What are the specific classifications of Chinese painting?
Chinese painting is a traditional painting form in China. It is painted on silk or paper with a brush dipped in water, ink and color. Chinese painting has a long history, and there are many kinds. Here are the specific classifications of Chinese painting that I have sorted out, hoping to help everyone.
"Painting is divided into three subjects" in Chinese painting. On the surface, figures, flowers and birds, and landscapes are classified by subject matter, but in fact, they express an idea and thought with art.. The so-called "painting is divided into three subjects", which summarizes three aspects of the universe and life: figure painting shows the relationship between human society and people; Landscape painting shows the relationship between man and nature, integrating man and nature; Flower-and-bird painting is to show all kinds of life in nature and live in harmony with people. The combination of the three constitutes the whole universe and complements each other. This is a philosophical reflection from the sublimation of art, and it is the true meaning of art.
the painting is divided into ten doors. Chinese painting is divided into six branches, namely, figures, houses, landscapes, pommel horses, ghosts and gods, flowers and birds, etc. The Painting Spectrum of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty is divided into ten branches, namely, Taoist Buddhism, figures, palaces, Fan people, arowana, landscapes, birds and animals, flowers and trees, ink bamboo, fruits and vegetables, etc. Deng Chun's "Painting Following" in the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into eight categories (doors), namely, immortals, buddhas, ghosts and gods, biographies of figures, landscapes, forests and stones, flowers, bamboos and feathers, animals, insects, fish, houses, trees, boats and cars, fruits, vegetables and herbs, and small-scale miscellaneous paintings. There were "Thirteen Painters" in Yuan Dynasty, but the content was quite complicated, which was not suitable as a classification standard.
Contemporary Chinese painting has its own system in the world art field. According to its subject matter and performance object, it can be roughly divided into figure painting, landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting, boundary painting, flowers, melons and fruits, feathers, animals, insects and fish and other painting subjects; According to the methods of expression, there are techniques such as meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork, hooking, color setting and ink painting, and color setting can be divided into gold and jade, large and small turquoise, boneless, splash color, light color and light crimson. Mainly using the changes of lines and ink color, to describe the image and business location by hook, spot, dye, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, direction, back, virtual, real, sparse, dense and blank; View layout, wide field of vision, not limited to focus perspective; According to the forms of expression, there are murals, screens, scrolls, albums, fans and other frame forms, supplemented by traditional mounting techniques. According to the materials and methods of expression, it can be subdivided into ink painting, heavy color, light crimson, meticulous painting, freehand brushwork and line drawing. There are various forms of Chinese painting, such as long scrolls (also known as hand scrolls) and horizontal draperies, banners and nave, album pages and bucket squares, folding fans and round fans painted on the fan.
first, figure painting
(1) the historical process of figure painting:
the general term for painting with figures as the main body. Chinese figure painting has a long history. According to records, there were murals in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Gu Kaizhi specialized in painting figure paintings, and painting in China was the first one in the world to put forward the idea of "writing God with form". Yan Liben was also good at figure painting in Tang Dynasty. There are Wu Daozi, Han Wo and so on. Have made outstanding contributions to figure painting. After the Tang dynasty, there were more painters who painted figure paintings, and there were all previous dynasties.
The Portrait of Tagore by Xu Beihong China's figure painting is a major branch of Chinese painting, which appeared earlier than landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting. Generally, it can be divided into Taoist paintings, ladies' paintings, portraits, genre paintings and historical story paintings. Figure painting strives to portray the personality of the characters vividly, with vivid charm and both form and spirit. His vivid method often embodies the expression of characters' personalities in the environment, atmosphere, figure and dynamic rendering. Therefore, Chinese painting is also called "vivid" in theory. Famous figure paintings in the past dynasties include Gu Kaizhi's Luo Shen Fu Tu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Han Yun's Wen Yuan Tu in the Tang Dynasty, Han Xizai's Night Banquet Tu by Gu Hongzhong in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, Wei Mo Zi Xiang by Li Gonglin in the Northern Song Dynasty, picking Wei Tu by Li Tang in the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Baixing's Yin Tu by Liang Kai and Yang Zhuxi by Wang Yi in the Yuan Dynasty. In modern times, it emphasizes "learning from the law" and absorbs western techniques, which has developed in modeling and color distribution.
