Pu Songling was born in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (AD 164) and died in the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1715). His name was Liu Xian, a sword minister, and his nickname was Liu Quan. Born in Zichuan County, Shandong Province, and Zichuan District, Zibo City. Pu Songling was born in a declining landlord family. He was keen on the imperial examination all his life, but he was always frustrated. At the age of 71, he made an exception and made up for it. Therefore, he was deeply touched by the irrationality of the imperial examination system.
He devoted his whole life to completing 8 volumes and 491 articles of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, with about 4, words. The creation of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio lasted for more than forty years, running through most of Pu Songling's life. Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is a legendary novel, most of which are stories of ghosts and goblins, as well as some anecdotes.
Why do you want to create Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio? Pu Songling made it very clear in his Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio:
Wearing a radish with a plum makes San Lv feel coquettish; Ghosts and monsters, long-clawed lang sings and becomes a addiction. Self-proclaimed nature, do not choose good sounds, there is a reason. Pine, the fire of autumn fireflies, enchanting glory; Drive away the dust of wild horses, and you will laugh at each other. It is not Gan Bao, but Ya loves to search for God; Love is like Huangzhou, and it is gratifying to talk about ghosts; When you smell it, you write it, so you make it up.
for a long time, people from all over the world sent them in the mailbox, so things get together well and the accumulated goods benefit each other. ..... It's only midnight, and the lights are faint; Rustling, the case is cold and suspicious. Make a mickle out of a mickle, and continue the record of the nether world; Floating white pen, only into a lonely and angry book; It's sad to pin this on! Hehe! Frightened by frost and cold birds, holding trees without temperature; Hanging on the moon and autumn insects, leaning against the fence and heating yourself. If you know me, it is between the green forest and the black plug!
Pu Songling is a down-and-out scholar, who tries again and again and is down and out. Later, I worked as a private school teacher for other people's children, that is, sitting in the museum. Living outside for decades, living a simple and poor life. His wife is illiterate, but very virtuous, and bears children for him.
Pu Songling served as a disciple in the library of Bijia, a rich man, for thirty years. It has been verified that at first, I sat in Bijia because of economic reasons, that is, to support my family. Later, their children got married one after another and became well-off, but they still stayed at Bi's home.
This is because, on the one hand, the relationship with Bi's father and son is getting better and better, and they keep it again and again; on the other hand, this wealthy family has what Pu Songling wants, a rich collection of books, an elegant environment, no interpersonal communication with Bai Ding and so on. Most of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio was written here.
As Pu Songling, he is full of knowledge and excellent in poetry and books. However, his inner world is complicated, which he can see from his strange stories from a strange studio. Like other feudal literati, "book anger" is the best expression when there is no way to serve the country. "
every ounce makes a mickle, and the record of the nether world continues in vain; Floating white pen, only into a lonely and angry book; It' s sad to pin it on this! " Repeated battles and defeats in the examination field made Pu Songling's spirit suffer, making it difficult to achieve spiritual balance in the world. My heart is full of sadness and loneliness: "I have traveled all over the sea, but I have no confidant; I have repeatedly asked the sky, but I have not answered the book.
However, if you are poor and stupid, you will become a fool of the forest. " ("Shang Jianchuan Wang Yi Hou Qi"), and even issued a "who knows me, it is between the green forest and the black plug" lament. When the imperial examination road is broken and there is no hope of making contributions, writing a book and making a statement becomes a crater of his "loneliness and anger", and the feelings of grief and depression contained in it can only be vented in "making a statement", so as to achieve self-worth.
The ancient proposition of "writing books with great indignation" has been confirmed in him again. However, the appearance of a beautiful young woman in literature changed Pu Songling's life, and also changed his creative thinking and artistic image of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio.
Second, Gu Qingxia in Pu Songling's mind
A considerable part of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is to expose and satirize the corruption of the imperial examination system and lash out at the corruption and dissoluteness of the officialdom, which is the object he dares to speak out in real life;
On the contrary, it is the fox and ghost woman who loves Yu Yanli, and writes about kindness and justice. This is the person he wants to love but dares not love in real life. Then, we can't help asking: Who is Pu Songling, a woman who wants to love but dare not love in real life?
