Wang Chong was an outstanding thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the 200 years in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were only three thinkers: Wang Chong, Wang Fu and Zhong Changtong. Wang Fu (AD 85- 162) wrote a byte letter "On the Hidden Husband", attacking various social diseases in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. His comments are open, reasonable, moderate and sincere. Zhong Changtong (A.D. 180-220) analyzed all the social ills in the late Eastern Han Dynasty with a sentence axiom and his book Chang Yan, and his views were alarming and shocking. Wang Chong wrote Lun Heng, which criticized many academic problems in the society at that time, especially the bad morality and morals in the society, and many viewpoints were broken through the ground. Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty established the three men as joint biographies, and later scholars even praised them as the three outstanding men in the Han Dynasty. Among the three schools, Wang Chong was the oldest and the earliest. In many viewpoints, Wang Chong's influence on the latter two schools is very obvious. Wang Chong is the most outstanding and influential thinker among these three schools.
Hua Tuo, Zi Jing, was a physician at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Pei Guoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui Province) was born. Hua tuo has been practicing medicine all over the world all his life, with a good reputation and many achievements in medicine. He is proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and acupuncture, especially in surgery. According to "The Biography of Hua Tuo in the Later Han Dynasty", "If the disease occurs inside, acupuncture and medicine can't reach it, so the numbness will be dispersed with wine first, and the drunkenness will not be felt, and it will be cut due to a broken abdomen. If it is in the stomach, cut it off and wash it to get rid of the disease. Then sew it again, it will be fine in four or five days, and it will be calm in January. " Huatuo used Mafeisan to treat diseases such as "gastrointestinal stagnation" and performed abdominal surgery after anesthesia. This is the earliest record of general anesthesia surgery in the world medical history, which is earlier than that in the west 1600 years. Hua Tuo attached great importance to the prevention of diseases and emphasized physical exercise to enhance physical fitness. Thought: "The human body should work, but not use its ears." Shake it, the valley gas will disappear, the blood will circulate, and the disease will not be born. For example, the household pivot will be immortal. He imitated the movements and postures of tigers, deer, bears, apes and birds, and created the "Five Birds Play". If you feel uncomfortable, let a bird play and sweat, and you will feel light and cold. His disciple, Upp, insisted on the "Five Birds Show". He is over 90 years old, with bright eyes and ears and strong teeth. Cao Cao had a long-term headache and was cured by Hua Tuo many times. Because of the deep accumulation of this disease, it is difficult to cure. Cao Cao insisted that Hua Tuo be his doctor for fear of recurrence. Hua tuo was later killed because he didn't recruit anyone from Cao Cao. Before he died, Hua Tuo handed a sorted medical manuscript to the jailer and told him, "This can be a living person. "But, the jailer afraid of being tied, dare not accept. Hua tuo burned it in great grief and indignation. The existing Sino-Tibetan Scriptures are masterpieces of later generations. See Biography of Ji Fang in the Later Han Dynasty and Biography of the Three Kingdoms of Shu Wei and Ji Fang.
Zhang Heng (AD 78- 139) was born in Xi 'e, Nanyang (now Shiqiaoxia Village, Nanyang City, Henan Province), and was the same as Shangshu and Hejian. He is "intelligent, sensitive and eager to learn, like the death of Sichuan, sleepless." Virtue is overflowing, articles are floating in Yunfu, and the number is poor in the world, with good production, great technology and brilliance. "He" is not disrespectful, and he is disrespectful of virtue; "Don't be ashamed of disagreement with Lu, but be ashamed of wisdom." He was a great scientist, writer, inventor and politician in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and built a towering monument in the history of world science and culture.
