Zhuge Liang, courtesy name Kongming, known as Wolong, was born in Yangdu County, Langye County, Xuzhou (now Yinan County, Shandong Province) in the late Han Dynasty. His father, Zhuge Gui, was once the magistrate of Taishan County, and his uncle, Zhuge Xuan, was a famous scholar at that time. Zhuge Liang's brother, Zhuge Bu, sent Dai Tianjin to serve Wu Sunquan, worshiped the army and Zuo Duhu, and led Yuzhou as a pastoralist. Zhuge, Liang's younger brother, served in the Wei Dynasty as a official, and later moved to Yangzhou to serve as governor, Zhendong general, and Sikong. The three brothers "were both famous, each in the same country. At that time, it was thought that 'Shu got its dragon, Wu got its tiger, and Wei got its dog'" ("Shishuo Xinyu. Pinzao" notes: Dogs are the "merit") "Dog" is a dog. Although it is not as good as a dragon or a tiger, it is still a very meritorious person, so it is also famous.).
Zhuge Liang failed to achieve his goals in his early years and was not swayed by his ambitions, so he settled in a cottage in Xilong Zhongshan, Xiangyang City, and lived in seclusion to wait out his time. In 207 AD, Liu Bei, who was thirsty for talents, visited the thatched cottage three times and asked Zhuge Liang for advice. Zhuge Liang analyzed the world situation incisively and proposed that the world should be unified into three parts, and that he should unite Wu to fight against Cao, also known as the "Longzhong Countermeasures". This is a correct political and military line proposed by Zhuge Liang for Liu Bei, and it is also Zhuge Liang's life-long action plan. From then on, Liu Bei's career took a turn for the better.
In 208 AD, Cao Cao led an army of 300,000 people to Jingzhou south. Zhuge Liang used his great wisdom and courage to go to Soochow and persuaded Soochow to fight against Cao Cao and win the Battle of Chibi, giving Liu Bei a foothold. After Liu Bei became emperor, he appointed Ge Liang as prime minister. In 223 AD, Liu Chan, the empress of Shu, succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and led the shepherd of Yizhou. He worked hard to govern, strictly rewarded and punished, implemented the farmland policy, and improved the relationship between the various ethnic groups in the southwest and the Shu Han, which was conducive to the development of local economy and culture. He made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains. In 234 AD, he became ill due to overwork and died in Wuzhangyuan and was buried in Dingjun Mountain (southeast of today's Mian County, Shaanxi Province).
Zhuge Liang’s life spanned two twenty-seven years. The twenty-seven years before 207 AD were the preparation stage for him to cultivate his moral character and resolve to serve the world. After he accomplished his studies, he did not go north to Cao Cao, nor did he return south to Sun Quan. Instead, he assisted Liu Bei, who was "little known". Although this was objective, it was not accidental. The reason why he chose the path of reviving the Han Dynasty shows that he is an orthodox thinker who upholds feudal principles and advocates Confucian loyalty and morality. The twenty-seven years from 207 AD to 234 AD were the period when Shuge Liang was loyal to the Shu Han. Both the first master and the later master trusted him very much. He did not abide by Confucian dogma. He respected the king but did not resist the barbarians. He marched into Nanzhong, pacified the barbarians and Yue, and implemented the best national policy among the Three Kingdoms. He understood the law, upright his body, and the Wu and the army, and fought until the last breath of his life with the selfless dedication of "dedicate himself to death." His spirit of loyalty to the public and the country was deeply loved by the Shu people during his lifetime, and he was admired by future generations for a long time after his death. It has become a legacy of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation
Introduction to Cao Cao