It can be said that Pu Songling can write so many enchanting and sycophantic love stories not only by his life experience, but also by his imaginative talent. So many love stories can't be the personal experience of a poor scholar. Of course, there is another important reason why Pu Songling can write so many love novels-it is related to his dream lover Gu Qingxia.
Pu Songling is a gentleman. He writes that he is "ugly in appearance, but handsome in body", and he is "wooden" and not good at talking. But as a writer, his inner world is very rich. In this sense, it is normal for him to have a dream lover.
As the saying goes, "A friend's wife can't play", how can Pu Songling have wild thoughts about his friend's concubine? What we want to say here is that what we call "dream lover" only exists in consciousness, in imagination, not in real life, let alone in skin relatives.
Pu Songling has an indescribable but very strong love for Gu Qingxia. Most importantly, Gu Qingxia is a literary beauty with whom Pu Songling had close contact.
Sun Hui, a native of Pu Songling, a classmate and a good friend, has a hundred words and is comfortable. In the tenth year of Kangxi (1671), Pu Songling was invited to Baoying County, where Sun Hui was the county magistrate. Gu Qingxia, Sun Hui's concubine, is good at singing and dancing, and likes to write poems. When Sun Hui gets together with friends, she often takes Gu Qingxia with her. It was from this time that Gu Qingxia began to appear in Pu Songling's poems.
In that year, Pu Songling wrote at least four poems about Gu Qingxia, which shows how much Pu Songling loved this Jiangnan beauty.
Pu Songling wrote in the poem "Choose 1 Poems of Tang Poetry for Qingxia":
In order to choose 1 poems of Xiang Lian, the tone of each poem is musk orchid.
The warbler is really amazing, and she likes to sing and listen to it.
Pu Songling chose one hundred sweet quatrains from Tang poems for Gu Qingxia, and asked her to chant them like a yellow warbler. Pu Songling called her "Kerr", and "Kerr" is a person who makes people satisfied.
The title of Pu Songling's poems only mentions Gu Qingxia, and it is affectionately called "Qingxia". Therefore, choosing Tang poems for Gu Qingxia may be based on Gu Qingxia's request, or Pu Songling may recommend himself. Pu Songling's "Listening to Qing Xia's Poems":
Man's voice is charming and refreshing.
if you are wearing a willow in March, you can listen to an oriole while fighting for wine.
As you can imagine, Gu Qingxia is quite young, with a beautiful voice and good shape, such as innocent girl.
Following "Listening to Qing Xia Yin Shi" is "You Long Sentence":
The painted walls of the flag pavilion are low, and Yashi is still scented with powder.
I'd rather have a bosom friend in the future, and the color of Aika trees is hidden and bright.
This poem is still about Gu Qingxia's poetry, and there is a sentence that says "Qingxia loves to hold the clouds sideways". This shows that Pu Songling didn't listen to Gu Qingxia's poems once or twice. He knew which poem Gu Qingxia liked to recite best.
In the same year, there were three poems with the same woman on the title, which was rare in Pu Songling's life. What is more noteworthy is that this year Pu Songling also wrote a long poem that was not marked as Gu Qingxia. In Dream Eighteen Rhymes, it is written that Pu Songling dreamed of meeting a goddess. What was Pu Songling like as a dream goddess?
being silly after being tired is especially charming, and being charming after being drunk is also crazy.
Meishan is low-pitched and beautiful, and the eye language sends streamers.
I envy the willows in a weak state, and sleep on the begonia in a careless way.
So, why does Gu Qingxia like Wang Changling's "The West Palace" so much? In the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty, poets Wang Changling, Gao Shi and Wang Zhihuan listened to geisha singing poems in the restaurant (flag pavilion). After they heard singing their own poems, they drew a number on the wall as a mark to determine the level of singing.
Geisha always * * sang two poems by Wang Changling, "at hibiscus inn parting with xin jian" and "Long Letter and Autumn Poems", a poem by Gao Shi, "Crying for the Single Father Liang Shaofu" and a poem by Wang Zhihuan, and Wang Changling won. The fourth sentence of the poem, "The tree color is hidden and the sun shines", refers to Wang Changling's seven-line "West Palace Spring Complaint", and the poem says:
The West Palace is quiet and fragrant at night, and you want to roll a bead curtain and hate it in spring.
holding the clouds obliquely and seeing the moon deeply, the hazy trees are hidden in the sun.
