Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher." ②
Confucius said: "learning without thinking is useless;" It is dangerous to think without learning. " ③
Zi Gong asked, "Why did Confucius call it Wen?" Confucius said, "I am quick and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions. It is called' Wen'." ④
Confucius said, "It is not good for me to learn without being silent, to learn without being tired, and to teach without being tired!" ⑤
Confucius said, "For a threesome, there must be a teacher; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " ⑥
[Introduction to the author]
Confucius (55 1-479), whose name is Qiu, was named. Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. Thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He used to be an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty. Family decline as a teenager. As an adult, I worked as a Commissioner (accounting secretary) and a farmer (in charge of animal husbandry). At the age of 50, he was promoted to be a sheep herder in the capital of Lu. After he was dismissed from office, he traveled around the world and eventually stopped being an official. In his later years, he devoted himself to education, sorted out ancient documents such as poems and books, and edited Lu Shi Jia Chun Qiu, which became the first chronological historical work in China. Confucius once vigorously advocated the theory of "benevolence". On the world view, he was skeptical about the superstitious activities of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, thinking that "I don't know life, I don't know death" and put forward the view of "keeping a distance from ghosts and gods". In terms of epistemology and educational thought, it pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward some viewpoints, such as "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the past and learning the new". Advocate the wind of private education, advocate "teaching without distinction" and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. According to legend, there are three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages. But they despise "learning crops" and "learning gardens" and despise the working people. Politically, he advocated that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name; On the basis of maintaining aristocratic rule, we advocate moral rule and enlightenment. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the orthodoxy of feudal culture for more than two thousand years, with great influence. The existing Analects of Confucius is the main material for studying Confucius' theory.
Zigong (former 520-? ), surnamed Duanmu, given by name. Wei people in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius students. Good at rhetoric.
The Analects of Confucius is a record of Confucius' words and deeds by his disciples and their descendants, with a total of 20 articles. The content includes Confucius talking, answering disciples' questions, and discussing among disciples. It is the main basis for studying Confucius' thought. The Eastern Han Dynasty was listed as one of the "Seven Classics" (Seven Classics: Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period, Analects of Confucius and Filial Piety). In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu combined it with Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius and became an important classic of Confucianism. Annotations include The Analects of Confucius by Shi Yan in the Three Kingdoms, On Shu Shu by Shi Liang in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, The Analects of Confucius by Zhu in the Qing Dynasty and The Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan.
[Notes, explanations]
① From learning: learning needs constant review to master. It is a pleasure to learn knowledge and review on time. There are both learning methods and learning attitudes here.
Peng, this refers to like-minded people. It is such a delight to have friends coming so far.
Others don't understand, but I don't dislike it. This is the style of a gentleman. This is a matter of personal cultivation.
Confucius, sir.
Time study: practice (or review) according to a certain time.
Gentleman: This refers to people with moral cultivation.
Say "Yue", Yue, Yue.
I am angry and resentful.
It's a pleasure to have friends from afar: it's a pleasure to have friends from afar?
(2) From "governing": Reviewing old knowledge, we can gain new experiences or discoveries. In this way, you can be a teacher.
Wang: Confused, confused, no gain.
Almost: doubt, mental fatigue, no income.
Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher: reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher.
3 from "For Politics": If you only study and refuse to think, you will be confused; If you just dream and refuse to study, you will have doubts. This paper expounds the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, and also talks about learning methods.
④ From Gongye Chang: Zi Gong asked, "Why is Confucius and posthumous title called Wen?" Confucius said: "He is smart and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask people who are not as good as himself." . Therefore, use Wen as his posthumous title. "Here, by answering Zi Gong's questions and giving full play to the role of the topic, we will educate our disciples to be diligent and inquisitive.
Zi Gong: A disciple of Confucius. The surname Duanmu, the name given, the word Zigong.
Kong: Doctor of Weiguo, a man, and a character.
Shame: Take it ... What a pity.
So: so.
⑤ From Shu 'er: This is Confucius' self-report, which is about learning attitude and methods. We should keep what we have learned in mind silently and accumulate knowledge constantly. "Never tire of learning" is about the spirit of learning, which is endless and never satisfied. "Teaching people tirelessly" means teaching students with attitude and enthusiasm. Confucius has been like this all his life, so he said, "What's it to me?" It can be seen that Confucius is confident.
