The first stage: Qin Qin was the peak period of Chinese philosophy and culture, and the development of philosophy in the later period was second to none. Qin not only has a distinctive interpretation of the group, but also discusses personal life in more depth;
The second stage: from the unification of Qin Shihuang to the feudal philosophy of China's Westernization Movement to five hundred years of chaos, and three hundred years of chaos. middle. The horizontal stagnation of philosophy remains to be discussed and studied within the framework of Confucianism.
The third stage: From the Westernization Movement to the cultural system reform of the "May 4th Movement", Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy, Chinese philosophy, and Western philosophy have always been a huge subversion. The Chinese began to think about China Philosophical flaws, and attempts to imitate Western constitutional monarchy by citing cultural relics (represented by the Westernization Movement), representatives of the "Reform" (Reform Movement) of the Western Constitutional Monarchy, "Cultural Introduction" (the 54 Movement) maintained high the banner of democratic science and criticized the old culture, To rewrite Chinese philosophy in order to promote new cultural representation).
The fourth stage: from the May 4th Movement to the chaotic philosophy of the ten years of the Cultural Revolution, traditional Chinese philosophy was completely destroyed.
Fifth Stage: Materialist Philosophy Decades after the Cultural Revolution, it has been painful since the May 4th Movement and the baptism of the Second World War. Questioning traditional Chinese philosophy has gradually declined. The traditional philosophical worldview was further undermined during the Cultural Revolution. China's development concept borrows from Western society, economy, science, system internalization and packaging, and takes the materialist philosophy stage of traditional Chinese philosophy.
Characteristics of Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy
The word "philosophy" is different from English philosophy, it comes from the Greek roots Philo and Sophia, the original Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy
This means the love of wisdom (love of wisdom), or the pursuit of wisdom (strivefor wisdom). The word wisdom is a modern word with a broad meaning and it refers to all human activities based on rational thinking and reflection. Russell summarized it as follows: "Philosophy is the knowledge of truth." China's official definition is: "Philosophical world view, philosophy is methodology." This should be the most scientific definition.
Western philosophy comes from Greek mathematics and geometry, logical thinking skills, machinery, and can start unknown conclusions from known knowledge such as mathematics and geometry. We all know that logical thinking ability must be defined first, but the definition is often difficult and the reasoning process is often inconsistent with the facts. This is the dilemma of Western philosophy. The British philosopher Bertrand Russell, at the end of his "Philosophical Questions," said: "The reason why the philosophy should be studied is that it cannot provide any exact answers to the questions posed, since it is usually impossible to know the exact answers that are true, but It is possible to write about questions that can expand our concepts of all things, the rich imagination of our minds and hearts, and reduce the dogmatic confidence that these are possible to reflect the character of the soul imprisoned in this In this passage, Russell unmistakably tells us that fundamentally accurate Western philosophers, rather than philosophy, require precise definitions.
Let me talk about the dilemma of Western philosophy: the first level, based on the definition and logic of philosophy. Western philosophers define science as difficult. For example, some wood compositions, wood and fiber compositions are composed of numerous chairs, and the fibers in turn are composed of organic molecules, and the organic molecules are composed of different atoms that rotate. Even in the face of nature's simplest substance hydrogen is difficult to define "one" because the hydrogen molecule consists of 2 atoms on which the hydrogen atom consists of electrons and protons. From a scientific point of view there are also neutrinos, as well as Mysterious structure. This is the "idea scandal" of Western philosophy. The survival of Western philosophy is also a problem. The first "master" to discover that "there will be so-called "structural reasoning fallacies and confusion" will appear, and later a logical paradox will be discovered. The second There are three major themes of traditional Western philosophy: God (existence), matter (nature) and soul (spiritual world). With the deepening of the understanding of the world, the idea of ??God is occupying less and less space. Exists only in philosophy, religion, not modern ideas, which can be said to be the rapid development of objects, natural science, philosophy, general principles and conclusions of the natural world---that is, the substitution of matter for natural science, the modern development of psychological analysis, linguistic analysis , became an independent psychological discipline, it replaced the philosophical spirit of research, so, said the crisis faced by the loss of research philosophy.