< p>Cao Cao, courtesy name Mengde, was born in 154 AD in Qiao County (Haoxian County, Anhui Province) of Pei State. After Cao Shen, the prime minister of the Western Han Dynasty, his grandfather Cao Teng held an official position during the reign of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty and was named Feitinghou. His father, Cao Song, whose original surname was Xiahou, changed his surname and inherited the title of Marquis because he became Cao Teng's adopted son. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is mentioned that Cao Cao's nicknames are Ah Man and Ji Li, so there is the theory of Cao Ah Man. When he was young, Cao Cao was smart, alert and had the ability to adapt to changes. However, he was willful, chivalrous and bohemian. He did not cultivate moral character or study academically. Therefore, no one in the society thought that he had any special talents. Only Qiao Xuan and others of Liang Guo. Thinking that he was extraordinary, Xuan said to Cao Cao: "The world is about to be in chaos, and it can't be saved unless the talents of the world are destined to save it. The one who can bring peace to peace belongs to the king!" In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, He Yuye of Nanyang said to him: "The Han Dynasty He must be the one who will perish and bring peace to the world!" Xu Shao, also known as Zijiang, was famous for his knowledge of people. He once said to Cao Cao: "Zi is a capable minister who governs the world, and he is a traitor in troubled times." In the Han Dynasty in 184 AD. He came to prominence at the end of the Yellow Turban Rebellion. After Dong Zhuo's death, he went through troubled times and fought in the north and south. In October 200 AD, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao's 100,000-strong army in Guandu (northeast of Zhongmu County, Henan Province) with a small victory. In 201 AD, he defeated Yuan Shao's army of 100,000. Cangting (northeast of Guan County, Henan) defeated Yuan Shao's army again. In 208 AD, Cao Cao unified northern China and became the prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In July 208 AD, Cao Cao launched a southern campaign against Liu Biao in Jingzhou. In December, he fought against the coalition forces of Sun and Liu in Chibi and was defeated. In July 211 AD, Cao Cao led the western expedition to attack Ma Chao and laid the foundation for the entire Wei state. In 213 AD, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty sent an imperial envoy to appoint Cao Cao as King of Wei. In 220 AD, Cao Cao died in Luoyang at the age of 66. He was posthumously named "King Wu" and was buried in Gaoling.Cao Cao fought hard for more than 30 years from the time he raised his army in Chenliu to his death in Luoyang. He participated in nearly 50 major and small battles and eliminated separatist forces such as Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Liu Biao, Zhang Xiu, and Lu Bu. Cao Cao had 25 sons. Queen Bian gave birth to Emperor Wen Cao Pi, King Renchengwei Cao Zhang, King Chen Si Cao Zhi, King Xiaohuai Cao Xiong, Mrs. Liu gave birth to King Fengmin Cao Ang, King Xiangshang Cao Shuo, and Mrs. Huan gave birth to King Cao Chong of Deng Ai, King Cao Ju of Pengcheng, King Cao Yu of Yan, Mrs. Du gave birth to King Cao Lin of Peimu, King Gong of Zhongshan Cao Gun, Mrs. Qin gave birth to King Huai of Jiyang Cao Xuan, King of Chenliu Gong Cao Jun, and Mrs. Yin gave birth to King Cao Ju of Fan Yangmin. , Wang Zhaoyi gave birth to Zhao Wang Cao Qian, Sun Ji gave birth to Linyi Shang son Cao Shang, Chu King Cao Biao, Gang Shang son Cao Qin, Li Ji gave birth to Gucheng Shang son Cao Cheng, Mei Dai Gongzi Cao Zheng, Lingshang son Cao Wei , Zhao Ji gave birth to Cao Mao, King of Leling. Among them, the eldest son Cao Pi was regarded by Cao Cao as being honest, honest and respectful, and he was appointed as his successor and later became Emperor Wen of Wei; the second son Cao Zhang, mentioned in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, had a yellow beard and was brave but without a plan; the third son Cao Zhi was Cao Cao's favorite son. He has a timid personality and is addicted to alcohol and indulgence; the fourth son, Cao Xiong, is frail and sickly. Cao Cao also had three daughters, the eldest daughter Cao Jie, the second daughter Cao Xian, and the third daughter Cao Hua, all of whom married Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao was an outstanding politician, military strategist, and writer in history. He and his two sons, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, represented the literary style of the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Together with Su Shi's family, they were a famous "literary family" in history. Cao Cao had many achievements in his life. Among his works, the acclaimed "Guan Cang Hai" was written near Yanjin County, Henan Province in October 200 AD after he defeated Yuan Shao. In "The Turtle Lives Longevity", "The old man is struggling with his ambition, and his ambition is thousands of miles. In his old age, the martyr is full of ambition". In the winter of 208 AD, he composed the song "Dan Ge Xing" on the bank of the Yangtze River southwest of Hankou, Hubei Province, which expresses his desire to treat virtuous people and his thirst for talents.
