Language, Chu language officially entered the wuyue area, when Chu destroyed Yue. The Geography of Hanshu records that "Wu Binyue (Yue) is similar to Chu, so the folk customs are similar". After decades of rule by Chu people, the conditions for the local development of Chinese have been formed, and Chu language should play an important role in the formation of Wu language, especially in southern Wu language. It seems no accident that there are many similarities between the old Xiang dialect and the Wu dialect. The formation of primitive Wu dialect is based on the ancient Yue language, and Chinese is influenced by Chu language. Therefore, there has always been a saying that Wu people are "sounding Chu", and "Yuefu Poetry Collection, Jiao Miao Qu" says: "Chen Liang is the voice, and qi zhou is the prostitute." The trace of the development of this dialect also "flows back" to Boyang, Jiangxi Province today. The History of the Unification of the Qing Dynasty records that Raozhou Prefecture "has the voice of Wu Chu".
The languages of most countries in Southeast Asia are greatly influenced by Indian culture, but Vietnamese, like Korean and Japanese, has been deeply influenced by Chinese character culture since ancient times. Under the rule of China from 1 century to1century, Vietnamese introduced a huge vocabulary of Chinese characters, and its pronunciation (Chinese-Vietnamese pronunciation) was similar to that of ancient Chinese, but its grammar inherited a lot of features of Khmer. Although it doesn't have the same tense and verb changes as Chinese, it is also tonal language, but the word order is just the opposite of Chinese, and the situation is similar to Thai. The Vietnamese family affiliation has not yet been determined. At present, it is generally accepted that it belongs to the Monkhmer family of South Asian language family, such as Schmidt's judgment that Vietnamese and Monkhmer have a large number of basic words with the same grammatical structure, and some China scholars have found that Vietnamese and Wa are homologous from the bottom of Vietnamese. Other linguists think Vietnamese is an isolated language. Due to the controversy over the language family of Vietnamese, it is temporarily considered as a mixed language of Sino-Tibetan language family, Zhuang-Dong language family and South Asian language family. From the second half of the 19th century, the French colonists began a series of de-China movements, banned the use of Chinese (classical Chinese), the official document of the Ruan Dynasty, and abolished the imperial examinations, from 19 15, 19 18 to/kloc. The decline in the status of Chinese characters and Chinese has also led to the decline in the status of Nanzi, which is closely related to Chinese characters. In the first half of the 20th century, southern characters and Chinese characters gradually declined, while the pinyin characters and Putonghua characters popularized by French colonists began to be standardized and became popular in Vietnam.
In the early days, Vietnamese did not invent a writing system suitable for their own language. About the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chinese characters (called "Confucian characters" by Vietnamese) began to be introduced into Vietnam systematically and on a large scale. After the Chen Dynasty in Vietnam, Chinese characters became the main characters of the Vietnamese government and people. At this time, a large number of works in Chinese characters began to appear, the most famous of which was/kloc-The Great Historian of Vietnam compiled in the 5th century. It is worth noting that these articles written in Chinese characters are basically not written in accordance with Vietnamese grammar rules, nor do they use Vietnamese vocabulary, but are written purely in accordance with the grammar of ancient Chinese. So these Chinese works are Chinese works, which are very different from the spoken Vietnamese at that time.
Because Vietnamese spoken language is different from Chinese, classical Chinese can't accurately record Vietnamese national language (like ancient Korea and Vietnam, classical Chinese was used in writing, but folk spoken language is the national language). After the popularity of Chinese characters in Vietnam, some people began to try to use Chinese characters.
Vietnamese Latin calligraphy
As a basis, create new characters to record the national language of Vietnam, which are the southern characters (Vietnamese: Chu Nom). In the 8th century, southern characters began to appear, and in the 3rd century/kloc-0, Vietnamese literati began to use southern characters for literary creation. The most famous literary work here is Chu Ci written by Ruan Du in the 9th century. Because of the strong idea of "respecting Han", the upper class in Vietnam has always rejected this kind of writing, and the national education organs have not regarded it as an official writing, nor have they sorted it out and standardized it. Although both the rulers of the Hu Dynasty (1400-1407) and the Fuchun Courtyard of the Ruan Dynasty in Xishan (1788-1802) once attached importance to Nanzi and promoted it to the status of national documents.
Now Vietnamese is written in Latin letters, called Chu Quoc Ngu. It was integrated by Alexandre Rhodes (French: Alexandre de Rhodes), a French missionary who came more and more in the17th century (1591-Kloc-0/660), according to the spelling principles of previous missionaries. During the French occupation of Vietnam in the19th century, this writing system became popular and was fully used in the 20th century.
Vietnamese national characters use Latin letters. Vietnamese Mandarin calligraphy is a unique art in Vietnam, which has been deeply loved by people in recent years. There are calligraphy clubs all over Vietnam, and many of them write Mandarin very well, and their works are very collectible. The picture on the right shows the calligraphy works of Vietnamese calligraphers. The feature of Vietnamese calligraphy is that it is often inscribed on paintings.
You know, before the 20th century, the Vietnamese official script was always Chinese characters, and calligraphy was also China's calligraphy.
Chinese (Yue: Hanwu? N/ Chinese) was the main official document system in feudal Vietnam, and nobles and intellectuals also wrote in Chinese. Chinese (classical Chinese) is also a common document system in ancient East Asian countries, and it is also used in China, South Korea and Japan. However, it is completely composed of Chinese characters, which is quite different from Vietnamese, and it is difficult to achieve unity with Vietnamese spoken language in writing.