Know silently: don't say it in your mouth but remember it in your heart. Know and remember. I mean what I have learned.
Teach: teach, teach.
What does it have to do with me? What can I have? This is Confucius' modest words.
⑥ From Shu Er: Confucius said, "When several people walk together, one of them will be my teacher. We should choose their advantages to learn and pay attention to correcting their shortcomings. " What is said here is that as long as you ask for advice with an open mind, there are teachers everywhere.
Good man: refers to advantages.
When three people walk together, there must be my teacher: when three people walk together, there must be one person who can be my teacher. Kong Lin [the main content of learning]
The learning thought in The Analects of Confucius plays an important role in the history of education at all times and all over the world. These ideas can be summarized as follows:
First, the attitude towards learning. Confucius believes that the pursuit of knowledge first lies in loving and enjoying learning, which is the key. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." Yongye is the person who really loves it, and the person who is happy for it can really learn it well. Secondly, we should "study silently and never tire of learning" (Book 2). In other words, learning should have a down-to-earth spirit, remember what you have learned silently, and study hard if you are not satisfied. Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " This shows that there is no teacher in learning, and people should pay attention to learning from others anytime and anywhere, learning from their strengths and making up for their own shortcomings. At the same time, Confucius advocated and respected the learning spirit of "being quick and eager to learn, not ashamed to ask questions", and "not to introspect when you meet a wise man Si Qi" (Li Ren), which reflected Confucius' rigorous academic attitude.
Second, about learning methods. In his conversation with his disciples, Confucius mentioned the problem of learning methods in many places. The most famous ones are "learning from time to time is better than speaking" ("learning while learning"), and "reviewing the past and learning new things can be a teacher" ("Political Science"). At the same time, Confucius also emphasized the combination of learning and thinking and the courage to practice. He said: "It is useless to learn without thinking, and it is dangerous to think without learning." (Politics) Reading without thinking will make you feel confused, and dreaming without reading will make you mentally exhausted. People are required to combine learning accumulation with learning and thinking, and one thing cannot be neglected.
Third, about the content of learning. Confucius advocated that learning should be broad and broad, not biased and single. He put forward four things as his study outline, namely "writing, action, loyalty and faithfulness" (Book II), namely, cultural knowledge, moral cultivation and faithfulness. These four contents are of great significance to yourself and others.
Fourth, about the purpose of learning. Confucius believes that learning must have a clear purpose, but the key point is "applying what you have learned". Confucius said: "Recite 300 Poems and teach them to be political, not to achieve;" Make it everywhere, not just right; Although a lot, what do you think? " ("Lutz") That is to say, I read 300 "The Book of Songs" and gave him political tasks, but I couldn't; Send him to a foreign country, but he can't handle it independently; In this way, although the book has been read a lot, what is the use? (Liu) According to
[Appreciation] The first lecture on the corner of the Analects of Confucius Monument Garden is not limited to books. Confucius talked about learning, including ceremony (including various ceremonies), music (music), archery (archery), imperial driving, poetry and books. Poetry and books are learning book knowledge. Rites, music, shooting and obedience are not limited to book knowledge, but need practice. When Confucius talked about learning, he didn't just study, but asked to practice at a certain time. Like etiquette, music, shooting and observing, you don't have to learn, you have to practice many times, so you need some time to practice, and you have to have experience and experience in learning. Don't you feel happy? Because I learned something, I feel happy. When studying, it is better to have friends to learn from each other than to study alone, so are some friends unhappy? Learning is self-improvement, so people don't know me and don't have to resent me. Confucius thinks that a moral person is like this, so he calls it "not a gentleman?" In this way, what Confucius said about learning is not only learning books and practicing various skills, but also combining moral education to improve moral education. The Analects of Confucius Monument Garden (Shandong) focuses on reviewing old knowledge, but has new experiences and new understandings, which can be used as a teacher. Teachers should not only impart knowledge to students, but also inspire them. Teachers should "review the past and learn the new" by themselves, so as to inspire students and "review the past and learn the new". Some old knowledge can still be used for reference in the new society. Then we need to know something about the new society and know what the new society needs, so as to distinguish which old knowledge is worth learning.
