China in Han Dynasty was divided into the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD) with Chang 'an as its capital and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 AD-220 AD) with Luoyang as its capital, and lived for 407 years. In the history of more than 400 years, feudal tribal countries have been fixed as a unified nation-state, and the Han dynasty inherited the Qin system, including laws, characters, calligraphy and so on. , but they are all packaged by Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, and the Chinese people are fixed as Han people. 15 years, the Qin dynasty was even more powerful, invading the southern state of Yue, but only defending the Xiongnu in the north. In 70 years before the Western Han Dynasty, the Huns were as docile as sheep, and in the end 14 1 year, the docile sheep became mighty lions.
High-impedance Liu Bang was not afraid of Qin Shihuang or Xiang Yu. Why is he docile to Xiongnu? Because Huns are not "slaves" at all, they are fierce, even more fierce than wolves, tigers and leopards. Xiongnu is a very special desert country. The leader called it "Khan" and the central government moved its capital to Wang Ting. In its tribal times, there was no etiquette and ethics in China's and Shun Di's times, just like the culture in which a son beat Lao Tzu in Greek mythology. In 20 1 BC, Hun Prince Modu led his men to shoot his father Tou Man, and killed his stepmother and younger brother. After claiming to be "Khan" of Xiongnu, he crusaded to the west and ruled the vast area from Liaodong Peninsula in the east, Xinjiang in the western region in the west and Hetao in Gansu Province in the south, which was bigger than that in Qin and Han Dynasties. He claimed to be a descendant of Xia Dynasty and invaded the Western Han Dynasty with confidence and perseverance. Where did Liu Bang of the Western Han Dynasty stand such barbarism? You invade, I will fight back. Results In the first 200 years, Liu Bang was surrounded by Huns in Deng Bai and almost captured. After he fled, he adopted the kinship policy of forming children with Huns Khan, and chose a daughter of the royal family as a princess to marry modu chanyu, which was used for reference by many later dynasties. This modu chanyu is really a fool. After Liu Bang's death, Lv Hou came to power. He even wrote that the Huns and the Han Dynasty became a family by marrying me as a little wife. Lv Hou replied politely: I am old, let a young princess take my place.
The meekness of the Han Dynasty was an expedient measure. At that time, there were no war horses in the Han Dynasty, and the biggest politics was to develop the economy and multiply the population. Huang Lao's politics made the central government not interfere in local areas, and soon there was a prosperous scene with a population exceeding that of the Qin Dynasty and abundant horses. The central authorities raised 400,000 horses in Chang 'an, and horses were everywhere among the people. At this time, Emperor Wudi became emperor, and he wanted to get out of his grandfather's gentle shadow. So from 133 began to fight back against the Huns. General Wang Hui ambushed Mayi with more than 300,000 troops and set a trap for the Huns to be killed. Xiongnu Khan led 65,438+10,000 cavalry to attack Mayi, and almost fell into it. He found that the trap had retreated and the long war had begun.
Xiongnu resumed large-scale aggression. The Western Han Dynasty fought back not to be outdone. 126 years ago, generals Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He and Li Guang set out to attack Shanggu, Dai Jun, Yunzhong and Yanmen respectively, defeated the Xiongnu and drove them out of the Hetao area. Since then, Wei Qing has gone 300 kilometers into Xiongnu and captured men and women15,000 people. 12 1 years ago, Huo Qubing, a young general, went out of Longxi twice, went deep 1000 kilometers, and killed nearly 40,000 Huns. An evil king of Xiongnu surrendered to China and lamented, "My Qilian Mountain is dead, leaving me with few livestock. Losing my mountain makes my daughter colorless. " Male herders became dissatisfied women. Xiongnu Wang Ting went to the vast desert group far north.
Before 1 15, four counties, including Jiuquan and Dunhuang, were established in the Western Han Dynasty to manage the Hexi Corridor. After that, the war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu still happened from time to time, but it was not as powerful as before. After the Xiongnu escaped from the Western Han Empire, it still stubbornly consumed the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty for half a century, and eventually split into two Xiongnu countries, the south and the north.