In "Philosophical Problems", Russell used the example of "2 + 2 = 4" to illustrate this problem. He used the mathematical concept to replace the original main concept. They should have a purer logic than other things. "2 + 2 = 4" was often exemplified by the philosopher Bertrand Russell, for example, and it is difficult to be real and not to be a truth. Two apples plus two apples, four apples, but two plus two does not necessarily mean four people. Time or other conditions need to be the limit equation to be established, otherwise there will be two plus two people’s life. How many personal problems , some people will fight the problem of reduced number of vendettas. So what seems to be an unmistakable truth is not. And some of our usual concepts: tomorrow's sun will appear again, but this is not the case, because in the Antarctic or it may happen in the North Pole, tomorrow's sun cannot be seen, and this is the truth. There are 24 hours in a day, which is an inherent concept, but the precise concept is inaccurate because the annual acceleration of the earth's rotation has an error of a few tenths of a second, so there cannot be a precise concept. There are many examples. This is the dilemma of Western philosophy, a school of Western philosophy. There are many reasons, which are difficult to unify, because they transcend the nature of things and cannot be discovered.
Let's take a look at the definition of "Chinese philosophy": "The name according to the earfu seen means the smell of the earfu. , it is a mixed type, as it is not oily, it does not suddenly find that it also restores the intangible wealth that cannot be named, it is not the same as the elephant, it is the trance that follows, but it is not. , but not reflected in its first greeting." ("Tao Te Ching" 14). "In the past it was a day to clear the land to Ning, the spirit of the gods, the grain surplus, the princes and kings were, and the world was positive." ("Tao Te Ching" 39). "Everything in the world is born from birth." "Tao, born from one body, one or two, two begets three, three begets all things, all bear yin, yang, and poisonous energy." Tao Te Ching "41.
" It cannot be defined accurately, and the reasoning cannot be accurate, but it is also difficult to come to an accurate conclusion. This understanding is what the ancestors of the Chinese people have clearly stated in their chests as early as "Tao can be Tao, but it is not Tao." The name can be named arbitrarily , the name "I" the concept of "Tao Te Ching". It explains that law and substance are difficult to accurately describe the truth, and the truth will change as time goes by and things change. Law
The thinking of Western philosophy is: all---"is, is" the law of contradiction---"nothing can be, is not" what must be the law, excludes---"is or is not" "Western philosophy is based on inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. This creates various antagonistic contradictions, but also creates many opposing concepts. : friends - peace - enemies of war, right and wrong,... Therefore, Western thinking can easily go to extremes and completely ignore the middle links in the development of things. We all know that the relationship between people includes enemies, friends, and neither enemies nor friends. Ancient Chinese philosophical concepts have long gone beyond the concept of opposition, and its basic point is the Confucian "gold mean". Chinese culture has learned from the Book of Changes, in the truth, we understand that things must be reversed sooner rather than later, always take "moderate dissatisfaction, their purpose is not to overflow." "Too much is not enough" is a popular concept.
In general , Ancient Chinese philosophy, Western philosophical speculation earlier got rid of the academic experience of Western philosophy. The framework of ancient Chinese philosophy or the nature of things is followed by readers understanding and thinking about the processed wood side table, which shows that Chinese philosophy is wood. , rectangular, so even if the table is fully described, like Russell and other Western philosophers, if the description of a table is very accurate considering the changes in light, it is difficult to have an accurate description of the table. . The ancient Chinese skipped the confusion of modern Western philosophy.
Due to the influence of ancient Chinese philosophical concepts, Chinese calligraphy and painting formed their own characteristics, not Western painting art. High level. Western painting is towards modern abstraction, Fauvism is not the reality of realism painting. It is another realm of Chinese painting blank, which sets the mood and feeling of the audience. You can see that the grass is the mountain, and the mountain is also. It can be seen that this is an impression, which is consistent with the concept in people's minds. Chinese painters paint for blank impressions and understand nature. The essence of Chinese painting is "spirit" and is a pure abstract art.
Yes, understanding is what we call the second stage, rational understanding. Chinese philosophy does not insist on precise definitions, only a description of the essence of things. According to the readers can understand their achievements, understand, and know her destiny is their own good luck. "Destiny" is the law of development of things and has nothing to do with superstition. The inability to understand philosophy is a lack of moral cultivation that is their loss. Chinese life as well as language, language philosophy, and according to this mode of thinking. Classical Chinese understands, you understand, "The benevolent sees benevolence, the wise see wisdom." It's no wonder that almost even scholar Zhu Xi said that the language of his university's release was accurate, while other interpretations may be unclear.
