In Wang Yangming's philosophical thoughts, Wang Yangming inherited and developed Lu Jiuyuan's "Theory of Mind and Nature". His thought emphasizes "conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action", affirms the subjective position of human beings and puts "human initiative" at the center of theory. Wang Gen, a disciple of Wang Yangming, went a step further, strengthened this discussion, and put forward that "people should use the way of daily life" to affirm the significance of people's daily life, while Li Zhi affirmed the value of "human desire", believing that people's morality originated from the needs of daily life and expressed the idea of pursuing personal value.
Due to the spread of western learning to the east, scientific spirit and practical learning methods are also popular. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, with the alternation of dynasties and the invasion of other nationalities, philosophers began to think more about practical problems and political reforms, such as Wang Chuanshan, Huang Lizhou and Gu. The prosperity of academies in the late Ming Dynasty affected the position of official schools. Many intellectuals seized the opportunity to criticize current politics in their university speeches. For example, Gu Xiancheng and Gao Panlong, who gave lectures at the Forestry Public School, often satirized current politics, which also made the Forestry Public School the center of confrontation with the establishment faction and led to the struggle of the Forestry Party. At that time, scholars also used the open space around the temple to hold "lectures" to advocate new ideological values and outlook on life. The mode of free discussion and debate in Ming Academy was the freest and most progressive way of academic communication at that time. In ancient academic institutions in China, different schools could exchange ideas equally. People in Ming Dynasty were ashamed of their academic value, and thought that it was despicable for power to suppress public opinion. Even a powerful emperor is no exception.
Literature in the Ming Dynasty achieved the highest artistic achievement with novels, and created a large number of novels, short stories and manuscripts with the themes of history, immortals, public affairs, love and citizens' daily life. Some scholars rewrote the words of Song and Yuan Dynasties and created imitations. Sanyan and Erpai are representative works of this kind of scripts and pantomime.
Feng Menglong's three or four classical novels-Journey to the West, Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Jin Ping Mei-all originated in the Ming Dynasty. I edited three collections of vernacular short stories, Sanyan, each with 40 stories, 120, mainly describing the love stories of young people and the lives of ordinary people. The most famous ones are Du Shiniang's Angry Treasure Box, Today's Slave Beats Couples, and The Man Who Carried the Han Dynasty Happened to Meet Dongting Hong. There are 40 short stories similar to Sanyan, such as Er Pai compiled by Ling Mengchu and Xing compiled by Lu. Each episode was not discovered until 1987.
The development of traditional elegant literature continued until the Ming Dynasty. Famous scholars include Liu Ji, Song Lian, Gao Qi, Fang Xiaoru, Tang Yin, Gui Youguang, Xu Wei, Wang Shizhen, Yuan Hongdao, Qian, Zhang Dai and Wu. Sanqu artists include Wang Pan, Feng Weimin, Xue Lundao, Chen Yi and Kang Hai. During the Wanli period, the police faction represented by Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao strongly opposed the ancient imitation of the former seven sons and the latter seven sons. They believe that literature changes with the times. Different times mean different kinds of literature. The Jingling school, represented by Zhong Xing and Tan in Jingling, advocates expressing only the natural qi and calls on the ancients to "put the qi of the ancients into the hearts of future generations and restrain their hearts". That's all. "
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, traditional Chinese opera once declined. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the prosperity of the urban economy, traditional Chinese opera had a new development, which was well received by the masses and produced many progressive works. The most famous drama in Ming Dynasty is Peony Pavilion. The popular opera singing methods in Ming Dynasty were mainly Yiyang and Kunshan. Kunqu opera was originally limited to Wuzhong. During the Jin and Jia Dynasties, Wei Liangfu, a famous musician, reformed Kunqu Opera. Kunqu opera not only concentrated the distinctive, soft and euphemistic characteristics of southern music, but also retained the warm and generous singing of northern music, and became one of the most influential opera music at that time.
Calligraphy was highly respected in the Ming Dynasty. Calligraphy in Ming Dynasty was mainly cursive and running script. Calligraphy fell in the early Ming Dynasty. That's right, Brother Shen, he pushed the situation of steady decline to the extreme. "Every gold jade book is used by the imperial court, hidden by the secret government and awarded by the state. This book is destiny takes a hand. " Shen calligraphy was promoted to regular script imperial examination system, and tiger style prevailed. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, four schools of Wuzhong appeared, and calligraphy began to develop in the normal direction. Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming, Wang Chong and Tang Yin are the representatives of this period. Calligraphy has entered a new realm of advocating individuality. A trend of calligraphy criticism appeared in the late Ming Dynasty. Calligraphy pursues large-scale and shocking visual effects. Famous calligraphers include Huang Daozhou, Wang Duo and Ni.
There were many poems in the Ming Dynasty. There are not only many writers, but also different genres. From Yongle to orthodoxy, "Taige Style" poems represented by Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu appeared in the literary world. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, in the struggle against the redundancy of Taige, the first batch of seven sons headed by Li Mengyang and He Jingming and the second batch of seven sons headed by Zheng De rose in Hongzhi, while the second batch of seven sons headed by Li Panlong and Wang Shizhen ruled the literary world in Jiajing and Wanli. They called for retro, and advocated that "literature should be written in Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry should be written in the prosperous Tang Dynasty". At present, with the rise of the "Reviving Seven Schools" movement, "Tang and Song Schools" and "Public Security Schools" have appeared in the literary world one after another.
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In the early Ming Dynasty, palace painting was the mainstream of family painting. /kloc-In the middle of the 5th century, Shen Zhou, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Chou Ying were called "Si Wu Masters" in the south of the Yangtze River. They widely absorbed the strengths of Tang, Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties and formed their own unique painting style, which was called "Ming Sijia" by later generations. During Jiajing period, Xu Wei, an outstanding painter, created a new method of splashing ink. During the Wanli period, painter Wu was the first person to paint landscapes in real life. He innovated on the basis of inheriting the characteristics of Wu Pai's style. The picture is fresh and elegant, and the artistic conception is ethereal and clear. In the late Ming Dynasty, there were figure painters Ding, Chen Hongshou, Cui Zizhong, Chen Chun, a flower and bird painter, and so on.