Before 5 1, Uhaanyehe led the people and animals of the southern Xiongnu, surrendered to the Western Han Dynasty and moved to Hetao. From then on, he began to make a pilgrimage to the Western Han Dynasty. Thirty-three years ago, the emperor gave the stunning maid-in-waiting Wang Zhaojun to Uhaanyehe and his relatives in the southern Xiongnu. With the full assistance of the Western Han Dynasty, the southern Xiongnu counterattacked, from weak to strong, and the northern Xiongnu was forced to move westward, destroying the two kingdoms of Jiankun and Kangju in the Western Regions. Since Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Han Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Regions have had diplomatic and economic exchanges with China. The nationalities in the Western Regions sometimes kissed the Huns and sometimes the Western Han Dynasty. The well-off nobles were enslaved by the Huns and could not stand it. They turned to the Western Han Dynasty for help. Thirty-six years ago, Chen Tang, the deputy commander of the Western Han Dynasty, commanded more than 40,000 allied troops from various countries in the Western Region. The soldiers were divided into two ways, besieged the city and beheaded, and the northern Xiongnu perished. Uhaanyehe became the sole regime of the Huns, and soon applied to the Western Han Dynasty to leave Hetao, and was allowed to return to his native land in the north.
Just when the Huns no longer seemed to be China's problem, the history of the Han Dynasty was cut off by the new dynasty. When the new dynasty invaded Xiongnu, the relationship between China and Xiongnu became tense again. The New Dynasty was stupid, so in 14, the Han Dynasty revived, entered the Eastern Han Dynasty, and became strong again after controlling the consorts. In the north, Xiongnu was invaded by Wuhuan tribe, a strong enemy in the western regions, and its sphere of influence shrank to the Mongolian desert. Uhaanyehe II surrendered to China again and went south to seek protection. The Huns who were unwilling to surrender and stay in Mongolia formed the Northern Xiongnu and attacked the Southern Xiongnu.
The southern Xiongnu demanded protection from the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 73 AD, Geng Bing, a captain of the Eastern Han Dynasty, went north from Zhangye, and Dou Gu went west from Jiuquan to Tianshan Mountain, occupying Yiwu, the most fertile land of the northern Xiongnu, and left troops to settle down. Ban Chao followed Dou Gu's conquest, and then went to the Western Regions. In Shanshan country, with the common sense and courage of "nothing ventured, nothing gained", he attacked and killed more than 30 messengers of the northern Xiongnu, which shocked the king and Shanshan joined the Western Han Dynasty. Since then, Ban Chao, with this heroic spirit, made two missions to the Western Regions and brought more than 50 countries to the Western Han Dynasty. Under the military and diplomatic offensive, the northern Xiongnu declined in Mongolia and the western regions, and 209 tribes successively entered the customs to surrender to the southern Xiongnu. In 89 AD, the armies of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the South Xiongnu joined forces in Zhuoxie Mountain, defeating the main force of the North Xiongnu, and the North Xiongnu fled to the west alone. In 9 1 year, General Geng Kui surrounded the northern Xiongnu. Khan fled to the west after breaking through. 300 years later, the northern Xiongnu invaded the northern shore of the Black Sea, which led the visigoth tribe to flee westward and invade the upper reaches of the Danube River, and led the Vandal tribe to invade the Eastern Roman Empire, and the visigoths invaded Western Rome to make it decline.
After the Northern Xiongnu moved away from their homes, the Southern Xiongnu who settled in Hetao was no longer attached to the Mongolian desert. More than a hundred years later, in 2 16, the southern Xiongnu Khan was left in Xuchang by Cao Cao, and the Xiongnu was divided into five parts, each with a viceroy, which was directly managed by the central government. Xiongnu perished about 430 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Xiongnu, the wings of butterflies in Qin and Han Dynasties in China.
Lorenz, an American meteorologist, initiated a theory called "butterfly effect" in the chaos of 1963: "A butterfly in the tropical rain forest of Amazon River basin in South America can cause a tornado in Texas in two weeks." This means that a big climate like a tornado originated from the small airflow generated by butterflies flapping their wings. The airflow is weak at first, but it will cause a chain reaction of the surrounding air or other systems, and eventually form a tornado. This sentence describing the "butterfly effect" comes from the image of Lorenz's computer program simulating climate change: this image is chaotic, much like the wings of a butterfly. This theory is widely used.