(2) Painting method and expression method of figure painting:
In order to draw a good figure painting, besides inheriting the tradition, we must also understand and study the basic shape, proportion, anatomical structure of the human body and the changing law of human movement, so as to accurately shape and express the shape and spirit of the characters. There are several ways to express characters, each with its own strong points, such as: line drawing, cross-filling, splashing ink and cross-dyeing.
second, landscape painting
(1) the historical process of landscape painting:
paintings that describe the natural scenery of mountains and rivers as the main body. Landscape painting (commonly known as landscape painting, landscape painting or ink painting) is a specialized art subject with a long history. Landscape painting has gradually developed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it is still attached to figure painting, which is mostly used as the background. Independence began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Zhan Ziqian's colored landscape, Li Sixun's Jinbi landscape, Wang Wei's ink landscape and Wang Qia's splash-ink landscape. In the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, landscape paintings flourished, with many authors, such as Jing Hao, Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoning, Yan Wengui, Song Di, Wang Shen, Mi Fei and Mi Youren, and the green landscapes of Wang Ximeng, Zhao Boju and Zhao Bosu, competing with each other in the north and south, forming two factions of the Northern and Southern sects, reaching a peak. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been famous painters in every period, who specialize in landscape painting. Although their life experiences, qualities, schools and methods are different; However, everyone can use pen and ink, color and skill, operate flexibly and describe carefully, so that the beauty of natural scenery can jump on paper with the same pulse, grandeur and charm. Landscape painting in yuan dynasty tends to be freehand, with virtual reality, focusing on the charm of pen and ink, creating a new style; In Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times, there was continuous development and a new look. Pay attention to business position and artistic conception in performance. Traditional methods include ink painting, turquoise, resplendent, boneless, light crimson and light color. The main representative painters are: Dong Qichang in Ming Dynasty, Shi Tao in Qing Dynasty, Huang Binhong, Fu Baoshi and Li Keran in modern times, Jia Youfu, Fan Yang, Jun Fang and Zhangfan in contemporary times.
(2) Composition of landscape painting:
The composition of landscape painting includes: mountains, water, rocks, trees, houses, towers, boats and cars, bridges, wind, rain, overcast and sunny, snow, sun, clouds and fog, and climate characteristics in spring, summer, autumn and winter.
(3) The main representative of landscape painting:
a. Green landscape
A kind of landscape painting. Landscape painting with mineral azurite and stone green as the main colors. There are big turquoise and small turquoise. The former has many hooks, few strokes, strong coloring and strong decoration; The latter is based on the light color of ink and wash. Zhang Geng in Qing Dynasty said: "Painting and painting are all colorful and green since ancient times." Tang Dong of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Li Sixun painted landscapes and reflected them with gold and jade, and it was a family law." In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were two Zhao Dynasties (Boju and Bojun), which were famous for their green landscapes. China's landscape paintings are colored first, followed by ink painting. In color-coded paintings, there are heavy colors first, and then there are light colors.
B. Pale crimson landscape
A kind of Cai Yancai pale crimson landscape painting. On the basis of ink-and-wash hook dyeing, light-colored landscape paintings with ochre as the main color are laid. "Biography of Mustard Seed Garden" said: "Huang Gongwang is like a jade stone face, and the color is good with ochre, which is applied shallowly, and sometimes the outline is drawn with a ochre pen. Wang Mengfu painted the landscape with ochre and rattan yellow, and his hill was like a loose grass painting, and then he came out with ochre, sometimes without coloring, only with ochre to paint the human face and loose skin in the landscape. " This color-setting feature began in Dong Yuan in the Five Dynasties and flourished in Huang Gongwang in the Yuan Dynasty, also known as "Wu Zhuang" landscape.
