The ancients often referred to "Thousand Character Essay" as "Thousand Character Essay". Although it ranked last among "Three, Hundred, Thousand",
it was written when it was written. It is the earliest and the only book among the "Three, Hundred, Thousand" whose completion time and author are known for sure.
According to historical records, "The Thousand Character Classic" was compiled during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty (502-549).
Zhou Xingsi was involved in the matter. "History of the Liang Dynasty" said: "Wang Xizhi wrote a thousand words to make Xingsi rhyme the text. He played it, praised it for his good deeds, and gave him gold and silk." The Tang Dynasty's "Shang Shu Gu Shi" /p>
This matter was further described. The book said: In order to teach calligraphy to the kings, Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, asked Yin Tieshi to draw out a thousand different calligraphy from Wang Xizhi's works
words, one piece of paper for each word. Then he gave these disorderly rubbings to Zhou Xingsi and asked him to compile them into meaningful rhymes. Zhou Xingsi spent one night compiling it, and his beard and hair turned white from exhaustion. This incident was recorded in many books during the Tang and Song dynasties, such as "Liu Gongjia Hua Lu" and "Taiping Guang Ji". The content is basically the same as "Shang Shu Gu Shi". "The Thousand-Character Essay" has 4 words per sentence, 250 sentences, and 1,000 words. There is a repeated word, that is, the word "jie". This word appears twice in the text: "Nu Mu Zhenjie" and "Wan Fan Yuanjie". Some ancients tried to change it, such as Wu Fang from the Song Dynasty, Lang Ying from the Ming Dynasty, etc. . "Thousand Character Essay" uses rhyme throughout, which is catchy and catchy. The number of rhymes used is 7.
"The Thousand Character Essay" has smooth writing, majestic momentum, gorgeous rhetoric and rich content. However, due to the passage of time, the content is no longer easy to understand. Based on the statements of Wang Xiaoyin and Sun Qianyi of the Qing Dynasty, we will give a general introduction to the content of "The Thousand Character Essay".
The "Explanation of the Thousand Character Classic" compiled by Wang Xiaoyin and annotated by Sun Qianyi divides the "Thousand Character Classic" into four parts
which they call four chapters. Starting from the first sentence "The sky and the earth are dark and yellow", to the thirty-sixth sentence "It reaches all directions" is the first part; starting from the thirty-seventh sentence "covering this body and hair", to The 102nd sentence "Haojue
self-defeating" is the second part; starting from the 103rd sentence "City of China" to the 162nd sentence "Strict
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Xiu Yao Ming" is the third part; starting from the 163rd sentence "Treat the root cause in agriculture" to the 248th sentence "Idiots and fools wait for criticism" For the fourth part. There are two sentences at the end: "The predicate helps, so is it". They have no special meaning, so they are listed separately.
The first part of "The Thousand Character Essay" starts with the creation of heaven and earth. With the heaven and earth, there are the sun, moon, stars,
clouds, rain, frost and mist, and the changes in the four seasons of cold and heat; there are also gold, jade, iron (swords),
Treasures, fruits, vegetables, rivers, lakes and seas, birds and fish; there are also changes in people and times between heaven and earth
Here, "The Thousand Character Essay" tells the early history of mankind and the performance of the prosperous times of Shang Tang and Zhou Wu kings
that is, what the article says is "sitting in the court and asking questions, hanging the bow to make a smooth seal. Aiyu Li First of all, I am a minister of the Rong and Qiang. They are all in one body, and they lead the guests back to the king.
The second part of "The Thousand Character Essay" focuses on the standards and principles of human cultivation, that is, self-cultivation work.
It is pointed out that people should be filial to their parents and cherish the body passed down from their parents. Pure character, establish a good image and credibility, "messengers can be overturned,
the desire of the weapon is difficult to measure. The ink mourns the silk dye, the poem praises the lamb" and the following four sentences mean this. Then the article
provides an in-depth explanation of loyalty, filial piety and people's speech and behavior, making friends, and keeping one's integrity.
The third part of "The Thousand Character Essay" talks about various issues related to governance. The first chapter of this chapter talks about the shape of the capital city. It tries its best to describe the magnificence of the city. "The palaces are lush and the buildings are amazing." The capital has gathered a wealth of classics and a large number of talents. "It not only gathers grave classics, but also gathers elites." This is the second meaning of the third part.
, focusing on describing the luxurious life of the upper class and their civil and martial arts.
