The Han Dynasty, from 206 BC to 426 AD, was a crucial generation in the history of calligraphy development in China. The Han Dynasty was divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the 300-odd years of Han Dynasty, calligraphy experienced the evolution from brush seal to official seal, from official seal to Cao Zhang, Shu Zhen and running script. By the end of the Han Dynasty, Chinese characters were basically completed. Therefore, the Han Dynasty is a critical period in the history of calligraphy, from constant change to stereotypes. Lishu is a widely used script in Han Dynasty. Official script in Han Dynasty is also called "Fenshu" or "Bafen". Not only is the brushwork more and more sophisticated, but the style of the script is also diverse.
Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long. The tablet reads:? Since the later Han Dynasty, Yun Qi has been erected as a monument. ? Therefore, the official script of the Eastern Han Dynasty entered a stage of skillful brushwork and various schools. Among the more than 100 kinds of Han steles left behind, it presents a dazzling and brilliant style. At the same time of the maturity of official script, there was a change in the division of official script, which developed into Cao Zhang, running script and original work. The constant change and development of calligraphy laid the foundation for the smooth cursive movement and the wild cursive movement in the Jin Dynasty. In addition, inscriptions on bronze and seal script declined gradually because of their decreasing practical use, but they were still used in seals, tiles and Jialiang in Han Dynasty, which made seal script unique. Kang Youwei once said: In the Qin and Han Dynasties, Wadang's prose was both cheap and flat, and the literati gained their brushwork and got married. ?
Introduction of main works:
1) Mawangdui's silk script was written in ink at the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Western Han Dynasty. Unearthed from No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan 1973.
Including the letters of the Warring States Policy, the first edition (left) and the second edition (right) of Laozi. It is the first-hand information to study the calligraphy of the Western Han Dynasty, which solves the problem of whether there are official scripts in the Western Han Dynasty, but the so-called saying that there are no official scripts in the Western Han Dynasty and there are no books in the Western Han Dynasty is self-defeating.
"Mawangdui Silk Book" uses a steady and vigorous pen, which gives people a sense of meaning and roundness. Its composition is also very unique, different from simple books and stone carvings, wired and free in length. Have a strong sense of jumping rhythm. Generally speaking, it reflects the writing characteristics of the official system from printing to official.
2) Xi eulogizes the official script of Han Dynasty in a narrow sense. The full name is Hanyang River and Yang Liming West Narrow Fu. What is the print run? Huian west standard?
Four seal characters, so it is also called "Huian West Table". The fourth year of Jianning (A.D. 17 1) was carved on the cliff of Tianjingshan in Chengxian County, Gansu Province. This stone knot is simple, solemn and majestic, and the pen is simple and heavy, Fiona Fang, and the brushwork is vigorous. Yang Shoujing's evaluation: The square is magnificent, and there is nothing missing from beginning to end, which is especially valuable. ? Is there an author at the end of the inscription? Qiu Jing? Two words, to create a calligrapher's signature example.
3) Puge eulogized the cliff of official script in Han Dynasty. Ode to Li Ming, the satrap of Wudu, is called a companion piece of Xi Xia Fu, which was engraved in February of the fifth year of establishing Ning in Baiya, Lueyang County, Shaanxi Province (AD 172). This stone font mostly contains the meaning of seal script, with rounded strokes and inconspicuous waves. However, the glyph structure is mostly horizontal, with prominent square folds, dense rules and gloomy style. Therefore, in the Qing Dynasty, Wan Jing once said that the words were strange and the writing was clumsy, while Kang Youwei commented: I loved Puge Fu, which was dense in style, obscure at the end of the Han Dynasty and ignorant in later generations. But Pingyuan (Yan Zhenqing) has a unique meaning. ?
("Guang Yi Zhou Shuang". Ben Han shows the influence of this stone on later calligraphy.
4) Zhang Qianbei's full name is Ode to Zhang Jun's Table in Han Gucheng. Inscriptions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Lingdi Zhong Ping was established in Dongping County in the third year (AD 186). The font is tight, square and changeable, which is very attractive to Park Houzhong. Fang Bi is the main pen, and his strength is calm and vigorous. His inscription is deep and his calligraphy is fluent and natural, which is praised by calligraphers.
5) Huang Bei's fresh official script of Han Dynasty. It is called "Yanmen Monument in Han Dynasty" and was carved in the eighth year of Yan Xi (A.D. 165). The inscription on this tablet is broad, flat and rich, even and consistent, with a thin and hard pen, flesh and blood, vigorous and powerful, and a square pen at the corners. It can be said that it is determined to win, which opened the precedent of writing in the Northern Wei Dynasty, but it does not lose its beauty. The whole picture is full of vigor and vitality, with a sense of richness. It is close to Zhang Qianbei, and it is a rare boutique in Han Li.
