Shanhaiguan borders Yanshan Mountain in the north and Bohai Sea in the south. Defending the narrow highway traffic artery between North China and Northeast China, the terrain is dangerous. It has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. In Shang dynasty, it was solitary bamboo; During the Zhou Dynasty, it belonged to Yan State; Qin and Han Dynasties belonged to Liaoxi County. During the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chengguan was built in this area. Today, in Shimenzhai, Funing, you can still see the ruins of the Northern Qi Great Wall. When Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty built Guan Yu, it was called Qian Min Town in Yuan Dynasty.
In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (138 1), General Xu Da built the Great Wall here and set up Guancheng. Because it is located between Yanshan Mountain and Bohai Sea, Shanhaiguan is named after the word "mountain" and "sea" and is under the jurisdiction of Li Yongping Government. During Jiajing period, Qi Jiguang, the chief soldier of Zhen Ji Town, rebuilt Shanhaiguan and the nearby Great Wall-Jiaoshan Great Wall. The North Wing City is built in the north of Guancheng, and Weiyuan City is built on Huanxiling (also known as Wailingling) in the east.
During the Chongzhen period, Sun Chengzong, the minister of the Ministry of War, built the South Wing City and Ninghai City in Guancheng South and the seaside. Ninghai City is backed by the Great Wall, with a height of 3 feet and a circumference of 1 li. It goes straight into the sea from land, and looks like a faucet, so it is called "old faucet". In addition, there are castles, sluices, docks and other places, dotted and echoing each other. The above * * * has formed a defense system of Shanhaiguan with reasonable layout, clear division of labor and strictness. Shanhaiguan has always been one of the most important military towns in China.
The Ming Dynasty summed up Shanhaiguan's strategy and said that "it is the most rigorous place to arch the capital inside and defend foreigners outside". Sun Chengzong, a great scholar of millet, pointed out: "Closed doors are the security of the world". In the second year of Apocalypse (1622), there were 79,869 troops and12,760 horses. In the following year, there were100000 horsemen. Wang Yu, an imperial envoy, said: "Shanhaiguan is hard to guard against because there are many troops. It is not difficult to determine the number."
Wu Sangui, the general guarding Shanhaiguan in the late Ming Dynasty, cooperated with Regent Dourgen of Qing Dynasty to defeat the Li Zicheng army that came to Shanhaiguan and led the Qing army into Shanhaiguan, which led to the collapse of Li Zicheng Dashun regime and Nanming regime.
Shanhaiguan in Qing Dynasty was Lin Yu County, located between Beijing and Shengjing (Shenyang), so it was called "the key of two Beijing". During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Guancheng area once again became a battlefield, where the Eight-Nation Alliance War and the Great Wall Anti-Japanese War broke out first after the September 18th Incident.
At present, most of the ancient buildings around Shanhaiguan have been restored to their original appearance, forming a comprehensive tourism and cultural city with unique historical and cultural tours of the Great Wall, folk customs of Ming and Qing Dynasties and legendary tours of ancient Meng Jiangnu.
Its wall is well preserved so far, and it is a relatively well-preserved Ming Great Wall Guancheng in China today. Nowadays, its tourism culture value is remarkable, and it is also called "Four Famous Cities in Ancient China" together with "Old Town of Lijiang", "Pingyao Ancient City" and "Fenghuang Ancient City".
Extended data:
I. Introduction
Shanhaiguan, located at the easternmost junction of Hebei Province and Liaoning Province, is located in Shanhaiguan District of Qinhuangdao City, between Yanshan Mountain Range and Bohai Sea, so it is named after the word "mountain" and "sea". Shanhaiguan, also known as "Guan Yu", is named after the ancient Chongqing water. In history, the words "Guan", such as inside the pass, outside the pass, crossing the Kanto and the Kwantung Army, all refer to Shanhaiguan, which has an important influence on China.
Before 1990, because the old dragon head went straight into the sea, it was considered as the starting point of the eastern end of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty, making Shanhaiguan known as "the first pass in the world". It echoes Jiayuguan, the first male pass in the world thousands of miles away, and is famous in the world. 196 1 year, Shanhaiguan was announced by the people of China and the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Second, architecture.
Guancheng plane is square, with a circumference of about 4 kilometers. The wall is14m high and 7m thick. The inside is filled with rammed earth and the outside is wrapped with blue bricks. The east wall is connected with the Great Wall in the north and south, and there are buildings such as Kuiguang Pavilion, Muying Building, Weiyuan Hall and Lulin Building on the wall. Dig a moat with a depth of 8m and a width of 17m outside the east, south and north walls, and erect a suspension bridge. There is a bell and drum tower in the city center.
The gate of Shanhaiguan is open on all sides, and the east, west, south and north are called "Town East Gate", "Yingen Gate", "Wangyang Gate" and "Weiyuan Gate" respectively. Except Weiyuan Gate, all four gates have towers. The most important thing is that the east gate faces the customs. From outside to inside, there are four protected areas: Acropolis, Luocheng, Wengcheng and Chengmen.
The gate is a huge brick arch in the middle of a rectangular platform. The tower height12m, and the tower height13m, width 20m and depth 1 1 m above it. There are doors on the west side of the upper tower, and 68 arrow windows on the other three sides, usually cinnabar windows.
There is also a huge plaque hanging under the east eaves, which reads "the first pass in the world" in five big letters. Legend has it that it was written by Xiao Xian, a scholar in Ming Dynasty. Each word is 1.6 meters high, and the font is vigorous and powerful, which is the symbol of Shanhaiguan City.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-Shanhaiguan