Cultural relics are an important historical and cultural heritage and a witness to history. China is an ancient civilization with a long history, splendid culture and rich cultural relics.
In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the 4th century, the mausoleum guarded the gods.
Rich and colorful. China has attached great importance to the study of cultural relics since ancient times, taking different kinds of cultural relics as research objects, and gradually formed epigraphy, archaeology, Oracle Bone Inscriptions studies, Dunhuang studies and so on. In this sense, the study of cultural relics is an ancient subject in China. In this sense, the study of cultural relics is an ancient subject in China. However, the study of cultural relics in the modern sense is a young subject in China, and its research started late. In the late 1970s, I discussed with some experts the establishment of the study of cultural relics. In the long-term professional work of cultural relics and archaeology, as well as the protection and management of cultural relics, I have the opportunity to get in touch with all kinds of cultural relics, and actively learn from experts and scholars and the vast number of cultural relics and archaeologists in the process, so I feel it is more urgent to establish cultural relics science to guide the research, work and development of cultural relics and give full play to the role of cultural relics.
Li Xiaodong, born in 1936, is from Ruicheng, Shanxi. 196 1 Graduated from the Department of History of Peking University, majoring in archaeology. Engaged in archaeological research and cultural relics protection and management for a long time. Researcher. He used to be director of Hebei Cultural Relics Bureau, inspector of National Cultural Heritage Administration, director of General Finance Department, and now he is the vice president of China Cultural Relics Society. The main work "Cultural Relics".
First-class cultural relics classification standard
(a) representative cultural relics reflecting the relations of production and its economic and political systems in various historical periods in China, as well as relevant social and historical development;
(2) Particularly important representative cultural relics that reflect the development of productive forces, the progress of production technology and scientific inventions and creations in past dynasties;
(3) Particularly important representative cultural relics that reflect the social and historical development of all ethnic groups, promote national unity and safeguard the reunification of the motherland;
(4) Particularly important representative cultural relics reflecting the resistance of working people to exploitation and oppression and famous uprising leaders in past dynasties;
(5) Particularly important representative cultural relics that reflect Sino-foreign relations and exchanges in politics, economy, military affairs, science and technology, education, culture, art, religion, health and sports;
(6) Particularly important representative cultural relics reflecting the historical events and important historical figures of the Chinese nation's resistance to foreign aggression and aggression;
(seven) reflect the famous thinkers, politicians, militarists, scientists, inventors, educators, writers, artists and other particularly important representative cultural relics, especially the important representative works of famous craftsmen;
(eight) representative cultural relics with special value that reflect the living customs, culture and art, arts and crafts and religious beliefs of all ethnic groups;
Blue Glazed Trollius Croquet Bottle (5 pieces)
(nine) representative rare books with particularly important value in China ancient books;
(10) Particularly important representative cultural relics that reflect major events in the international capitalist movement and the revolutionary practice activities of outstanding leaders, as well as internationalist fighters who have made great contributions to the China revolution;
(11) Particularly important representative cultural relics related to major events, important figures, famous martyrs and famous hero models in China's modern history (1840-1949);
(twelve) particularly important representative cultural relics related to major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders, famous martyrs and famous hero models since the founding of the People's Republic of China;
(thirteen) particularly important representative cultural relics related to China * * * production party and other political parties, organizations, important people, patriotic overseas Chinese and other social celebrities in modern times;
(fourteen) other representative cultural relics with particularly important historical, artistic and scientific value.
