperor, and planned with Cai E to rebel against Yuan by force. The War to Protect the Country broke out in Yunnan. In 1916, Liang Qichao went to Guangdong and Guangxi to participate in the anti-Yuan struggle. After Yuan Shikai's death, Liang Qichao served as Duan Qirui, Chief Financial Officer of the Beiyang Government and Supervisor of the General Administration of Salt Affairs. In September 1917, Sun Yat-sen launched a movement to protect the Dharma. In November, Duan's cabinet was forced to step down, and Liang Qichao also resigned and retired from politics. At the end of 1918, Liang Qichao went to Europe and learned about many problems and shortcomings of Western society. After returning to China, he preached that Western civilization was bankrupt, advocating that traditional culture should be promoted and the "inherent civilization" of the East be used to "save the world." Starting from 1922, he taught part-time at Tsinghua School. In 1925, he was appointed as a tutor at the Tsinghua Institute of Chinese Studies. In 1927, he left Tsinghua Research Institute. In the spring of 1923, his wife died of a recurrence of cancer. Liang was extremely sad and began to have blood in his urine. Because he didn't want to burden his family, he kept it secret. In January 1926, he suspected that he had cancer and agreed to go to a German hospital for examination. After examination by the famous doctor Keli, he was found to have hematuria, but the cause could not be found. At this time, Liang Qichao was not aware of the seriousness of his condition and was relatively optimistic about his condition. In a letter to his eldest daughter Lingxian on February 9, he said: "Actually, I don't feel any pain at all from this illness. My mental energy is normal. As long as I close my eyes and don't look when I urinate, nothing will happen. I think it's unreasonable." "The meeting is necessary." At the beginning of 1926, he found blood in his urine and went to Peking Union Medical College Hospital for examination and was diagnosed with a kidney disease. The doctor at the Union Medical College Hospital examined it for several days and finally determined that it was a tumor in the right kidney, so he died on March 16. Surgery was performed to remove all the right kidney.
However, after the right kidney was removed, the hematuria still did not stop completely. Union Medical College doctors could only do passive prevention and treatment, not active treatment. It was later discovered that the healthy right kidney had been removed by mistake due to a mistake by the intern. After being treated by Tang Tianru, a famous Chinese medicine practitioner, he gradually recovered. In 1928, he experienced great tragedies such as the death of his mentor Kang Youwei, the death of his beloved disciple Fan Jingsheng, and Wang Guowei's death in a lake. On November 12, he could no longer work at his desk. He died of illness in Peking Union Medical College Hospital on January 19, 1929. A memorial service was held in Beijing and Shanghai, with many participants.
Edit this paragraph's academic achievements
Liang Qichao has been involved in a wide range of academic research, and has made achievements in the fields of philosophy, literature, history, classics, law, ethics, religion and other fields. The achievements in historical research are the most remarkable. Liang Qichao was diligent throughout his life and wrote prolifically. For nearly 36 years, and with political activities taking up a lot of time, he wrote an average of 390,000 words per year, with more than 14 million words of various writings. There are many collections of his works, among which "The Ice Drinking Room Collection" published on September 11, 1936 is the most complete. "The Ice Drinking Room Collection" totals 148 volumes and more than 10 million words. From 1901 to 1902, he wrote "Narrative of Chinese History" and "New Historiography" successively, criticizing feudal historiography and launching a "historical revolution". After returning from his trip to Europe, he devoted his main energy to cultural education and academic research activities. His research focused on pre-Qin scholars, Qing Dynasty academics, history and Buddhism. He started teaching part-time at Tsinghua School in 1922. In 1925, he was appointed as a tutor at the Tsinghua Institute of Chinese Studies. His scope of guidance included "Philosophers", "History of Chinese Buddhism", "Academic History of the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties", "Academic History of the Qing Dynasty", "Chinese Literature", "History of Chinese Philosophy", "History of China", "Historical Research Methods", "Confucian Philosophy", "History of East-West Exchange", etc. During this period, he wrote "Introduction to Academics in the Qing Dynasty", "Mozi's Cases", "Research Methods of Chinese History", "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years", "Du Fu the Lover", "Study on Qu Yuan", "History of Pre-Qin Political Thought", "History of Chinese Culture" ""General Discussion on Reform" and so on. Liang Qichao introduced Western culture and new literary concepts in literary theory, and initiated the innovation of various literary styles in modern times. There are also many achievements in literary creation. Liang Qichao's calligraphy life