Looking at history with the butterfly effect theory, the ancient world was not an isolated event completely unrelated, and it was no accident that Xiongnu invaded China. After Qin Guobing conquered the world and established the dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty, he was faced with the transformation from conquering the world to ruling the world. Prince Fu Cha and General Meng Tian were the figures who moved towards benevolent government and etiquette in the Qin Dynasty. Under the pressure of Xiongnu in the north, Fu Cha and Meng Tian were sent to the Great Wall and killed, so that the Qin Dynasty soon perished because of tyranny. Xiongnu's long-term attack harassed the frontier of Han dynasty, which led to the northern expedition and western expedition of Han army. As a result, Zhang Qian and Ban Chao were sent to the Western Regions, and Ji Zheng and Ban Chao were appointed as guardians and protectors of the Silk Road. This became the historical arrangement that God forced the northern Xiongnu to fight Rome. Xiongnu and Rome, separated by one east and one west by 108,000 miles, are actually arranged in a "chaotic" way, which will be discussed later. Here, I might as well briefly talk about the despicable variation of China's noble humanistic spirit caused by the conquest of Xiongnu by the Han Dynasty.
Taking the surrender of Zhao Xin, Li Ling and Li Guangli in the conquest of Xiongnu during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty as an example, this paper makes a brief analysis. Zhao Xin was originally a Xiongnu general. After the defeat, he surrendered to the Han Dynasty and made many meritorious deeds. Then he was defeated and surrendered to his original nature. God has the virtue of a good life and should not be blamed. Li Ling fought 80,000 tarquin with 5,000 infantry, and turned thousands of miles to kill ten thousand enemies. After the arrow was shot, he fought back with a short knife and was captured and surrendered. The reason for failure is lack of support. As a * * *, if Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty treats his family well, Li Ling is a fake surrender, a living sword put aside by the Huns. But Li Ling's family was killed by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and finally forced him to surrender. Li Guangli went to Xiongnu with three wins and two losses. His wife was thrown into prison by the court on charges of witchcraft and surrendered to the Huns. Wei Law, who surrendered first, was framed by jealousy and killed by Huns Khan to sacrifice to the gods. The general should be brave when he goes to the front, and he will be condemned if he is afraid of death when he goes to the battlefield. He was defeated and surrendered to survive, so there is no need to insult him. The Tao is natural. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Meng Shiming of Qin State was captured after the defeat in Xiaoshan and was put back to Qin State. Three years later, the state of Qin won the glory of defeating the Jin army and dominating Xirong. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a great emperor, but he was not as good as a small vassal. This is the common people's mentality after the abolition of the aristocratic system: imperial power is more important than human life, and the imperial decree is the law. During the Warring States Period, Gong Sunyang and Zhang Yi of Wei were strong for the reform of Qin, and their families were not killed. This is people-oriented.
Scripture says: It is better to release sinners than to kill without cause. This is the feudal humanitarianism of China people in China, and a doctor can't punish it. Alas, since the Qin and Han Dynasties in China, the monarch has killed one person according to law, and whether to kill the whole family depends entirely on the wishes of the emperor. Therefore, although Reese was the official to the prime minister, Qin Ershi not only used five punishments, but also beheaded in the street and killed three generations; Sima Qian defended Li Ling and went to prison to cut off a person's genitals. Calling prison is an offence to the emperor and should be punished by criminal law. The Qin Dynasty established the supremacy of imperial power administration, which was restricted by Confucianism. Both emperors and officials believed in Confucianism and were also restricted by conscience. Conscience is valued in China, regardless of feudal system or imperial power system. People in China say that destiny cannot be violated, so Xiang Yu is a hero although he failed. Suicide seems to be an act of saving face, but it is a sacrifice to give up fate. In the history of Confucianism, seeing heroes, achievements are only one aspect, and more attention is paid to personality charm.
Before the surrender of Li Ling and Li Guangli, the diplomatic exchanges between Hungary and China were resumed for several months, but they were interrupted by the conspiracy of John Zhang, the deputy envoy of the Han Dynasty, to kidnap Khan's mother. John Zhang surrendered to the Huns. Without knowing it, Su Wu refused to surrender, was exiled to Lake Baikal, lived by herding sheep for nearly 20 years, and was an old man in his 60s when he returned home. Ban Chao joined the army, and with the courage of "nothing ventured, nothing gained", dozens of countries in the western regions were returned to Han. Later generations also praised Su Wu for eating wild rats and weeds, acting as an ox and horse, preferring to be a slave of Xiongnu and holding a scepter of Han Dynasty 19, although his good friend Li Ling advised him to surrender. Su Wu's moral integrity can make people gasp in admiration. It can be seen that his achievements are nothing, but he has made great contributions to the Han Dynasty in personality, making Huns ashamed of worshipping the civilization of the Han Dynasty, just as we are ashamed of being inferior to the United States today.