Classification standard of second-class cultural relics
(1) Cultural relics of great value that reflect the productive forces, relations of production, economic and political systems and relevant social and historical development in China in various historical periods;
(2) Cultural relics of great value that reflect a region, a nation or a certain era;
(3) Cultural relics that reflect historical figures, historical events or are of great value to the study of historical issues;
(4) Cultural relics groups that reflect a certain archaeological cultural type and cultural characteristics and can explain a certain historical problem;
(five) cultural relics with general historical, artistic and scientific value but valuable information;
(6) Important folk cultural relics reflecting various regions and ethnic groups;
bronze vessels
(seven) the important works of famous artists or famous craftsmen in past dynasties;
(eight) rare books with important value in ancient books;
(9) Cultural relics of great value reflecting major events, important figures, famous martyrs and famous hero models in China's modern history (1840-1949);
(ten) cultural relics of great value that reflect major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders, famous martyrs and famous hero models since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC);
(eleven) cultural relics of great value reflecting the major events, important figures, patriotic overseas Chinese and other social celebrities of the production party and other parties and groups in modern China;
(twelve) other cultural relics with important historical, artistic and scientific value.
Three-level cultural relics classification standard
(1) Important cultural relics reflecting the productive forces and relations of production, economic and political systems, and social and historical development in various historical periods in China;
(2) Cultural relics with relatively important value that reflect a region, a nation or a certain era;
(3) Cultural relics that reflect historical events or historical figures and are of great value to the study of historical issues;
(4) Cultural relics with relatively important value that reflect a certain archaeological cultural type and cultural characteristics;
(five) ethnic and folk cultural relics with relatively important value;
(6) Works with high artistic level and craft level in a certain historical period, but damaged;
(seven) rare books with important value in ancient books;
(8) Cultural relics with relatively important values, such as major events, important figures, famous martyrs and famous hero models in China's modern history (1840-1949);
(9) Cultural relics with relatively important values, such as major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders, famous martyrs, famous hero models, etc. since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC);
(10) Cultural relics with relatively important value that reflect the major events, important figures, patriotic overseas Chinese and other social celebrities of the * * * production party and other parties and groups in modern China;
(eleven) other cultural relics with relatively important historical, artistic and scientific value.
Classification standard of general cultural relics
(1) Cultural relics with certain value that reflect the productive forces and relations of production, the economic system and political system in various historical periods in China and the relevant social and historical development;
(2) Ethnic and folk cultural relics with certain value;
(3) Cultural relics that reflect a historical event and historical figures and have certain value;
(4) Old books and materials with certain value;
(five) historical production and living utensils with certain value;
(6) Works of art and handicrafts of past dynasties with certain value;
(seven) other cultural relics with certain historical, artistic and scientific value.
Five, museums, cultural relics units and other relevant cultural relics collection institutions, can use this standard to identify and classify their collections of cultural relics. Other cultural relics scattered in the society can be graded accordingly when they need to be graded.
Six, this standard is interpreted by National Cultural Heritage Administration.
Attachment: Example of Grade I Cultural Relics Classification Standard
1. Jade and Stone Age are exact, with excellent texture, artistic and technological characteristics and special value; Having exact excavation sites, inscriptions, inscriptions or other important features that can be used as dating standards; It has obvious local characteristics and can represent a cultural type, a region or an outstanding achievement of archaeology; A masterpiece of ethnic relations and Chinese-foreign relations that can reflect the style and artistic level of a certain era.
15- 14 centuries ago, bronze wares such as Ding in Shang Dynasty.
Secondly, pottery represents a cultural type of archaeology, and its shape and decoration are of special importance; There is an exact unearthed place, which can be used as a dating standard; Tricolor works with beautiful shapes, bright colors and particularly important values; Among the purple sand ware, the shape is perfect, which is the masterpiece of ancient and modern famous artists.
Third, the porcelain is of exact age and has great artistic or technical value; The chronology or exact unearthed place can be used as the standard of dating; Modeling, decoration, glaze color, etc. Can reflect the style of the times and strong national color; Famous porcelain, the representative works of official kiln and folk kiln recorded in literature.
Fourth, the bronze is beautifully shaped and decorated, which can represent the casting technical level in a certain period; There is an exact unearthed place, which can be used as a dating standard; Inscriptions reflect major historical events, important historical figures or high artistic level of calligraphy; It is of great significance in the history of technological development.
