It's spring season again. People call this season the "golden period" of highway construction. Traffic management departments at all levels in the north and south of the Yangtze River, accompanied by the warm spring breeze, set off a new round of highway construction boom with great vigour.
quality is the soul of highway construction. No matter how fast you lose your soul, it is equal to zero. Which is more important, quality and speed? How to deal with the relationship between quality and speed? It is well understood that "quality is the first in a century's plan" has long been a common knowledge. However, in practical work, especially when the task is heavy, the time is tight, and the leader finishes it within a limited time, it will often backfire, and there will be a passive situation of fighting for time, grabbing speed, ensuring the construction period, and turning everything around speed divorced from reality. The result of this one-sided pursuit of speed at the expense of quality is that the speed is accelerated and the construction period is advanced, but the project quality has hidden dangers. The "bean curd residue" project caused by one-sided pursuit of speed and neglect of quality is not uncommon in the country.
in highway construction, we should resolutely put an end to the tendency of simply pursuing speed. In recent years, the investment amount and construction scale of highway construction have increased year by year. "If you want to get rich, build roads first" has become the last word for people to get rid of poverty and become rich. Highway construction has also become the top priority of governments at all levels and is included in the important work schedule. It is precisely because highway construction is visible, tangible, well received by ordinary people and easily recognized by leaders that some officials regard highway construction as an important means and convenient way to get quick success and instant benefit, pursue political achievements and promote promotion. With this idea, how can we guarantee the quality of the project?
to deal with the relationship between quality and speed, quality should be the first priority. On the premise of ensuring quality, speed up and never lose sight of one thing. To ensure the engineering quality, we must respect science, act according to objective laws, be strict with technology and act according to procedures. Practice has proved that if you act against the objective laws, you will be punished by the objective laws.
to properly handle the relationship between quality and speed, we must seek truth from facts, and we should not engage in "image project", "gift project" or "achievement project" and so on. Project managers and builders at all levels should resolutely implement Scientific Outlook on Development, and have the courage to resist some leaders' incorrect subjective assumptions in dealing with the relationship between quality and speed, and never meet their likes and dislikes, and engage in conformity with reality.
to properly handle the relationship between quality and speed, it is necessary to strengthen management, strictly enforce standards, resolutely reinvent unqualified projects, and resolutely do not use unqualified raw materials. It is better to slow down and ensure the quality of projects, and never be afraid to affect the construction period and simplify procedures, and discount the corresponding standards.
in short, in highway construction, only by acting in accordance with objective laws, truly handling the relationship between speed and quality, and putting quality and speed in a proper position, can "quality first, a century-long plan" really become an empty talk.
it can be said that in ancient times, our ancestors had a thorough understanding of quality and progress. They use "quality" to express today's quality, quality and essence; Use "quantity" to express the current quantity, progress, speed and so on. The ancestors were able to create words such as quality and quantity, and they must have seen their ups and downs and helped each other.
indeed, quality and progress are a unity, with one glory and one ruin. In other words, quality and progress are two aspects of one thing. Without quality progress, it is meaningless; Quality without progress cannot reflect the essence of quality. But in practical work, such a thing often happens, which makes people's legs and feet shake and their ears hurt. To say that quality is to slow down the progress; As soon as the emphasis is placed on catching up with the progress, quality problems will follow. Is quality and progress really irreconcilable contradictions? With the dead gone, we can't pray for the ancients, and we have to think about it ourselves.
first of all, it is wrong to put quality and progress in the opposite position. Every link and detail of production has reached the quality standard, and everything is qualified, then everything is done smoothly, everything is done, and the progress is not delayed. If we say that grasping quality has frustrated the production progress, it can only show that grasping quality is lax, and it has not been grasped in place, but it is even more necessary to grasp quality with cruelty. Secondly, as soon as we catch up with the progress, quality problems will follow, which is certainly untenable. If we produce a large number of parts and complete a large number of tasks quickly, but there are quality problems, resulting in products being scrapped, reworked and started again, how can we talk about progress? Not only did it fail to catch up with the progress, but it dragged down the progress. It can only show that such progress is false.
quality and progress are like the wings of a bird and the feet of a man. The broken wings of a bird cannot fly far; A man's broken foot makes it difficult to travel far. The quality and progress of products, no matter which side is lost, the other side will die with it.
on the synchronous realization of quality objectives and schedule objectives
The construction process of a construction project is a long and complicated process, which requires a lot of manpower, financial resources and material resources. It has the characteristics of open-air operation, great influence by external natural conditions, strong technical intermittence, many cross-operations and strong comprehensiveness. As a site supervisor, to measure whether his work has received good results depends on whether the main objectives of the project, such as quality, time limit for a project and use function, have been successfully realized.
