The cases in which the judicial system of the Song Dynasty embodies the idea of ??compassion are discussed as follows:
Under the influence of the idea of ??compassion, the Song Dynasty established many systems that were conducive to ensuring judicial fairness and adjusting the judicial system. relationships between agencies. For example, in criminal trials, before and after the criminal suspect confesses, the system of separate divisions and the system of translation and investigation are implemented respectively.
Interpretation system refers to a system in which a criminal suspect overturns his original confession during litigation, which is related to a major case and is generally retried by another judge or other judicial authority. Bikan is divided into two types: "bie push" and "bie move". "Don't push" means changing the judge to try the case. In the fourth year of Emperor Xiaozong's reign (1168), criminal suspects who still found out after being interrogated by officials from the Criminal Division or personally interrogated would be investigated by the Transport Division, Changping Division and Appeasement Division of the road in turn.
If he is still aggrieved, he will be handed over to the neighbor for another interrogation. If the case is reinterpreted, the subsequent investigation officer will issue a document containing the suspect's previous recruitment and the reasons for the reexamination, and apply for court order. "Bie transfer" refers to the transfer from one department to another department within the original trial agency for retrial. For example, Kaifeng Mansion has a left and right department and a left and right military inspection ward. The right army will move to the left army, and the same goes for the government officials."
The divisional division system is a litigation and trial system in which the power of interrogation and the power of prosecution and sentencing are separated, and are handled by different officials. The agency responsible for interrogation is the "Prison Division" or "Jiansi", and the agency responsible for judgment is the "Fa Division" or "Jiansi". Each of them performs its own duties and does not overstep its authority. In the Song Dynasty, all judicial organs from the central to local levels implemented the system of divisions.
Among the state-level judicial officials, the Recorder, Manager, and Sihu Junjun are in charge of prison litigation, while the Judicial Junjun is responsible for determining laws. After Yuanfeng was restructured, the central judiciary "began to have Dali also manage prison affairs, and later the Ministry of Punishment remained the same. However, there were two Shaoqings in Dali, one responsible for managing prisons and the other for judging sentences. The four Langguan of the Ministry of Punishment were divided into left and right. Check it carefully, and describe the snow on the right."
The implementation of the translation system and the division system in the Song Dynasty was conducive to curbing the abuse of power by judicial officials, thereby reducing the injustice in prisons, and the meaning of compassion was included in this. Zhou Lin, a minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, believed that "the prison officer pushed for execution, and the law officer judged, and each had his own secretary, so it was necessary to prevent adultery."
Introduction to the Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty (960-1279)? [133] is the Central Plains dynasty in Chinese history that succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and led to the Yuan Dynasty. It was divided into the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) In the two stages of the Song Dynasty (1127-1279) and the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), Han Dynasty experienced eighteen emperors and enjoyed a country of 319 years.
The Song Dynasty was a prosperous era of commodity economy, culture and education in Chinese history. During this period, politics was relatively enlightened, agriculture developed, commerce and cities prospered, social changes occurred, Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was formed after the revival of Confucianism, science and technology developed rapidly, Song poetry flourished, and calligraphy and painting arts also achieved high achievements.
Some scholars estimate that the total GDP of the Song Dynasty in 1000 accounted for 22.7% of the total world economy at that time, and the total population of the Song Dynasty in 1124 reached 126 million. Some scholars praise that "the culture of the Chinese nation has evolved over thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." Western and Japanese historians have also proposed that the Song Dynasty was a period of Renaissance and economic revolution in Chinese history.