By describing the silence and floral fragrance in the West Palace in the middle of the night, this poem creates a bleak artistic conception with beautiful scenery that no one appreciates, and reflects the resentment and sorrow of the concubine who fell out of favor. In the poem, "Yunhe" is a synonym for ancient musical instruments such as lyres and harps, and "Zhaoyang" is the name of the palace where Zhao Feiyan lived in the Han Dynasty. Gu likes reciting Tang poetry, and it is Wang Changling's poem, which is also reflected in Pu Songling's word "Xi Shi San Die, Play Jane Sun to admonish". "Hui yi early bian Yan.
There are hundreds of poems in the Tang Dynasty, and the sentence "A Spring Complain in the West Palace" written by Long Biao is unique, which is very consistent with the above poems. It can be seen that Gu expressed his personal feelings that he was not favored by reciting Wang Changling's "West Palace Spring Complaint". According to the available data, Sun Hui indulges in debauchery and has numerous wives and concubines. As a concubine of Sun Hui, Gu's family is sometimes not favored, so it is inevitable that she will live alone, and she will express her feelings through Wang Changling's poems.
Of course, this also shows that during this period, Pu Songling had frequent contact with Gu and often listened to Gu's poems, because only in this way can the author know which poems Gu likes to recite best.
Later, after the death of Gu Qingxia, Pu Songling wrote a mourning poem to express his feelings of mourning. This shows that in Pu Songling's mind, Gu undoubtedly occupies a considerable weight. The seven verses "Hurt Gu Qingxia" say:
The sound of singing seems to be in your ears, and you can't look at the tomb door without singing again.
There is powder left in the swallow house, and a fragrant soul hangs under the peony pavilion.
The "Swallow House" in the poem is in Xuzhou, and Bai Juyi's Preface to "Three Swallow Houses" in the Tang Dynasty said: "Zhang Shangshu in Xuzhou has a love for prostitutes and looks forward to it. He is good at singing and dancing and is elegant. ..... Shangshu died and was buried in Dongluo, while Pengcheng (Xuzhou) has Zhang's old place, and there is a small building in the first place, a swallow. Looking forward to nostalgic love and not marrying, I have lived in the building for more than ten years, and I am alone.
it's still there today. " Zhang Shang is the son of Zhang Jianfeng, a famous minister. Panpan is Zhang Cheng's favorite concubine, surnamed Guan. In his poem, Pu Songling compared Gu Shi to Guan Panpan, praising Gu Shi for his chastity after Sun Hui's death and not remarrying. Pu Songling said in the poem that now that Gu is dead, the Furong Zhai people in Wan Ren, where she lived before her death, have gone to the empty building, leaving only the remaining cosmetics.
"Peony Pavilion" refers to the legendary drama "Peony Pavilion" written by Tang Xianzu in the Ming Dynasty. The story is about Du Liniang, the daughter of Du Bao, the prefect of Nan 'an. She fell in love with scholar Liu Mengmei in her dream and died of love. She was buried under the peony pavilion and beside the plum blossom tree. After a life-and-death struggle, Du and Liu finally got married.
Through the undying love between Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei, the play praises the indomitable struggle of young men and women for the pursuit of free and happy love, and expresses Du Liniang's firm persistence in the pursuit of love. In his poems, Pu Songling compares the soul of Du Liniang to the soul of Gu Qingxia, euphemistically indicating that he will follow Liu Mengmei's example to mourn Gu Qingxia, which also implies that he hopes to continue his love affair with Gu Qingxia in the afterlife.
In this way, Pu Songling's feelings for Gu Qingxia are fully revealed. This kind of feelings should not be the love between men and women, but the feelings of appreciate each other between gifted scholars and talented women, which is similar to the so-called fourth kind of feelings now, that is, a kind of feelings between men and women because of their * * * interests and tacit cooperation. It is not the love of soul mates, but the tacit understanding.
For Gu Qingxia, Pu Songling appreciates her good literary accomplishment, charming and lovely words and deeds, and regrets her unhappy later life. This kind of feeling is only a spiritual feeling, and it is never mixed with any selfish desires. In this sense, it is more appropriate to say that Gu Qingxia is Pu Songling's "dream lover" or "confidante".