5. Iron products that occupy a particularly important position in the history of smelting, casting and forging in China; Unearthed iron cultural relics with clear location and special value; Ancient vessels with inscriptions or gold and silver, inlaid and other exquisite craftsmanship; Iron historical relics used by celebrities in past dynasties or directly related to major historical events.
Six, the gold and silver craft level is superb, the shape or decoration is very beautiful, which is of special importance; Gold and silver products with exact date and place or money can be used as dating standards.
Seven, lacquerware represents the typical craft varieties and characteristics of a certain historical period; Excellent modeling, decoration and carving skills; The masterpiece of a famous craftsman.
cultural relic
8. Sculptures with beautiful shapes and exact dates, or with inscriptions, metals, jade, stones, wood, mud, pottery, lacquer, tooth bones and other textures with distinctive characteristics of the times and artistic style, which are of special importance.
Nine, Shi Zhuan's earlier, representative stone carvings; Statue tablets engraved with the year or the owner's mind can be used as dating standards; Stone carvings that can directly reflect social production and life, with vivid expressions and beautiful shapes; Stone carving skills are exquisite and rich in content; Epitaphs of great historical or artistic value; Bricks and tiles with exquisite characters or decorative patterns and particularly important historical and artistic values.
Ten, calligraphy painting before the Yuan Dynasty relatively complete calligraphy and painting; Before the Tang dynasty, there was a complete written book with a year model; Before the Song Dynasty, there were authors or chronicles in ancient books, and the calligraphy level was high. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were well-known or unknown styles with high artistic level; Handwriting of famous people of past dynasties with special value; Particularly important art schools or masterpieces of famous painters and painters since Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Eleven, Gu Yan era exact, good quality, less remains; Modeling and ornamentation have distinct characteristics of the times, and the four famous inkstones, Duan and Zou, have high technological level; There is an exact excavation site, or it is circulated, beautifully made and well preserved, which can be used as a dating standard; Used by important historical figures in past dynasties or with high inscription value; Masterpieces of famous craftsmen of all ages.
Twelve, the contents recorded in Oracle bones are of particularly important historical value, and tortoise shells and animal bones are relatively complete; The carved characters are exquisite or distinctive, which can play a role in dating.
Thirteen, official seal, private seal, seals and symbols with particularly important value; The representative works of the main schools or main representatives of seal cutting in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Fourteen, coins have a particularly important position and value in the history of coin development in China.
Fifteen, the exact age of the horn is of great value in the history of carving art; Reflect the characteristics of national crafts and the history of technological development; Masterpieces of famous craftsmen or artists in various periods, ivory products with a long history.
Sixteen, the exact age of bamboo and wood carving, has a particularly important value, has a unique style in the history of bamboo and wood carving technology, and can be used as a dating standard; Exquisite production and high technical level; The masterpiece of a famous craftsman or artist.
Seventeen, furniture before the Yuan Dynasty (including the Yuan Dynasty) wooden furniture and exquisite funerary objects; Ming and Qing furniture is made of Huang Huali, rosewood, chicken wing wood, iron pear, ebony and other precious wood, with beautiful shape, well-preserved and sophisticated technology; Well-made painted furniture in Ming and Qing dynasties; Furniture used by celebrities in Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times or with great historical value.
Eighteen, the exact age of enamel, distinctive features, high level of modeling, decoration, glaze color and technology.
Nineteen, the era of weaving and embroidery, the origin is accurate; Typical objects of different weaving and embroidery varieties that represent the technical level of a certain historical period and have particularly important value; Colorful, beautifully decorated, with typical characteristics of the times; The masterpiece of a famous embroiderer.
Twenty, inscriptions, writing and printing in front of rare books of ancient books; Manuscripts and manuscripts written or arranged by famous scholars and bibliophiles in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are of great value in a certain discipline; Printed copies (including printed copies, movable type copies, beautifully printed printed copies, and color overprint copies) and manuscripts with characteristics in book content, engraving level, paper, printing, and binding; During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, famous scholars and bibliophiles collated inscriptions and postscript, and their contents were of great academic value.