Whether the control measures of quality control and schedule control are effectively implemented or not is the main factor that determines the realization of the goal. Quality control and schedule control are the unity of mutual constraints and local contradictions. How to make their functions fully play and reflect at the same time requires the supervisor to comprehensively formulate relevant management systems and control measures before starting the work. However, schedule control and quality control must not be implemented separately, which will often lead to a situation of "progress without quality and quality without progress". The field work is very tight, but it is always half the effort, and both the construction party and the supervision party are in a passive state. The long-term maintenance of this situation not only wastes a lot of manpower, financial resources and time for the construction party, but also makes the on-site role of the supervision party not fully reflected. Therefore, quality control and schedule control must be integrated and considered at the same time. The author talks about his personal views on the construction supervision of the teaching building project of experimental middle school in Yangzhong City, Jiangsu Province.
determine the overall control goal of the supervision project
progress goal: comprehensively analyze the relevant information provided by the owner (bidding documents, construction contract, supervision contract, etc.) to determine the overall progress goal. This project has been completed because the owner has declared the summer enrollment plan for 23 to the local education bureau and implemented it. According to the teaching practice of middle schools in China, students should enter school on September 1, 23. Therefore, the schedule target is "completed and delivered on August 3, 23".
quality objective: this project is the first local school run by a Sino-Hong Kong joint venture. Therefore, both the local and the Hong Kong side intend to build a high-quality project. After consultation between the supervisor and the owner and the construction party, the final quality objective is to "create the best in the city and strive for the best in the province".
refinement of supervision objectives
once the overall objectives are determined, the objectives should be decomposed and refined immediately according to the specific conditions of the project itself.
refinement of progress goal: as far as this project is concerned, according to the characteristics of the frame cast-in-place structure building, we further decompose the total progress goal into secondary goals (partial project goals), further decompose it into tertiary goals (monthly progress goals) on the basis of secondary goals, and finally decompose it into four goals (weekly progress goals). See the figure below (Figure 1).
refinement of quality objectives: as far as quality is concerned, the refinement of objectives must be combined with schedule objectives. Different systems and control measures should be formulated according to the progress objectives in different stages to ensure the implementation of quality objectives.
the implementation of supervision objectives
the determination of all control objectives is only a prerequisite to ensure the completion of supervision tasks, and then it is necessary to further implement and realize the objectives.
Implementation of progress target: It is the key to implement the target by comprehensively analyzing all kinds of factors that can affect the progress and determining their priorities. The first important factor is the inspection lot. Reasonable division of the size of the inspection lot is the premise to ensure that all progress and quality objectives can be achieved. Once the overall goal is determined, the size of the inspection lot must be determined according to the characteristics of the project itself. As far as this project is concerned, the main standard floor is divided into three areas in the design. According to the structural characteristics and functional requirements of the building, we think that it is obviously unreasonable to divide each floor into three inspection lots. After consulting with the contractor, the inspection lots of the standard floor are divided into six, which just forms a cycle every week. Secondly, the quality constraint point is an important aspect that restricts the progress goal. As far as the building with frame structure is concerned, the time of formwork removal of cast-in-place structure and the step-by-step masonry of filled wall are all key quality constraints. For example, when the bottom die of cast-in-place slab is removed, the national code clearly stipulates the strength value that concrete should meet when it is removed, which inevitably restricts the earliest start time of its immediate working procedure. Therefore, when refining the target, it is unreasonable to arrange the construction of the next working procedure within this gap time, so it should be banned and the target should be adjusted. Another example is the post-masonry wall with a clear height of over 4m. When setting the target, we must consider the constraints of specifications: the masonry is divided into three steps (primary masonry, secondary masonry and top brick masonry) and the secondary structure (ring beam) is set in the middle. It is not allowed to arrange centralized construction or even shorten the time to catch up with the work. Therefore, the goal refinement must be fully considered before the goal can be correctly refined. If the target is not broken down and controlled in detail before the start of construction, although it may cause the appearance of "more speed and better province" in a short period of time, as time goes by, the phenomenon of unqualified quality will continue to appear, and then rework will not only waste manpower and material resources, but also waste a lot of time, which will lead to the consequence of "more haste, less speed". In the process of this project supervision, the daily dynamic analysis system of progress target was established. The supervision engineer is required to collect, summarize and judge the amount of work ahead of schedule or behind schedule three times a day, and report to the chief supervision engineer in time. The director will issue instructions to arrange measures to catch up with the lagging amount of work, requiring the project department to implement them unconditionally, thus ensuring the gradual realization of the progress goals at all levels.