This part finally describes the vastness of the country's territory and the beauty of its scenery: "The traces of Yu in nine states, the merging of hundreds of counties and the merging of Qin... The vastness is far away and the mountains are long, and the rocks are deep and deep." "
The fourth part of "The Thousand Character Essay" mainly describes the tranquil pastoral life, praising those who are willing to be lonely,
not fettered by fame and fortune, and yearn for the warm human kindness among the people. To. Wang Xiaoyin and Sun Qianyi's "Explanation of the Thousand Characters" believes that this part is about "the way a gentleman governs his family and conducts himself". This view has some truth, but it seems far-fetched, so Not adopted. The third part of "The Thousand-Character Essay" talks about the upper class society, and the fourth part talks about folk life. The levels are clear and there is no need to understand it from the perspective of "ruling a family".
Compared with "Three and Hundred", "Thousand Character Classic" basically does not have the problem of being repeatedly modified and added by later generations.
Therefore, the version is clear and the appearance is original, which gives us Reading brings a lot of convenience.
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"Hundred Family Surnames" is the most popular in my country. The most widely circulated elementary education textbook. Its writing and popularization preceded the Three Character Classic. According to research by Wang Mingqing, a scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty, the arrangement of the first few surnames in the book is very particular: Zhao refers to Zhao Song, and since it is the surname of the king, it should be the first; followed by Qian, Qian is the surname of the King of Wuyue in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms; Sun It was the surname of the concubine of King Qian Chu at that time; Li was the surname of King Li of the Southern Tang Dynasty. He judged that "Hundred Family Surnames" "seems to have been written by ordinary people when the Qian family of Zhejiang was in power." According to historical records, Wu Yue still existed for a period of time after the founding of the country by Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty. It was not until the second year of the founding of the country by Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty that Wu Yue surrendered. It can be seen that this book came out in the early Northern Song Dynasty.
The well-known "Hundred Family Surnames" is a very good reading material, from which readers can understand the origin and far-reaching influence of hundreds of family surnames. It has a history of more than a thousand years and has been widely spread in China since the Northern Song Dynasty in the 10th century AD.
Who created "Hundred Family Surnames"? When did it take shape? When will it be published? These questions remain a mystery to this day. According to the research of scholars with written records in the Ming and Qing dynasties, "Hundred Family Surnames" existed long before the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, it was edited and bound into a volume by an unknown Confucian scholar located in the Wu and Yue regions (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province).
Lu You, a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty (1125-1210 AD), first mentioned hundreds of surnames in his poem "Autumn Light Rain". The poet pointed out in his annotation that he was inspired by two books, one is "Zha Zi" and the other is "Hundred Family Surnames". From this we can see that "Hundred Family Surnames" began to circulate long before the Song Dynasty.
The imperial surname of the Song Dynasty was 'Zhao', and the king of Wuyue Kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was surnamed 'Qian'. A scholar of the Song Dynasty believed that 'Sun' was the surname of the wives and concubines of the Song Dynasty royal family, and 'Li' was the surname of Nan. The surname of Empress Li, the ruler of the Tang Dynasty. This is the origin of the sequence of "Zhao Qian, Sun Li" in the opening sentence of "Hundred Family Surnames".
The earliest printed version of "Hundred Family Surnames" discovered so far was published in the Yuan Dynasty (early fourteenth century AD). It was based on the phonetic and stroke correspondence of Chinese characters and Mongolian characters. However, the Yuan Dynasty version was incomplete, and the long-circulated "Hundred Family Surnames" was not completely included until the Ming Dynasty. It records a total of 438 surnames, of which 408 are single surnames, composed of 102 lines, and 38 are compound surnames, compiled into 15 lines. The last line is the end of the Hundred Family Surnames, which is the completion of the Hundred Family Surnames. It consists of 118 lines and has 472 characters.
In the late Qing Dynasty, another book about hundreds of family surnames appeared - "Zengguang Hundred Family Surnames". The book recorded 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames, and the concluding sentence was "Preface to the Hundred Family Surnames" ".
The existing Qing Dynasty version of "Hundred Family Surnames" contains both text and pictures. In addition to recording the names of historical celebrities and their families at the top of each page, there is also his image next to it; the lower half of each page is A short sentence consisting of four characters or a surname reads very much like an ancient four-line poem.
In the past, there were several revisions of "Hundred Family Surnames", such as: "Huang Zhou Surname" revised in the late Ming Dynasty, "Imperial Refers to Hundred Family Surnames" revised in the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty, and "Hundred Family Surnames" revised in the Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty ( AD 1851-1861) "Three Parts of Hundred Family Surnames" revised by Ding Yan.
A lot of effort has been put into the presentation format of these modified surnames, and each book has its own characteristics. Even so, they cannot replace the original manuscripts, which reflects the profound influence of the original manuscripts on subsequent creations.
"Hundred Family Surnames" is not only widely circulated among the Han people, but its translations are also spread among ethnic minorities who have friendly relations with the Han people, such as: Mongolian subtitles "Hundred Family Surnames" and Jurchen subtitles "Hundred Family Surnames" surname. This shows the profound influence of hundreds of surnames
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