The third is the dialectical relationship between lectures and thinking. Learning without thinking, such as learning book knowledge, book knowledge is correct, incorrect, unthinking, and incorrect knowledge is accepted and deceived, so it is useless. Correct knowledge, such as science, must be learned step by step. Thinking without learning and thinking according to scientific knowledge is easy to fall into misunderstanding. Only by combining learning with thinking can we learn correct knowledge and avoid thinking falling into misunderstanding.
Fourth, Confucius said that the requirements for "literature" should be smart and flexible, love learning, and not be ashamed to ask questions. There are two ways to ask questions. People with high status ask people with low status, and people with knowledge ask people with less knowledge than themselves. The so-called learned may mean that he has a lot of cultural knowledge, but not as much as professionals, so he should ask professionals for professional knowledge.
The fifth is to give lectures and remember what you have learned. Never tire of learning, never tire of teaching. If you don't remember what you learned, if you forget what you learned, you didn't learn. After learning, you will gain experience and stimulate your interest in learning, so you won't get bored. If you are tired of teaching, you can't teach well. Confucius said, "Why for me?" This is Confucius' confident words. Mencius Gongsun Chou: "Confucius said,' Never tire of learning, never tire of teaching.' It can be seen that Mencius quoted Confucius as saying, "Never tire of learning, never tire of teaching". Confucius never tires of learning, so he is willing to learn. Confucius never got tired of teaching, so he was happy to teach. Confucius is experienced in learning, discussing with students and inspiring each other in teaching, so he is willing to learn and teach.
Sixth, Confucius said that without a teacher, he can learn from others everywhere, learn from their strengths and learn from their weaknesses. This is also a kind of learning. The Analects of Confucius Monument is a cultural and artistic garden in the classical garden style of Ming Dynasty in China. It was selected by 5 12 famous calligraphers at home and abroad, and the full text of The Analects of Confucius is displayed here. Confucius stresses learning, which is a combination of book learning and skill practice. For example, studying The Book of Songs and The Classic is the study of books. Poetry in The Book of Songs was used in diplomacy at that time. In diplomacy, everyone should read the sentences in the Book of Songs to express their meaning. If you are not familiar with the Book of Songs, you can't express yourself in the words of the Book of Songs, and you can't understand the meaning of others reading the Book of Songs. You can't do diplomatic work. Classics are about history, but if you don't read classics, you don't understand historical knowledge. So we should study these two books. We should also practice etiquette, music, shooting, defense and learn these skills. Only by combining the two can we become knowledgeable and skilled talents.
Confucius stresses learning, and there is a combination of reviewing the past and learning the new. There is no way to learn the past for the present, to know the past but not the present, and not to learn the past for the present. We can't do without knowing the past, the present and the successful experiences and lessons of our predecessors. Therefore, we must combine "reviewing the past and learning the new" to make the past serve the present, so as to meet the requirements.
Confucius is also learning and thinking when giving lectures. Learning without thinking, learning knowledge will not distinguish whether knowledge is correct or not, will not be inspired from it, will not be used flexibly, and will not work. Thinking without learning is just a pipe dream. I don't know if the problem I think has been solved by my predecessors. If it has been solved by the predecessors, isn't it a waste of time to think again? If the predecessors didn't solve it and didn't know where they had studied before, it would be a waste to move on and start from scratch. So we must combine learning with thinking.
Confucius' lecture is a combination of learning and asking questions. If you don't understand, if you can't go further, if you have questions, you need to ask someone. So learning and asking questions are inseparable. Asking without learning is not a question that comes from learning. Generally speaking, the questions asked are neither deep nor shallow. So it's not good.
Confucius also put forward the combination of learning and teaching, and teachers should have a deep understanding of what they have learned in order to teach well, which is helpful for learning. When teaching, students should be inspired, and students will be inspired, or ask questions, or put forward experiences, which will also inspire teachers and promote teaching. Therefore, both teaching and learning are beneficial.
Confucius' learning theory is not limited to book learning, but can be learned everywhere, both good and bad. "Choose good and follow it, change evil and follow it." This is a combination of good and bad. (Zhou