implementation of quality objectives: the quality management of construction projects during construction is a comprehensive and complicated management process. After the quality target is determined, we should comprehensively analyze all kinds of quality influencing factors according to design drawings, construction contract, supervision contract, owner's demand, national acceptance standard and relevant strong standards, and formulate different quality control systems and measures for different stages, so as to successfully realize the quality target. For example, before the commencement of construction, the technical disclosure system shall be established, and the technical disclosure meeting shall be organized by the supervisor and recorded in writing. To establish a concealed engineering acceptance system, it is necessary to make clear the contents of each acceptance, the premise of supervision's participation in acceptance, and the quality standards for acceptance. In the construction stage of the main project, establish the system of quality control special meeting, analyze and summarize the problems, put forward suggestions on how to solve them and supervise their implementation. According to the strengths and weaknesses of the construction party, timely adjust the key points of quality control. For example, after the first-floor framework of the main body is finished, we found that the quality of the formwork project of the construction party is prone to problems (elevation of the middle part of the beam bottom, levelness of the slab bottom, formwork sealing at the joint part of the beam and column, etc.), and immediately analyzed the reasons with the construction party through the special meeting. In the subsequent supervision process, we actively helped to participate in the elevation setting and reexamination in advance, thus ensuring the one-time acceptance of the formwork project, avoiding the occurrence of quality hidden dangers, and avoiding rectification or rework.
establish an on-site inspection system. In order to improve the one-time acceptance rate and ensure that the project progress will not be affected by quality rectification or rework, we will arrange the quality control of each working procedure in the inspection process to ensure "early detection and early solution" and strive to control all problems "before and during" and eliminate them.
establish and improve the system of standing by. The on-site station is not limited to the concrete pouring process, but should be expanded to realize every agreed quality key part and node. In the process of these processes, supervisors should track and check synchronously, and rework is strictly prohibited. For example, in the installation of formwork, the elevation must be ensured before the bottom formwork is positioned and the steel pipe support is fixed. It is strictly forbidden for supervisors to ask the construction party to rework or make a lot of rectification due to mistakes in post-acceptance inspection. There was not a similar phenomenon in the supervision process of this project.
Another example is the concrete pouring station. First, the control accuracy of the mixture ratio should be randomly selected. Secondly, it is important to check the pouring quality of key parts. As far as the frame structure is concerned, the key parts are: beam and column joints, beam and plate joints, column roots, beam bottom and so on. Third, it may be an aspect that is easily overlooked. For the concrete pouring that is mixed on site, the construction party should be required to implement the shift system. Workers in each shift shall not work continuously for more than 1 hours, and fatigue operation is strictly prohibited. In particular, mixer operators, vibrator operators, raw materials (stones, sand) distribution workers and other types of work, in the case of reaching the limit of human physiological fatigue, it is impossible to maintain a good state, and the construction quality can certainly not be guaranteed.
to achieve the quality goal, we should not only consider the quality constraints such as various specifications and strong standards, but also expand the scope of quality control according to the use function of the building itself. Because the school is a public place used by teachers and students, when making quality control measures, we especially consider the stability and firmness of the ceiling fan hook in the classroom. Every time the concealed works are accepted, all the embedded parts of ceiling fan hooks shall be inspected to ensure that there are no potential safety hazards. Another example is that the corridors of each floor of the teaching building are designed with horizontal railings, but the material of the railings is not clear in the original drawing. Before installation, considering that it will mainly serve students in the future, we suggested in writing that the owner must use steel pipes and add cast iron pipes in the steel pipes to ensure the firmness after molding. This suggestion was adopted by the owner. During the installation process, the supervisor shall inspect all the key parts such as embedded parts and welding points to ensure that there is no quality control omission. Judging from the current use situation, no safety accidents have occurred in these two aspects. Another example is the corridor of each floor. Because it is designed to be open, considering the drainage effect when the rainy season comes, the key parameters such as elevation, slope and slope direction are strictly controlled during the construction of the floor. Every time before the terrazzo floor is poured, it actively participates in the elevation setting, and the whole process is stopped and re-measured in time. Judging from the use effect, there is no rainwater accumulation.
establish a reward and punishment system. The supervisor should take the initiative to communicate with the owner to make it clear that quality and progress are equally important, and explain that the formulation of reward and punishment measures is a means to ensure the smooth progress of the project, not a fine for the sake of fine. After obtaining the consent of the owner, the seriousness, strictness and purpose of this system shall be stated at the regular meeting of the site, so that the construction unit can take the initiative to accept it. For example, during the construction of the main structure of this project, due to the tight supply of steel bars in the market, the project department once purchased it.