Han Zhaolie Emperor Liu Bei (161-223)
Poem Xuande, a native of Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province, a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, the son of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, and the founding king of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms. In the last years of Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he worked with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei to defeat the Yellow Turban bandits, and became the county captain of Anxi Village. The secret attempt to kill Cao Cao failed and he fled. After three visits to the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang assisted him. Later, he joined forces with Sun Quan to defeat Cao Cao in Chibi, captured Yizhou and Hanzhong, and established himself as the king of Hanzhong. In 221, he ascended the throne in Chengdu and proclaimed himself emperor. His country was named Han, and his reign was named Jianzhang. He was defeated in the attack on Eastern Wu and suffered heavy losses. He returned to Baidi City and died of illness at the age of sixty-two. His posthumous title was Zhaolie Emperor and he was known as Liu Xianzhu in history.
Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of the Han Dynasty (161 AD - 223 AD), named Xuande, was a native of Zhuojun (now Zhuozhou, Hebei). The founder of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. Weapon: Double sword
Taoyuan sworn brotherhood
Folklore says that Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei sworn brothers in Taoyuan during the Three Kingdoms period. Chapter 1 of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": "Fei said: 'There is a peach garden behind my village, and the flowers are in full bloom. Tomorrow I will offer sacrifices to heaven and earth in the garden. The three of us will become brothers and work together to achieve great things.' De and Yun Chang responded in unison: "That's very good." The next day, in the peach garden, they prepared the black ox and white horse sacrifice and other items. The three of them burned incense and bowed before saying an oath: "I remember Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei. Although they have different surnames, they will work together to rescue the poor and help the people in danger. They do not want to be born in the same year, the same month and the same day, but they only want to die in the same year, the same month and the same day. This is a true example of betrayal and ungratefulness. , God and man kill each other!" After the oath, he worshiped Xuande as his elder brother, Guan Yu as his second brother, and Zhang Fei as his younger brother. "Then it became an allusion to sworn brothers and conspired with each other.
Life
Liu Bei, the founding emperor of the Shu Han Dynasty, is said to be a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, the son of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. When Liu Bei lost his father when he was young, he and his mother made a living by selling shoes and weaving straw mats. When he was fifteen years old, he went out to study. Together with fellow sects Liu Deran and Gongsun Zan, he became a disciple of Lu Zhi and became good friends with Gongsun Zan.
In 184, the Yellow Turban Civil Rebellion broke out. Funded by businessmen Zhang Shiping and Su Shuang, Liu Bei organized an insurrectionary army, followed Zou Jing to attack the Yellow Turban Army, made military exploits, and was appointed An Xiwei. Later, because he was dissatisfied with the postal supervisor's behavior, he was arrested and beaten severely, and then abandoned his official position and fled.
Later, General He Jin sent Guanqiu Yi to Danyang to recruit troops, and Liu Bei also joined him on the way. When he arrived at Xiapi, he fought with bandits with merit, and was appointed as the Prime Minister of Xiami County. He resigned soon after. In 190, he was appointed as Gaotang County Lieutenant and County Magistrate, and participated in the campaign against Dong Zhuo. Soon after, he was defeated by the bandit soldiers and defected to Gongsun Zan. He was appointed as a Sima of another department and worked with Tian Kai to defend Yuan Shao. Due to his meritorious service, he was named Pingyuan County Magistrate and Pingyuan Prime Minister.