In seismology, he invented the "Seismograph" (AD 132), which was the first instrument in the world to measure earthquakes and directions, more than 700 years earlier than Europe. In astronomy, he invented the "armillary sphere" (A.D. 1 17), which was the first large-scale astronomical instrument driven by water to observe stars in the world. He wrote books such as Notes on the Huntianyi Instrument and Lingxian, drew a complete star chart, and put forward the scientific conclusion that "moonlight is born in the sun and shines on it". In literature, he is a brilliant star in the history of China literature. The representative works "Tokyo Fu" and "Xijing Fu", collectively called "Erjing Fu", describe the prosperous scenes of Chang 'an and Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty and satirize the dissolute and shameless parasitic life of bureaucrats and nobles. Du Nan Fu vividly depicts the social outlook, people's life and folk customs of Nanyang County at that time. In addition, he has written more than 30 articles, such as Ode to Love, Song with the Same Voice, Ode to Mystery, Ode to the Field, Poem of Four Sorrow, etc. In geography, he drew a complete topographic map, and developed a "drum cart in mind" and a "compass". In mathematics, he wrote The Theory of Calculation, and calculated the values of pi between 3. 1466 and 3. 1622. Although this is slightly different from the known pi today, it is amazing that people can have such an accurate calculation more than 800 years ago. His achievements predate those of Europe 1300 years. In meteorology, he created the "barometer", which is an instrument to predict the wind and direction, earlier than the western hyacinthus orientalis chicken 1000; In mechanics, his "single wood carving" is the earliest aircraft in the world, as well as plans (solar shadow devices) and activity calendars. In art, he ranks first among the six famous painters in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng's outstanding contributions in science and technology, literature and art are not only the glory and pride of the Chinese nation, but also the precious wealth left to the whole human history. Zhang Heng deserves to be the dazzling twin of science and literature in the world. 1956 10, inscription by Guo Moruo, President of China Academy of Sciences: "Such a well-rounded figure is also rare in the history of the world."
Wang Xizhi (303 ~ 36 1), born in Langya, lived in Yin Shan. A famous calligrapher in ancient China was honored as a "book saint" by later generations. At the age of 48, he was in charge of the internal history of the meeting. On the third day of March in the ninth year of Yonghe (353), he and Xie An, Sun Chuo and other 42 people built Lanting and wrote Preface to Lanting Collection, which is called "the best running script in the world". This preface is not only brilliant in literary talent, but also exquisite in calligraphy art, which has been recognized by calligraphers for thousands of years. This is actually the pinnacle of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy art, and because of this, Lanting Ji Ya has also been celebrated through the ages and has been passed down to this day. Wang Xizhi has made great achievements in the art of calligraphy. He not only mastered various styles of ancient calligraphy, but also created a new style to meet the needs of the times and built a complete style system, which had a great influence on later generations.
Zu Chongzhi (429 ~ 500). Famous mathematicians and scientists in Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty and Qi Dynasty. The word Wen Yuan. Fan (now Laishui, Hebei). He has made great achievements in mathematics, astronomy, calendar and mechanical manufacturing. On the basis of predecessors, he calculated the values of pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. He is the first mathematician in the world to make pi accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point, and put forward the approximate ratio of 22/7 and the secret ratio of 355/ 17. Otto in Germany didn't reach this level until 1573, more than 1000 years before Europe. Therefore, people call the secret rate "ancestral rate". The Daming Calendar he compiled first considered the calculation of precession, and stipulated that a year was 365+338+38+0 days, which was more accurate than other calendars at that time. The machinery manufacturing industry has also made great achievements. Zhuan Shu and Jiu Zhang Shu Yi Zhu have been lost, as well as Yi Lao Zhuang, A Collection of Notes on the Analects of Confucius and Zu Chongzhi Ji (5 1), whose book is Shuo Wen Jie Zi (some people say it was written by Liang in the Southern Dynasties, but the annals were compiled by Zhi and others).
Li Bai, the word Taibai, was a romantic poet in Tang Dynasty. The official worships Hanlin. Because of his arrogant personality, he was not tolerated by powerful people, which deepened his understanding of corrupt society and wrote poems attacking the extravagance of imperial power and powerful people and accusing the reality of political darkness. The author of the complete works of Li Taibai. He wrote many poems praising the motherland, exposing the darkness of society and despising the powerful. His poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Xuanzang (about 600 -664) was a monk who went to India, the birthplace of Buddhism, to learn Buddhist scriptures. He started from China, and his journey lasted 16 years, reaching 64,000 kilometers, passing through Afghanistan, Kashmir and northern India. Xuanzang reached the edge of the Gobi Desert in Central Asia, went west to Samarkand, then turned south, crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and entered India. In India, he was welcomed as a Buddhist teacher. Xuanzang was in distress many times during his journey and almost died. Danger comes from bad weather and high mountains. Xuanzang was almost killed while drinking spring water. Later, he was imprisoned in the kingdom of Taksila in northern India. He almost froze to death in order to escape. Xuanzang's trip was secret, because the emperor at that time did not allow China people to travel abroad. Later, when Xuanzang returned to China, the emperor ordered him to write a travel note. This job occupied most of the rest of his life.