Twenty-one, rubbings rubbings are rubbings before the Yuan Dynasty; Integral rubbings and rare rubbings in Ming Dynasty; The initial expansion of the refined version; Qing dynasty or modern rubbings whose original is important but lost, and whose rubbings are rarely circulated; The fine extension of the Ming and Qing dynasties post station; Before and after the Qing Dynasty, there were important inscriptions and rubbings by famous artists of past dynasties.
Twenty-two, weapons in the history of weapons development, can represent a historical stage of ordnance level; Used in important battles or events; Valuable weapons used by celebrities in past dynasties.
Twenty-three, philatelic products reflect the history of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and the liberated areas, and the stock is scarce; Stamps and philatelic products that have been particularly important since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).
Twenty-four, reflecting major historical events, important content and special significance of official documents, promotional materials or documents; Leaflets, slogans, posters, extra numbers and good news; Badges, medals, medals, etc.
25. Archival documents are particularly important in official archives and folk documents such as imperial edicts, proclamations, titles, memorials, imperial edicts, maps, people's yellow books, land, population, territory and other books, as well as major historical events and deeds of important historical figures.
26 celebrity relics manuscripts, letters, inscriptions, inscriptions, etc. Articles of great value and significance of the late China * * * famous leaders of the production party, famous leaders of democratic parties, famous patriotic overseas Chinese leaders and famous social activists.
Note: Examples of the second-and third-level cultural relics classification standards can refer to the analogy of the first-level cultural relics classification standards.
The difference between cultural relics and antiques
Some collectors still have the problem of how to correctly understand the dialectical relationship between cultural relics and antiques, antiques and works of art.
Belt hook (Western Han Dynasty), gold-plated bronze ware
In a vague understanding. "Cultural relics" refer to things left over from history that are valuable for studying social politics, economy and culture, and are precious historical and cultural heritages of mankind, such as buildings, inscriptions and various works of art, etc. According to the provisions of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, cultural relics are non-renewable cultural resources, and all cultural relics left behind in China people's underground, waters and territorial waters belong to the state. At the same time, the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics also clearly stipulates that the ownership of cultural relics owned by collectives or individuals and other cultural relics obtained according to law shall be protected by law.
The word "cultural relics" first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which is the general name of the legal system of rites and music. In the Tang Dynasty, its meaning was close to today's meaning. In terms of time, cultural relics are ancient, modern and contemporary. It covers all historical periods. However, there are certain levels of cultural relics, which are divided into precious cultural relics and general cultural relics, and precious cultural relics are divided into first-class cultural relics, second-class cultural relics and third-class cultural relics. The Cultural Relics Law defines and stipulates the first, second and third level cultural relics standards. Antiques, curios and works of art that we usually refer to should refer to those cultural relics that are collected by the people and are not prohibited by the state from buying and selling. Cultural relics legally owned by citizens are allowed to be exchanged or transferred and circulated according to law.
Before the Qing Dynasty, people called precious antiquities "bones", and the so-called "bones" were preserved by carrion.
Pottery cultural relics
It means preserving the essence of the past. Later, it gradually became antiques and antiques. In fact, the meanings of "antique", "antique" and "antique" are the same, but people have different names because of the changes of the times. From the comparison between cultural relics and antiques or antiques, cultural relics cover a longer time than antiques or antiques, because cultural relics can be ancient, modern or contemporary, and as long as they are excellent cultural products, they can be included in the category of cultural relics. Antiques and antiques are not. Modern and contemporary things cannot be called antiques and antiques. Because many cultural relics have high artistic appreciation value, collectors call them art collections. An ancient work of art is a cultural relic for the cultural relics department because it has cultural protection value; It is an antique for investors because it has added value; For collectors, it is an antique art because it has artistic appreciation value. In order to protect cultural relics, the state encourages cultural relics that are not national treasures to be "treasured by the people" and allows people to circulate according to law, which paves the way for the development of folk collections and the rise of the antique art market.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the word "cultural relics" was used in a series of laws and regulations on the protection of cultural relics promulgated by the State Council, the central people's government, and later the State Council. It was not until 1982 NPC Standing Committee promulgated the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) that the word "cultural relics" and its contents were fixed in legal form. Its scope actually includes all movable and immovable historical and cultural remains, not limited to ancient times, but includes modern times and contemporary times.