Third, Gu Qingxia's influence on Pu Songling's creation of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio
Many beautiful women in Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio do have the shadow of his friend Sun Hui's concubine Gu Qingxia.
(1) Beautiful fantasy marriage
Pu Songling said that listening to Gu Qingxia's reciting poems is a kind of beautiful enjoyment. "Man's voice is charming, and his ears are refreshing." "It's like pulling out March willows and drinking to listen to orioles." It is not an exaggeration to describe like a pouring of large and small pearls into a plate of jade. Qingxia, too, has a growing affection for this poor scholar who has never met her talent. Pu Songling's love for Qingxia is mixed with the double feelings of lover and little sister.
Look at Qingxia flying like a swallow. He wants to hold the jade-like arm. Qingxia's twisting dance is so charming that he can't help but want to hug it in his arms. The most fascinating thing is the voice of Qingxia, singing and singing, and the jade is broken. Gu Qingxia charmed Pu Songling, even thinking about tea and rice.
We can see the extent of Pu Songling's obsession with Gu Qingxia in the article "Axiu" in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. I think that Liu Zigu is obsessed with Axiu, and if Axiu doesn't marry, all shall be well, jack shall have Jill. This is the marriage fantasy of Pu Songling and Gu Qingxia.
Pu Songling wrote to Gu Qingxia's poem "The Three Layers of Xi Shi":
Xiu Juanjuan, the green pearl looks like a fairy. When the phoenix was first born, the wing powder was not dry that year. With short hair and fragrant shoulders, Haitang sleeps. It is clear that the prostitute in the moon cave once lived in the world. The thin arm is half held, the small waist is full of handles, and the shadow flutters with the swallows.
I love myself again, and I'm just a beginner in Fu Fen, so I can double-bend. That's the funniest place to smile, especially simple and naive, who is greedy for making up his makeup. Under the eye window, the jade wrist is light, imitating clouds and smoke. Listening to the sound of songs, the jade is broken and the beads are round, and the wisdom and meaning are early. There are hundreds of people in the Tang Dynasty, and they only love one piece of "West Palace Spring Complaint" written by Long Biao.
it takes thousands of calls to get there, and Zhuang Rong stands and squints at the curtain. When I was teaching poetry to the guest, the sound didn't ring, and I was dizzy with shame. I remember trembling like a flower, graceful like a willow, and I feel infinite. I hate crazy people traveling all over Qian Qian, wearing pink collars and embroidered belts. I haven't led Xianban since I was a few years old, and I don't know how to win that year. Sister Zhao said, Snini, I feel pity for you!
In her ci, the author compares Gu's life to Lvzhu, a geisha in Shi Chong in the Jin Dynasty, to a petite and exquisite phoenix, and to a young geisha in the Moon Palace, urging you to praise her for her youth and beauty. Guggenheim like Haitang just woke up, tender willow just fell asleep, walked like a swallow volley, a captivating smile, simple and naive.
She writes Tang poems silently, like clouds over paper; Recite Tang poetry like an oriole. Among the 1 quatrains of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Changling's "The West Palace is full of resentment" is her favorite. Although she was born in a brothel, she was very self-respecting, and people were waiting for her, so she came out to accompany her guests and stood there solemnly, her eyes glancing at the painting curtain in the distance.
Let her recite poems to the guests, blushing before opening her mouth, like trembling flowers and swaying willows. The guests tried their best to tease her, but she bowed her head and fiddled with the embroidered ribbon shyly. The author hasn't seen Gu in recent years. Should she be more beautiful?
Even if the Zhao Feiyan sisters see her, they will say, I love this girl! Although in Pu Songling's works, Gu is beautiful and pure, but she is not a good family, nor a small jasper, but a brothel woman, which can be clearly seen from the expression in the words, especially the sentence of "a prostitute in a moon cave".
Even if simple and naive is naive, Qingxia will not be indifferent to Pu Songling's fiery eyes and good intentions. The distress of Qingxia is that she found another equally hot eye, from Sun Hui, an adult of the magistrate of a county.
When Sun Hui decided to redeem Qingxia and take Qingxia as a concubine, Qingxia was in a mixed mood. She seemed to hear a helpless sigh from Mr. Pu Songling. It can be assumed that Pu Songling at this time is not