Su Shi (1037-110/year) was born in Meishan, Sichuan. A famous writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Poetry is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Su Shi is famous for his talent and understanding of classics and history. Song Jiayou was a scholar in the second year (1057), and once served as a minister of rites and a bachelor of Hanlin. He had a rough life and was exiled many times. When he was in Song Shenzong, he was highly valued. However, due to the struggle between the old and new parties, he was repeatedly relegated and became a local official in Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. He was also framed and imprisoned for writing a poem that slandered state affairs. After he was released from prison, he was banished to Huangzhou. After several ups and downs, he was exiled to Huizhou and Qiongzhou and moved to Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province). Since then, he has lived a life of reading and painting. It was not until Fu Yuan's third year (1 100) that Song Huizong was pardoned and returned to the north. In July, Yuan (1 10 1) died in Changzhou. Su Shi is honest, broad-minded, brilliant, poetic and good at painting and calligraphy. He, Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei are also called "Song Sijia". When talking about the process of his calligraphy creation, he said: "The method of writing is not perfect, but I can't get it all." He added: "I can't make a book with my heart. I'm tired of asking for it." He focused on "meaning" and sent his feelings to the book with "faithful hand". Su Shi's writing seems plain and simple, but it has a mighty air of Wang Yang sea. Like his profound knowledge, dragons are unpredictable. He is good at running script and regular script, and his brushwork is vigorous and natural, giving people the artistic beauty of "the breath of sea breeze" and "the shape of ancient stones". Su Shi's calligraphy is highly praised by future generations. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "His calligraphy is very attractive ... It was not until the wine was drunk that he forgot his work and spoke in great detail ... As for the round pen and rhyme, the article is wonderful, loyal to the sun and the moon, and the book is good, so he first promoted (Su)." Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty praised him for "completely using the front, which is the Lanting of Pogong". Handed down from ancient times, there are Qianchibi Fu, Huangzhou Cold Food Poem Post, Dongting Spring Fu, Zhongshan Songlao Fu and so on.
Xu Xiake, formerly known as Xu Hongzu (1586- 164 1), was born in Jiangyin (now Jiangsu) in the late Ming Dynasty. When the word vibrates, it is called the chin. Teenagers are eager to learn, like to read strange books, ancient and modern history books, maps and local chronicles. At the age of 22, he abandoned the imperial examination industry and was encouraged by his mother. He did not avoid the pain of camping and was not afraid of being buried in a ravine. He traveled all over North China, East China, South China and Southwest China to inspect natural landforms, hydrology and climate, vegetation and animals, customs and habits, and economic conditions. For more than thirty years. I was robbed three times and deprived of food four times, but my ambition remained the same, and I continued to write travel notes without anger. In the 13th year of Chongzhen (1640), he fell ill in Lijiang, Yunnan, and was escorted back to his hometown. He died of illness in Jiangyin the following year. His ten-volume Travels of Xu Xiake is an important work of geography in Ming Dynasty.
Li Shizhen (15 18 ~ 1593) was a physician in Ming dynasty. East wall, the old man by the lake at night. Qi zhou (now Qichun, Hubei) was born. A world doctor. Father Li Yanwen is a famous local doctor. He studied Confucianism when he was young and later became a doctor. I have studied ancient medical books, collected herbs in the mountains and collected folk experience. I feel that there are many errors in materia medica in past dynasties. I consulted more than 800 kinds of documents and combined with practice, which lasted for 27 years and was written into 52 volumes of Compendium of Materia Medica. In medicine, it was influenced by the four masters of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. There are also studies on pulse science and meridians, such as Hu Ling's Pulse Science and Qi Jing's Eight-pulse Examination. However, medical works such as Five Zang-organs Graph Theory and Ming Men Kao have been lost.