: There are works in prose, poetry, novels, opera and translated literature, especially prose, which has the greatest influence. Liang Qichao's writing style is known as "New Style" in the world. This "new literary style" with the style of "tactician literature" became the most popular and imitated literary style before the May Fourth Movement, and it is still worth learning and researching today. Liang Qichao wrote "The Influence of the Russian Revolution" in 1905. The article begins with short and urgent words, like rocks cracking and magma spewing: "The lights are out, the gas is exhausted, the docks are stopped, the iron ore is cleared, the wires are cut, the railways are dug, the military The factory burns, the newspaper office rests, the dagger appears, the bomb explodes, the queen escapes, the chariot hub is jammed, the police show off, the soldiers gather, the sun goes out, the fields are filled with blood, flying lightning kills the eyes, the whole world is talking, in the drama, in the Russian Revolution! Therefore, the only autocratic country on earth is not immune to the great revolution!" Then, it analyzes it under the headings of "Causes of Revolution", "Motives and Policies of Revolution", "The Future of Revolution", and "Influence of Revolution". Every detail is perfect. No wonder Hu Shi said: "Mr. Liang's articles...make readers have to follow him and think along with him!" In terms of calligraphy art, Liang Qichao studied Ouyang Xun in his early years, and later studied with Kang Youwei, and he was involved in the inscriptions of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
Edit the list of works in this paragraph
"Young China on the General Trend of National Competition in Modern Times and China's Future" "Dedication and Happy Industry" "Chinese History Research Method" "China's Nearly Three Hundred Years "Academic History of the Year", "Xin Min Shuo", "The Master of the Ice Drinking Room Narrates", "History of Chinese Culture", "The Complete Works of the Master of the Ice Drinking Room", "The Biography of Li Hongzhang", "The Biography of Zeng Guofan", "The Collection of the Ice Drinking Room", "Selected Works of Liang Qichao", "Research on Chinese History" "Supplement to the Law" "A Study of the Collection of Gatherings and Poets in the Tang Dynasty" A general discussion on the reform from the preface to the harm of the unchanged law. The harm of the reform without knowing the origin. Continued discussion of the harm of the reform without knowing the origin. The society's press library is beneficial to the discussion of state affairs. China is weak. Because of the prevention of malpractice, the theory of the evolution of monarchy and civil government, the movement, what should be done in Hunan, the bystander's article, the theory of tracing the origin of China's weakness (excerpt), the constitution, the changes in national thought, the similarities and differences, the book list of Western studies, the preface, the establishment of a female school, the beginning of Hunan Notes of the School of Current Affairs (Excerpts) Success and Failure Heroes and Current Affairs and the Three Realms of Literary Affairs A Farewell to the Three Worlds of Public Speech Liang Rengong's conversation with a reporter from a British newspaper, a speech at a public school in China
Human rights and women's rights, study of saint Du Fu and Qu Yuan's graduation from Southeast University, a collection of letters to Wang Kangnian and a letter to Mr. Yan Youling, a letter to Kang Youwei, a letter to Kang Youwei ( 1900) Three letters to Sun Yat-sen and a letter to Kang Youwei (1902) A letter to Sun Yixian and a letter to Kang Youwei (1912) Poetry and prose: twenty-four poems from the National Chronicle and four poems from the collection of Lu Fangweng that are a farewell to the Pacific in the 20th century and a farewell to Liang Rennan The two poems of Lu and Lu of the Han Dynasty, "Walking on the Sand, Congratulations to the Bridegroom", Biography of the Six Gentlemen of 1898, "Dedication and Joy in Industry", the emotions expressed in Chinese rhymes
Edit this paragraph's taxation thoughts
Statue of Liang Qichao ( 15 photos) Liang Qichao was one of the leaders of the Reform Movement of 1898 and a famous propaganda and agitator of the bourgeois reformists in my country at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. He advocated that tax collection must be based on the principle of benefiting the people and implement a light tax and flat tax policy, and opposed the traditional view of "taxing to meet the people's needs" that competes with the people for profits. It pointed out that "Westerners must exempt things necessary for people's daily life from taxes to facilitate the people. China takes advantage of the people's urgency and imposes heavy taxes, such as salt policy. There are also Westerners' good laws and good intentions, which are set up for the convenience of the people, while China It is regarded as a way to help people get rich, but if it is implemented, it will lead to harassment, which is the case with today's postal service." He proposed that we should follow the example of the United Kingdom in implementing a tax-level policy to facilitate and benefit the people and then seek prosperity. This is a view that puts economic development first and finance and taxation as its foundation. It was of positive significance to the development of China's capitalist industry and commerce at that time. Liang Qichao believed that public debt is also a kind of tax. The difference is that "taxation is directly levied on the present, while public debt is indirectly levied on the future." you". However, he admitted that public debt has a positive significance for economic construction. "Taxes can do their best for a while, but public debt will make it available many times." Therefore, he believes that although public debt increases the burden of future generations, it is also beneficial to future generations.