C. Jin Bi Shan Shui
Clay gold, azurite and stone green in Chinese painting pigments. Any landscape painting that uses these three pigments as the main color is called "golden blue landscape", which is more clay and gold than "green landscape". Clay gold is generally used to hook and dye mountain profiles, stone patterns, slopes, sand mouths, rosy clouds, palaces, pavilions and other buildings. However, in the Ming Dynasty, Tang Zhiqi's "A Brief Talk on Painting Things" held another view: "Those who cover gold and jade: the stone is green, that is, the green landscape is also called. Later generations don't pay attention to it, but mud gold is called the golden pen landscape. It's ridiculous for a husband to be in the name of gold and silver! "
third, ink painting
a kind of Chinese painting. Refers to paintings made by pure ink and wash. There are three basic elements: simplicity, symbolism and naturalness. Legend has it that it began in the Tang Dynasty, became in the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and continued to develop in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times. Take brushwork as the leading factor, and give full play to the function of ink painting. "Ink is color", which means that the shade change of ink is the level change of color, and "Ink is colorful", which means that colorful colors can be replaced by multi-level ink chroma. Shen Kuo's "Picture Song" in the Northern Song Dynasty says: "Dong Yuan in the south of the Yangtze River spread to Ju Ran, and the light ink is light and the blue is one." That is, ink painting. People in the Tang and Song Dynasties painted landscapes with wet pens, which had the effect of "water fainting ink seal". People in the Yuan Dynasty began to use dry pens, and the ink color changed more, which had the artistic effect of "being colorful at the same time". In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei put forward that "ink painting is the best" and later generations followed it. Ink painting has long occupied an important position in the history of China painting.
fourth, courtyard painting
referred to as "courtyard painting" and "courtyard painting", is a kind of Chinese painting. Generally speaking, it refers to the paintings of Hanlin Painting Academy in Song Dynasty and its later court painters. There are also works specifically referring to the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy, or generally referring to non-court painters who imitate the style of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. In order to meet the needs of the imperial court, this kind of works mainly focus on flowers and birds, landscapes, court life and religious content. They pay attention to statutes, pay attention to both form and spirit, and have a gorgeous and delicate style. Because the times are different from painters' expertise, their painting styles are different and have their own characteristics. Lu Xun said: "Song's courtyard paintings should give up the weak and gentle, and the meticulous and meticulous aspects are desirable." Modern young and middle-aged painters represented by Zhang Quan, Jiang Hongwei, Jia Guangjian, Zhao Beixin and Yu Hui have made certain contributions to the development of modern college painting.
Fifth, literati painting
is also called "scholar painting". A kind of Chinese painting. Generally refers to the paintings made by Chinese scholars and literati in China feudal society. Different from the paintings of folk painters and professional painters in the Palace Painting Academy, Su Shi put forward the "scholar's painting" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Dong Qichang praised the "scholar's painting" in the Ming Dynasty, with Wang Wei as its founder and the ancestor of the Southern Sect (see "Southern and Northern Sect"). But in the old days, it was often used to raise the painting art of the literati class and despise the folk painters and institutional painters. Zhang Yanyuan in the Tang Dynasty once said in "Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties": "Those who have been good at painting since ancient times are not well-dressed and elegant, and they are superior to others, which is beyond Yan's power." This statement has a long influence. Modern Chen Hengke thought that "literati painting has four elements: character, knowledge, talent and thought, and with these four elements, it can be perfected." Usually, "literati painting" is based on landscapes, flowers and birds, plum blossoms, bamboos, chrysanthemums, wood and stones, etc., so as to express "spiritual spirit" or personal ambitions, and sometimes it also contains feelings of oppression of the nation or resentment against decadent politics. They extol "morale" and "yi pin", advocate the taste of algae, stress the interest of pen and ink, get rid of the similarity, emphasize the charm, and attach great importance to the cultivation of literature and calligraphy and the creation of artistic conception in painting. Mang Fu Yao's Preface to the Study of Literati Paintings in China once had a high evaluation: "You Cheng (Wei), the king of the Tang Dynasty, helped the poems to enter the paintings, and then the interest was born by the pen, and the method was changed at will. It is not necessary to talk about the palace merchants, but the hills and mountains are all rhyming, and the righteousness is not necessary to compare with the prosperity." Literati paintings in past dynasties have a considerable influence on the aesthetic thought of Chinese painting and the development of ink painting, freehand brushwork and other techniques.
