1. Cuneiform
Cuneiform, created by the Sumerians, is the oldest known pinyin script.
Around 3400 BC, the prototype of cuneiform writing was produced, mostly images. Around 3000 BC, the cuneiform writing system matured and the glyphs were simplified and abstracted. The number of texts dropped from about 1,000 in the Early Bronze Age to about 400 in the Late Bronze Age.
The cuneiform writing that has been discovered is mostly written on clay tablets, and a few are written on stone, metal or wax tablets. The scribes used sharpened reed poles or wooden sticks to write on the soft clay tablets. The soft clay tablets became hard after being sun-dried or baked and were not easily deformed. Since they are mostly carved on clay tablets, the lines are straight and wedge-shaped.
Cuneiform was used by many ancient civilizations to write their languages, but these languages ??do not necessarily belong to the same related language family. For example, the Hittites and the Persian Empire also used cuneiform, but these two languages Is an Indo-European language unrelated to Sumerian.
Although the Akkadians also used cuneiform writing tools, there are many differences between Akkadian and Sumerian. With the evolution of civilization, glyphs were gradually unified and fixed from changeable hieroglyphs to syllabic symbols.
2. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, more than 5,000 years ago, appeared in ancient Egypt, that is, Egyptian writing. Egyptian writing is the oldest writing. From the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions on the knuckle plates of the Pharaoh Namer's armor (3,100 BC) to the ancient Egyptian writing used in churches today.
It was later called Hiérpglyphe by Europeans - this is a compound word composed of the Greek words "holy" and "inscription", which means "god's writing", that is, "divine monument body". Usually written on a type of paper called papyrus.
The ancient Egyptians believed that their writing was created by Thoth, the god of the moon, calculation and learning. Ancient Egyptian belongs to the Egyptian-Coptic family of Semitic-Hamite languages. The earliest language of this language family is ancient Egyptian, which is the language recorded in the hieroglyphs we see. By about the 4th century, it evolved into Coptic. Today, Coptic is also used in religious ceremonies.
3. Mayan script
Mayan script is a hieroglyphic script created by the Maya people in America around BC and became popular in the mid-5th century. The Mayans are the only people in the Americas who have left written records, and they are also the creators of the Mayan civilization.
Mayan script is one of the few ancient scripts that has not yet been fully deciphered. Mayan writing is very wonderful. It has both pictograms, meanings, and phonetic sounds. It is a kind of writing that has both pictographic and phonetic functions. A combination of hieroglyphs and sounds, Mayan carvings not only represent an overall concept, but also have their own unique pronunciations.
4. Oracle bone inscriptions
Oracle bone inscriptions are an ancient Chinese writing, also known as "deeds", "oracle bone inscriptions", Yinxu writing or "tortoise shell and animal bone inscriptions". It is an early form of Chinese characters and a mature script existing in the Shang Dynasty of China. It was first unearthed in Yinxu, Anyang City, Henan Province.
Oracle bone inscriptions were discovered in the Yin Ruins of Anyang City, Henan Province, China. They are a cultural product of the Shang Dynasty (about 17th century BC - 11th century BC) and have a history of more than 3,600 years.
Oracle bone inscriptions have a symmetrical and stable pattern. Prepare the three elements of calligraphy, namely the use of pen, the formation of characters, and the composition of the calligraphy. Judging from the number and structure of fonts, Oracle has developed into a more rigorous system of writing. The "six books" principle of Chinese characters is reflected in oracle bone inscriptions. However, the traces of the original picture text are still quite obvious.
On November 24, 2017, Oracle successfully passed the review of the International Advisory Committee of the UNESCO Memory of the World Project and was successfully selected into the "Memory of the World Register."
Extended information:
The discovery of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs:
In 1798, General Napoleon went on an expedition to Egypt. This expedition to the Nile Valley was a loss of troops. However, , but it allowed the world to see again the treasures of Goshen that had been hidden for 2,000 years. The French expeditionary force first discovered an obelisk later known as “Cleopatra’s Needle” near a temple in Cairo.
Subsequently in 1799, French expeditionary officer Bouchard discovered an extraordinary black basalt tablet near the Rosetta area of ??Egypt. The body of the tablet was polished basalt, with three paragraphs of text engraved on it, They are composed of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, ancient Egyptian demotic script, and Greek.
Scholars boldly assume that these are three text versions of the same document. Among them, the Greek text is well known to people. After correctly translating that Greek text, we try to find the relationship between the Greek text and those hieroglyphics. From this, the mystery of the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics will be revealed. the prologue.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Cuneiform Script
Baidu Encyclopedia-Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Baidu Encyclopedia-Mayan Script
Baidu Encyclopedia-Oracle Bone Script
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