In 194, Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian. Tao Qian asked Tian Kai for help. Tian Kai and Liu Bei went to rescue and repel Cao's army. Tao Qian specially sent 4,000 Danyang soldiers to Liu Bei, and Liu Bei Attached to Tao Qian, he settled in Xiaopei and was appointed governor of Yuzhou. In 194, Tao Qian died of illness, and Mi Zhu and Chen Deng welcomed Liu Bei into Xuzhou. Later, he was worshiped by the imperial court as General Zhendong and granted the title of Tinghou of Yicheng. In 195, Lu Bu, who was defeated by Cao Cao, came to surrender, and Liu Bei allowed him to settle in Xiaopei.
The next year, Yuan Shu attacked Liu Bei, and Liu Bei responded. However, Lu Bu took the opportunity to sneak attack Xiapi, so Liu Bei had no choice but to relocate to Haixi, defeating Yang Feng, Han Xian, Guan Xu, Yang Xian and others on the way. Later, Lu Bu welcomed Liu Bei back, returned his wife, and allowed him to garrison Xiaopei. Soon he gathered more than 10,000 troops. Lu Bu felt in danger and sent troops to attack Xiaopei. Liu Bei was defeated and defected to Cao Cao. Later, he tried to occupy Xiaopei again, but was defeated by Gao Shun. In 198, Liu Bei followed Cao Cao and successfully defeated Lu Bu. Later, when he returned to Xuchang, Liu Bei was recognized as the General of the Left. Cao Cao treated him favorably, riding in the same carriage when he went out, and sitting on the same table when he sat down.
Because Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was dissatisfied with Cao Cao, he ordered his father-in-law Dong Cheng to issue an edict to kill Cao Cao. Liu Bei also joined the action, growing vegetables at home every day to reduce Cao Cao's pressure. One day, Cao Cao hosted a banquet for Liu Bei and said to Liu Bei: "Today, the only heroes in the world are your envoy and Cao Er. There are not many disciples at the beginning." After hearing this, Liu Bei was so frightened that he dropped his chopsticks. At this time, there was thunder, and Liu Bei He said to Cao Cao: "The sage said, 'Thunder and wind will change.' There is a good way to do it. The power of a shock can even reach this!" Soon after, Yuan Shu, who was defeated in the south, wanted to defect to Yuan Shao, so Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to attack Yuan Shu, but before the army arrived, Yuan Shu had died of illness.
In 199, Liu Bei took the opportunity to occupy Xiapi and killed Xuzhou governor Che Zhou. He left Guan Yu to guard Xiapi and returned to defend Xiaopei. On the one hand, he sent Sun Qian to join forces with Yuan Shao and many more. A local force rose up against Cao Cao. Cao Cao once sent Liu Dai and Wang Zhong to attack Liu Bei, but failed. In 200, Dong Cheng was defeated and killed. Cao Cao conquered Liu Bei in the east. Liu Bei was defeated. Cao Cao captured Liu Bei's wife and captured Guan Yu alive.
Liu Bei fled to Qingzhou, and Yuan Tan, the governor of Qingzhou, personally welcomed him and informed Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao also went to greet him personally outside Yecheng. After staying for more than a month, the former subordinates reunited. Soon, a war broke out between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, and the remaining Yellow Turban troops in Runan, Liu Pi and others, rebelled against Cao Cao in response to Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao then sent Liu Bei to lead his army to join Liu Pi. Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to attack Runan, and Liu Bei had no choice but to return his army to Yuan Shao. Liu Bei was about to leave Yuan Shao, so he persuaded Yuan Shao to join Liu Biao southward. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to Runan to join Gongdu. Cao Cao sent Cai Yang to attack Liu Bei again, but Liu Bei killed him.
In 201, Cao Cao, who defeated Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu, attacked Runan south. Liu Bei was defeated and abandoned the city, and sent Mi Zhu and Sun Qian to meet Liu Biao. Liu Biao personally went to the suburbs to greet Liu Bei. After the above As a courtesy, he was allowed to live in Xinye. Although Liu Biao treated Liu Bei politely, he had some scruples about him. Moreover, Liu Bei had friends with many heroes in Jingzhou, so he did not trust him very much and did not accept his opinion on the Northern Expedition. In 202, Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Dun, Yu Jin and others invaded south to Bowang. The two sides confronted each other. Liu Bei set up an ambush and burned his own camp to pretend to retreat. Xiahou Dundun and others pursued and killed him, but were defeated by the ambush.