VI. Comics
Ink-and-wash comics have the characteristics of comics in concept, with a wide range of themes, or satire or praise, but they use traditional ink-and-wash painting techniques in China and are elegant. Compared with ordinary comics, ink and wash comics have more ornamental value. Its appearance has expanded the performance, viewing field and variety of comics. There are also many outstanding authors in China's ink cartoons, such as Feng Zikai, Hua Junwu, Huang Yongyu, Han Yu, Fang Cheng, Wang Chengxi, Mei Xianghan, Bi Keguan, Xu Pengfei, Jiang Wenbing, He Wei, Chang Tiejun, Xu Jin, Bai Shancheng and others, and many outstanding works have also emerged.
VII. Flower-and-bird painting
(1) The historical process of flower-and-bird painting
Before Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, flowers and birds, as the objects of China's art, always appeared on pottery and bronzes in the form of patterns and decorations. At that time, flowers, birds and some animals had mysterious significance and complex social implications. People paint it not as an expression within the scope of art, but through them to convey the belief of society and the will of the monarch, and the form of art is only subordinate to the needs of content.
Early human attention to flowers and birds is a hotbed of flower-and-bird painting. According to historical records, there have been many independent flower-and-bird paintings in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, including Gu Kaizhi's Painting of Wild Goose and Waterbirds, Shi Daoshuo's Painting of Goose, Lu Tanwei's Painting of Half Goose, Gu Jingxiu's Painting of Cicada and Sparrow, Yuan Qian's Painting of Cangwu, Ding Guang's Painting of Cicada and Sparrow, and Xiao Yi's Painting of Deer. Although we can't see these original works now, we can know from the background of other figure paintings that the flower-and-bird paintings at that time had a fairly high level, such as the birds in Gu Kaizhi's "The Goddess of Luo".
Monk Mo painted flowers and birds in a freehand manner. In this period, more flowers and birds were painted, because they were often related to myths, and some were even the protagonists in myths. For example, Jade Rabbit, the sun in the sun, the toad in the moon palace, and Qinglong, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu, which represent four directions. Generally speaking, flower-and-bird painting became an independent branch in the Tang Dynasty, and pommel horse, which belongs to the category of flowers and birds, has achieved high artistic achievements in this period. Now, Han Gan's Zhao Ye Bai, Han Han's Wu Niu Tu and Dai Song's Half Niu Tu all show that this theme has a high artistic level.
The pommel horse of Cao Ba and Chen Hong, the eagle painted by Feng Shaozheng, the crane painted by Xue Ji, the dragon painted by Wei Yan, the flowers and birds painted by Bian Luan, Teng Changyou and Diao Guangyin, and the pine and bamboo painted by Sun Wei not only show a strong lineup, but also have their own masterpieces. For example, Xue Ji painted cranes, and Du Fu wrote a poem praising: "Xue Gong's eleven cranes all wrote Qingtian Zhen. Painting color for a long time, pale but still out of the dust. Low-spirited and interested, open and honest like a long person. "
(2) the painting method of flower-and-bird painting
The painting method of flower-and-bird painting can be roughly divided into two categories: meticulous flower-and-bird painting; Freehand brushwork of flowers and birds. Insects can also be divided into work and writing. The methods of expression are: line drawing (also known as double hook), sketching, filling, boneless, splashing ink and so on. Like mountains and rivers, he has a long history. The learning steps of flower-and-bird painting are nothing more than copying, sketching and creating. The themes are: bamboo, orchid, plum, chrysanthemum, peony, lotus, etc. Birds are: chicken, goose, duck, crane, cuckoo, kingfisher, magpie and eagle; Insects include parrots, butterflies, phoenixes, dragonflies and cicadas, and miscellaneous insects include slugs, crickets, ants, snails and spiders.
VIII. New literati paintings
New literati paintings, that is, "New literati paintings of China" refers to a cultural phenomenon that appeared in China art circles in the late 198s and early 199s.
In 1996, Bian Pingshan, a Beijing painter, often met and chatted with Wang Heping, a Fuzhou painter, and Beiyu, a Hebei painter, in Mr. Bian Pingshan's "Pingshan Bookstore". Because there were many similarities in artistic opinions and pursuits, he came up with the idea of launching a joint exhibition of Chinese paintings. Later, it was agreed with Nanjing painters Wang Mengqi and Jun Fang that Tianjin painter Huo Chunyang would hold this exhibition in the exhibition hall of Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts, which was the beginning of "New literati paintings".
Later painters from all over the country, such as Zhu Xinjian and Liu.