1, with large scale and strict planning.
Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, covers an area of 83 square kilometers, which is eight times that of Xi 'an (Ming Xi) today. It was the most magnificent and prosperous city in the world at that time. The planning of Chang 'an is the most rigorous among the ancient capitals of China. The buildings of other government cities and offices in the Tang Dynasty are spacious and spacious, which is beyond the reach of any feudal dynasty.
2. The wooden structure building has solved a large area and a large number of technical problems, and has been finalized:
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, large-scale buildings were no longer solved by outsourcing small-space wooden buildings to rammed earth platforms, as in the Han Dynasty. The forms and materials of various components, especially the bucket arch, have been standardized, which reflects the progress of construction management, accelerates the construction speed and promotes the architectural design.
3, the improvement of design and construction level:
The technicians who master the design and construction are "Duliao". They are skilled in professional skills, specializing in the design and on-site command of public and private houses, and make a living from it. Generally, houses are built according to the drawings after being painted on the walls. After the house is completed, you should write your name "Duliao" on the beams, which has been used until the Yuan Dynasty.
4, masonry has further development:
The main reason is that the number of stone pagodas is increasing. At present, all the Tang pagodas preserved in China are brick pagodas. There are three kinds of brick towers in the Tang Dynasty: pavilion type, dense eaves type and single-story tower.
5, the authenticity and maturity of architectural art processing:
The architectural style of the Tang Dynasty is characterized by grandeur, neatness and liveliness. The existing wooden building materials reflect the unity of architectural art processing and structure in Tang Dynasty. The structure of the bucket arch, the image of the column and the processing of the beam all make people feel the internal connection between the stress state and the image of the component itself, and achieve the unity of strength and beauty. The colors are simple and bright, the roof is flat, and the doors and windows are unpretentious, giving people a solemn and generous impression, both in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The most obvious feature of clothing is the dual-track system. In large-scale sacrificial activities, people will wear traditional costumes of the Han nationality. In normal times, the traditional costume of the Tang Dynasty was made of Hu clothing (Xianbei clothing).
By the Tang dynasty, the country was unified, the economy was prosperous, the shape was more open, and the costumes were more and more gorgeous. The characteristic of women's wear in Tang Dynasty is the unity of skirt, blouse and pocket. Among women, there is an image of topless and bare arms. On the mural on the east wall of Princess Yongtai's tomb, there is a woman of the Tang Dynasty with a high bun, a bare chest, a HongLing over her shoulders, a yellow narrow-sleeved blouse, a long green dress sweeping the floor and a red belt hanging around her waist. I have a more vivid understanding of "skirt sweeping plum blossoms". The collars of women's wear in the Tang Dynasty include round neck, square collar, oblique collar, straight collar and chicken heart collar. Long skirts are characterized by a high waist, generally above the waist, and some even tied under the armpits, giving people a very slender feeling.
It is a common dress for men in Tang Dynasty to wrap their heads and wear round neck robes. Wotou robe is the most important. Wotou, also known as Fu Tou, is the first kind of clothing formed on the basis of Han and Wei Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, people added a fixed ornament called "towel" to the steamed bread, with different shapes. More than five products, blushing for color; Six products and seven products are green; Eight products and nine products are cyan, and a horizontal bow is applied under the robe, which is also a major feature of men's wear at that time.
(3) calligraphy and painting.
Most of the authors of the ladies' paintings in the Tang Dynasty are very familiar with the life of court aristocratic women, so they have a precise grasp of the temperament and demeanor of clan women and ladies-in-waiting. By describing the details of people's movements, the most important artistic feature of figure painting in Tang Dynasty is the use of ink, and the colors all reflect the essence of figure painting in Tang Dynasty. The color is thin but not elastic, and the description of texture is very appropriate. The spun clothes are light and transparent, and the skin is rich and fair. Multi-layer baking, covering dyeing, combining separate dyeing and replacing lines with colors all created a new style of meticulous figure painting in Tang Dynasty. The most important thing is that the Tang people highlighted the plump figure of women, because being fat at that time was beauty.
Great achievements have also been made in the art of calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty. There are many calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty, and there are many schools, which are related to the prosperity of economy and the activity of culture and art. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with the social economy, culture and art, there have been great changes and developments. Calligraphy style has become vigorous and full since the early Tang Dynasty. True grass got rid of the shackles of the Wangs' calligraphy school more thoroughly. Formed its own new style. At this time, Zhang Xu, Huai Su, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and other famous calligraphers appeared. They created a new realm with cursive script and regular script respectively. Zhuanli reappeared in the calligraphy world, although it did not surpass the ancients, but there were many famous artists. In the late Tang Dynasty, with the decline of the national situation, calligraphy did not flourish in the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but some calligraphers such as Du Mu, Gao Xian and Pei Xiu also appeared.
(4) Sculpture
The overall development of sculpture art in the Tang Dynasty reached the peak in the history of sculpture in China. Therefore, in the history of ancient sculpture art in China, the sculpture of the Tang Dynasty occupied a wonderful chapter. The country is rich and strong, and there is a high demand for sculptures such as tomb figures and statues. Traditional shovels, carvings and round carvings are widely used in sculptures in the Tang Dynasty. A large number of thin lines are carved in shadows, and the details are expressed in the same way as drawing lines. Dense thin lines and short negative lines are used to express decorative clothing patterns, concave and convex surfaces of yin and yang, etc. Animals are plump and robust, lively and harmonious, and have a strong flavor of life, which is consistent with bird patterns such as gold and silver vessels, porcelain and bronzes. The characters are good at singing and dancing, playing various musical instruments, and the scene is cheerful. Novel composition and skillful knife cutting. In short, exquisite carving technology, emphasizing the accuracy of the overall modeling, working hard on the detail description, seeing the spirit in the big picture and the aura in the small picture, has a plump, robust, graceful and generous, romantic and unrestrained atmosphere of the times.
(5) poetry.
The Tang Dynasty is the peak of China's classical poetry, with rich themes, diverse styles, numerous schools and complete systems. The development of Tang poetry has roughly experienced four stages: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang.
(1) early Tang poetry. Poetry in the early Tang Dynasty is still in the afterglow of Sui Chen era. The poems of Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong and the literati around him are full of beauty and elegance. Only a few people, such as Wei Zhi, Wang Ji and Wang Fanzhi, can get rid of this custom. It was not until the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty that the content and form of poetry were developed.
② Poetry in the Tang Dynasty. On the basis of "Shen" and "Song", the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty further combined the correct direction with the perfect form. During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of Xuanzong, poetry flourished in an all-round way, and a large number of famous poets appeared. Their works are exquisite, vigorous and fresh, with wonderful images and harmonious rhythm, showing the artistic characteristics of the times. Frontier poems and pastoral landscape poems accounted for a large proportion in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
③ Poetry in the Middle Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the middle Tang Dynasty, the country declined, and the poetry circle was also depressed. Liu Changqing and Wang Wei are the top ten talents in Dali. Their poems are exquisite and elegant, but most of them are superficial. Lu Xun and Li Yi have some desolate frontier poems. Wei is the most outstanding one in this period. His pastoral poems are elegant and free, while his Yuefu songs are quite ironic in aestheticism.
(4) Late Tang poetry. The style of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty became more and more delicate. Although there have been writers and works that have had a great influence on the history of literature, they generally lack the broad spirit and muddy realm in the middle of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
In a word, the Tang Dynasty was an era of high political and economic development, prosperous culture and art, and splendid feudal culture, and it was the most brilliant page in the cultural history of China.