All countries in the world have their own commonly used names for different types of cultural relics, but there is no universal name that summarizes all types of cultural relics. In Europe, the word antique was used in English and French in17th century. This word comes from the Latin ante, which means ancient and former. On the other hand, people think that the word English comes directly from French. When it is used as a noun, it mainly refers to the cultural relics of ancient Greece and Rome, and later it gradually developed into works of art of various times, and its meaning is close to the so-called antiques and antiques in China. The "tangible cultural wealth" in Japanese is similar to the cultural relics referred to by China, but its meaning and scope are different. In the international community, in some international conventions on the protection of cultural relics adopted by UNESCO, cultural relics are generally referred to as "cultural property" or "cultural heritage", with different meanings. Judging from the specific contents listed in the Convention, the former refers to movable cultural relics and the latter refers to immovable cultural relics. The Arabic ξζ 1 (singular) and ε γ 1 (plural) used in Egypt are basically the same as the cultural relics mentioned by China. Egypt's Law on the Protection of Egyptian Cultural Relics promulgated in 1983 stipulates that anything that appears on Egyptian soil or is related to its history, including movable and immovable objects with historical significance and value, belongs to cultural relics (ξζ 1). At the same time, it is also stipulated that valuable articles within 100 can be designated as cultural relics according to the suggestions of the cultural authorities.
The year of cultural relics was originally limited to 1830 in the world, which originated from American tariff regulations. According to the regulations, artworks made before 1830 are tax-free. Later, many countries in the world set this year as the lower age limit for cultural relics. Later, the United States passed a new tariff regulation on 1966, stipulating that "all cultural relics made before 100" will be imported duty-free from the date of filing the declaration for duty-free import. Therefore, according to the general international practice, cultural relics refer to physical objects with historical, artistic and scientific value made a hundred years ago. However, some countries make other provisions according to their own specific conditions. For example, Greece regards 1450 as the age of cultural relics.
Other relevance
Cultural relics audit standard
explain
1. In order to strengthen the protection of China's cultural heritage and prevent the loss of precious cultural relics, this standard is formulated according to the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics.
Two, cultural relics entry and exit audit institutions to carry out cultural relics exit audit work, the implementation of this standard.
Three. This standard takes 1949 as the main standard line. Cultural relics with certain historical, artistic and scientific value that were produced and produced before 1949 (including 1949) are prohibited from leaving the country in principle. Among them, cultural relics produced before 19 1 1 year (including191year) are prohibited from leaving the country.
Four, the national cultural relics to 1966 as the main standard line. Representative cultural relics of ethnic minorities produced before 1966 (including 1966) are prohibited from leaving the country.
Five, China's existing foreign cultural relics and books, like China's cultural relics and books, are also classified and implemented according to this standard.
Six, any cultural relics that harm the interests of the state and the nation, or may cause adverse social impact, regardless of the number of years, are prohibited from leaving the country.
Seven, cultural relics not included in the scope of this standard, such as the entry and exit of the cultural relics audit institutions, have great historical, artistic and scientific value, should be prohibited from leaving the country.
Eight, the cultural relics listed in this standard belong to different audit categories, according to the lower limit of the ban on leaving the country.
Nine, this standard is interpreted by National Cultural Heritage Administration and revised regularly.
Ten, after the implementation of this standard, other provisions issued by National Cultural Heritage Administration are inconsistent with this standard, this standard shall prevail.
Cultural relics are the remains and relics left by human beings in the process of historical development. It is a precious historical and cultural heritage of mankind. Cultural relics refer to specific material remains, whose basic characteristics are: first, they must be created by human beings or related to human activities; Second, it must be an irreversible past. At present, different countries have different names for cultural relics, meaning and scope, so there is no unified definition of cultural relics.