6) The official script of the ritual tablet in Han Dynasty. The full name is "Lu Yi Confucius Temple Sacrifice Monument", so it is also called "Han Yi Monument". Engraved in the second year of Yongshou (AD 156). In the Confucius Temple in Qufu, this monument is neat and vertical, with well-proportioned proportions and strict statutes. The pen tip is thin and strong, with different weights, particularly thick foot pressure and very clear sharp tip. It is a typical Han Li, and the dovetail is extremely wonderful. The charm of this book is quiet and solemn, elegant and beautiful. Weng Fanggang prides himself on being the first in Han Li. This monument had a great influence on the formation of the Model Law in the Tang Dynasty.
7) Official script of Han Dynasty in Cao Quanbei. The full name "Han Heyang made Cao Quanbei" was engraved in October of the second year of Zhong Ping (A.D. 185) and 1956 was collected in the forest of steles in Shaanxi Museum. In Han Li, this monument is unique and beautiful, with a flat and symmetrical structure, stretching and detachment, attractive style, straight strokes and suitable length and width. It belongs to the same category as Yi Ying and Li Qi, but it is gorgeous, beautiful and has a beautiful appearance. If she just turned her head and smiled, there would be a hundred spells to cast? State, is really a wonderful flower of Han Li.
8) The official script of Huashan tablet in Han Dynasty. The full name of Xiyue Huashan Temple Monument was carved in April of the 4th year of Yan Xi (A.D. 16 1). This monument, like the ritual monument, is regarded as a model of Han Li, with clear pronunciation and mellow voice, neat spacing between lines and beautiful waves. Zhu Yizun commented on this monument in Qing Dynasty. There are three kinds of Han Li, one is square, the other is beautiful, and the other is fantastic. However, Yan Xi's "Hua Yue Monument" is getting more and more harmonious, and it has all three advantages, so it should be the first product of Han Li. ? (Postscript on the Stone).
Liu Xizai also said:? Han steles are as scattered as Han Yi, Kong Zhou and as tight as Fang Heng and Zhang Qian. If the Huashan Temple Monument is majestic and stagnant, it means that it is endless. ? (Art Outline)
9) Shi Chenbei official script in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The inscriptions on both sides of the monument are also called "Monuments before and after Chen Shi". The full name of the former monument is Confucius Memorial Hall in Chen Shi, Luxiang, and the full name of the latter monument is Confucius Temple Monument in Chen Shi. Lingdi was founded in the second year (AD 169) and now lives in Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong. Calligraphy is neat, colorful in shape, flying in waves, even in composition density, rigorous in structure, full of charm and agility, full of ups and downs in meaning and both in brushwork and meaning. Wan Jing in Qing Dynasty commented in the book My Bie Li. Strict training, strict at all times, like a teacher who doesn't understand the process, with neat steps and no mistakes. Its character lies in the rights of pawnbroker (Yi Ying Bei) and Han Yi (Li Bei). ? Yang Shoujing's Pingbei Ji also said:? It used to be said that Han Li is not all good, and an ancient and heavy atmosphere is out of reach, which is also true. ?
10) The official script of Han Dynasty on Yiying tablet. The full name is "Lu Hanxiang should please set up a hundred stone tablets of Confucius Temple", which was engraved in June of the first year of Dong Yongxing, Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province (AD 153). This monument is neat and organized, with great brushwork and uniform thickness, and pays great attention to the shelf structure. The whole picture is elegant and beautiful, especially the dovetail posture is very beautiful. It is one of the representative works of Han Li in the mature period of standardization. Weng Fanggang called it:? Even flesh and blood, communication is smooth. ? He thought: Heng went out and later opened a door, but it was solemn and comfortable. ?
1 1) Stone Carvings of Cliff in Shimen, Song and Han Dynasties. The full name is Ode to an Old Captain, which was engraved in the second year of Han Bamboo Slips (AD 148). Knots vary in size, the brushwork is fine and bold, vigorous and comfortable, and quite interesting. Today, people have said this about this stone carving: Shimen is clever but not clumsy, thin and fat, and likes to grow with a round pen. Clever layout and intricate changes. ?
12) Fang Heng tablet official script of Han dynasty. The full name is "Monument to the Emperor of Hengfu in Han, Wei, Ancient Wei and Qing Dynasties", which was built in September of the first year of Jianning (A.D. 168). It was originally Wenshang County, Shandong Province, and in the eighth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1730), it sank the monument and re-established Houyi people. Now it is hidden in Dai Temple in Tai 'an, Shandong Province. The font of this tablet is simple, winning by being clumsy, and the shelf is solid and heavy, like a tiger lying below. The strokes are straight and thick. The pen is rock-like, angular, angular and powerful. The rules and regulations are full of words, and the fairness is oblique. Weng Fanggang said:? However, the tablet body is wide and the secret space is not big, which seems to be the gradual development of Yan Guanshu. ? (Records of Han Dynasty Inscriptions) Yang Shoujing's Inscriptions also said:? This monument has a long history and is well developed. Many books in the Northern Qi Dynasty came from here, so it is not under the Huashan Monument. ? The official script of Yi Bingshou, a famous calligrapher in Qing Dynasty, originated from this.