"The hub of 30 spokes, which is connected with the jewel of the car, is used to make a room when it is not, and is used to make a room when it is not there. Therefore, Li, with no thought." "Morality "Chapter 11" describes the philosopher Bertrand Russell, who didn't understand, "2 + 2 = 4". Two thousand years ago, when I "disappeared", Western philosophers were still discussing whether there was real logic, 2 + 2 = 4. Due to the advancement of Chinese philosophy and worldview, Chinese people have long had a "god" "The concept of "the destiny of Chinese culture", "Tao" is the law of the development of things. "The Analects of Confucius·Shu", "Inherits the bizarre. The strongest evidence that Confucianism does not believe in ghosts. Western philosophy in the 17th century before the main church school philosophy. Only in the materialist school philosophy, from the center of monotheism" and Materialism can be realized slowly. Although there was discussion of atomism as early as ancient Greece, such a view of the world had no market in a Christian-dominated society, and it was not dominant, therefore, from the level of thought in Chinese philosophy to that of Western philosophy.
The differences between Chinese and Western philosophy can also explain why we can remain advanced and lagging behind the Western world in the past hundred and thousands of years. The philosophy is the worldview. The whole of Western philosophy and method. It can be said to come from ancient Greek culture, the main representatives of which are: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates' "what is what, and why" question model, which laid the foundation for future Western philosophy. Methods and inquiry-based learning thinking have become Western habits. Wagai jumped and investigated the reasons why he also invented the steam engine. Newton saw the apple fall to the ground, but also investigated why it was the "center of gravity" of the export law. Chinese philosophy is a "book change" of yin and yang. When Western philosophy is lethargic, how do you define "Chinese people's thinking is beyond the scope of the definition of the word, and also understands that it does not pursue absolute truth. "Tao It can be said, it is very famous. It can be named, it is very famous. "Earfu see, the name, micro; hear the smell of Earfu, the name, say the Greek took a sip of Earfu get, the name, say to be razed to the ground. Don't expect it to be a mixed oil, it won't suddenly find wealth Can't be named nor restored. Like, no matter what, it is suitable to be in a daze. But after that, the greeting will not be reflected in its first time: "Yesterday is clear, and the land is clear." God is a spirit, the financial surplus of the valley, and the King of Hou is a "born and free world of thought from which all things in the world are born." "Tao is born, one is born from two, two is born from three, three is born from all things, everything bears yin and yang, poisonous gas" ("Tao Te Ching"). Also suffers from Western philosophy's definition of "how to complete." This can be said to be Chinese philosophy, a level higher than Western philosophy.
This is the vanguard of Chinese philosophy that makes us unlike Westerners. "Tracking the concept of bottom, it should be said that Chinese sages provided an example for thinking and learning for the younger generation. Later, people opposed it. , like the confusion of philosophy, but it also makes the Chinese people lose their curious spirit of learning. The idea of ??"Modern" and "Too Far" mode affects the future of the Chinese people. It is good for students to use calculators now. Finally, some people investigated the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, and the square root required the same. A thousand people could not find a few people who could calculate the square root of PI. In this case, many people only knew that they did not know how to calculate the square root of PI for decades. We are unlikely to know how to use the same principles of programming or computer programming as there are already good patterns to facilitate our operations into complex computer programming. Differences in worldview and methodology lead to the production gap between China and Western countries. However, the main factor is the long-term accumulation of human production technology, which changes from quantitative to qualitative changes.
For example, when water at 20 degrees is heated to 92 degrees, water changes from quantity to quality and turns into steam. This is the accumulation of human production technology and when "qualitative change" is achieved, Westerners have this curious habit of thinking. This means that a series of accidental factors lead to inevitable results. This lack of positive, conservative, "self-righteous" attitude toward learning and thinking is why the modern scientific and technological revolution did not occur in China, which corresponds to a sentence of Mao Zedong: "Pride makes people fall behind. One has to make progress with an open mind."
The difference determined, the length understood. National rejuvenation is just around the corner!