With the improvement of the national language consciousness of writing expression, Nanzi was invented at the latest in the century of 13. The appearance of Nan Zi completed the unification of written and spoken Vietnamese, and the Chinese Nan Zi, which represents Vietnamese, also appeared. The emergence of Korean accelerated the development of Vietnamese national language and literature, and many excellent articles were also written in Korean, such as Ruan Tan in15th century, and many of his Korean poems are still appreciated by people today. Vietnamese literature reached a peak in the18th century, with Ruan You's biography of Jin Qiaoyun and He Xuanhong's poems about Hannan. Because they were written in Hannan, which is convenient for Vietnamese people to understand and remember, these literary works are widely circulated in oral form among Vietnamese people (DeFrancis 1977:44-46).
On the other hand, after the emergence of Chinese, Chinese is still used in official documents. One exception was the Hu Dynasty (1400- 1407), when Chinese was temporarily abolished and Hannan was officially opened. However, due to the arrival of the third northern vassal era in Vietnam, the official status of Hannan was terminated. In the Li Dynasty, Chinese became the preferred medium of social dissent, so the government of the Li Dynasty banned the use of Chinese in three periods: 1663, 17 18 and 1760. The last time Hannan was adopted by Vietnamese officials was during the Xishan Dynasty (1788- 1802). However, in the later Ruan Dynasty, Hannan's official position was terminated again. Nguyn Phuc Anh, the first emperor of Ruan Dynasty (1802- 1945), supported the use of Nan characters and Chinese characters before he became emperor, but he began to use Chinese characters after he came to power (Hannas 1997:83-84).
Vietnamese classical literature is mostly written in classical Chinese, and more than 70% of the words in the dictionary are Chinese and Vietnamese words (
Vietnamese text example
Yue: t? Han VI? T/ Chinese and Vietnamese), before modern times, Chinese characters and Chinese characters invented by our nation were often used. Official documents are generally made in classical Chinese, and ordinary documents are generally made in Vietnamese, in which Chinese characters and Chinese characters are mixed. 19 19 Vietnam abolished the imperial examination, 1945 saw the demise of the Ruan Dynasty and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which led to a gradual decrease in the use of Chinese characters and southern characters.
It was invented by Christian missionaries in the17th century and popularized by the French colonial policy, and the Roman alphabet was used to remember the "national character" (the more: ch? Qu? c Ng？ /? Mandarin) During the colonial period, Chinese characters were called "French gifts" by French colonists as a symbol of "civilization". After the independence movement, nationalists thought that Chinese characters and southern characters were inconvenient and inefficient, and Mandarin characters became the official notation of Vietnamese after independence. Generally speaking, Vietnamese people regard Chinese characters as official symbols without any objection.
With regard to the genealogical classification of Vietnamese, the family affiliation of Vietnamese has not been determined since the beginning of the 20th century. It is generally believed that the Mon-Khmer language family belongs to the South Asian language family. Some linguists such as Ma Bole (1883 ~ 1945) believe that Vietnamese is an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan language family, Zhuang-Dong language family or Sino-Tibetan language family, mainly based on the fact that Vietnamese syllables have a fixed tone, monosyllabic words are the majority, and word order and function words are the main means to express grammatical meaning. Other linguists, such as W. Schmidt (1868 ~1954), believe that Vietnamese belongs to the Mon-Khmer family of South Asian languages, based on the existence of a large number of basic words with the same origin as Mon-Khmer, and the grammatical structure is basically the same as that of Mon-Khmer. Modern Vietnamese linguists tend to think that Vietnamese belongs to the South Asian language family, but recently Vietnamese linguists with a nationalist tendency think that it should belong to the Zhuang-Dong language family, because the Mon-Khmer language family included in the South Asian language family is homologous to Khmer (also known as Cambodian) spoken by Cambodians who have been at odds for a long time in history, which is really unacceptable.
1527, Portuguese Catholic missionaries came to Vietnam. They created Roman letters for copying Vietnamese, which were originally used only for teaching and missionary work. Later, missionaries from France and Italy began to record Vietnamese in Roman letters, but missionaries from different countries have different phonetic rules, and the work of revision and integration is also underway.
In17th century, French missionary Alexandre Rhodes published the dictionary of jobra (t? n Vi？ t-B？ -La, the dictionary is mostly in Portuguese), which indicates that the revision and integration of Vietnamese Roman alphabet phonetic system has achieved phased success and Vietnamese national characters have been born.
Vowel letters indicate tone types by adding symbols above or below, while Mandarin Chinese characters indicate six tones with five symbols (one tone is useless): (Take A as an example),? 、? 、á、? . Write separately according to syllables when writing. A word or transliteration word with two syllables in foreign words, connect each syllable with a short bar, such as: Ra-? I-? (radio)
In the disyllabic letters of modern Chinese characters, you can still see the remnants of the missionary's mother tongue:
NH from Portugal GI, GH from Italy TR from France PH from Portugal. In recent years, due to Vietnam's revision and relaxation of the marking rules of tone symbols (mainly involving the marking rules of tone symbols in the middle), overseas Vietnamese do not accept the revised new rules, so there are differences in the marking of tone symbols between Vietnamese and overseas Vietnamese today, but these differences do not affect reading comprehension at all, which is generally not easy for people to detect. For example, "culture" is spelled V in Vietnam today. N hoá, and the marking method of overseas Chinese (that is, the marking method before the revision of the rules) is V? Hoya