In 207, Sangu Caolu invited Zhuge Liang to join him and came up with Longzhong's strategic policy. In 208, Cao Cao went south. Liu Biao died of illness in August. His second son, Liu Cong, came to the throne and sent an envoy to surrender to Cao Cao. After Liu Bei learned that Cao Cao was going south, he abandoned Fancheng and fled south. Liu Cong's men and Jingzhou people followed Liu Bei and fled south. When they arrived in Dangyang, they had gathered more than 100,000 people and thousands of vehicles. They could only travel more than ten miles in a day, so they sent Guan Yu to go ahead in hundreds of ships. , meet at Jiangling. Cao Cao was afraid that Liu Bei would occupy Jiangling first, so he sent five thousand elite cavalry to chase him. The two armies met at Changban in Dangyang. Liu Bei abandoned his wife and fled first, and was separated from the army. Fortunately, he met Guan Yu's fleet in Hanjin and met Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi. More than 10,000 people fled to Xiakou together. Just when Lu Su came to inquire about the news, Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang as envoy to Sun Quan, formed an alliance with Sun Quan, and fought with the troops of Sun Quan's generals Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu in Wulin, defeating the enemy.
Liu Bei appointed Liu Qi as the governor of Jingzhou and conquered the four counties in southern Jingzhou. Jin Xuan, the governor of Wuling, Han Xuan, the governor of Changsha, Zhao Fan, the governor of Guiyang, and Liu Du, the governor of Lingling, all surrendered. Jin Xuan, the governor of Wuling, was captured. Liu Bei was attacked and killed, and the one who surrendered was suspected to be one of his subordinates. Lei Xu also led tens of thousands of people to join him. After Liu Qi died of illness, the generals elected Liu Bei as the shepherd of Jingzhou, and Sun Quan also married his sister to Liu Bei. In 211, in order to defend Cao Cao from attacking Yizhou, Yizhou Shepherd Liu Zhang accepted Zhang Song's suggestion and invited Liu Bei to Shu to help. He sent Fa Zheng with 4,000 men and a huge sum of money to Liu Bei, and Liu Bei personally led his army into Shu. When they arrived at Fucheng, Liu Zhang went out to greet him personally. Zhang Song, Fazheng and Pang Tong all suggested that Liu Bei could take the opportunity to kill Liu Zhang, but Liu Bei refused.
Liu Zhang recommended Liu Bei to be the Grand Sima and the Sili Xiaowei. Liu Zhang assigned Liu Bei soldiers and ordered him to attack Zhang Lu, but Liu Bei did not send troops and instead bought people's hearts.
In 212, Liu Bei asked Liu Zhang to borrow troops and grain to return to Jingzhou to assist Sun Quan, but Liu Zhang only gave him half. And Liu Zhang discovered that his subordinate Zhang Song had an affair with Liu Bei and took Shu, and the two sides broke up. Liu Bei killed Yang Huai and advanced on Liu Zhang. Liu Yu, Leng Bao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian and others defended Fucheng against Liu Bei, but were captured. When they reached Mianzhu Pass, the defender Li Yan surrendered. In 214, Liu Xun blocked the offensive in Luocheng, and the war lasted for a year. Fortunately, Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others led their troops into Shu to assist. In the end, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei became the lord of Shu. In 215, Sun and Liu began to compete for Jingzhou, and finally decided to divide it equally, but the relationship between the two parties had deteriorated.
In 217, Liu Bei led his army northward, and in the summer of 219, he occupied Hanzhong, calling himself the King of Hanzhong, and also occupied Shangyong. In the winter of the same year, Guan Yu was killed by Sun Quan, and the two sides officially broke off. In 220, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established the Shu Han Dynasty. Liu Bei also proclaimed himself emperor the following year and established the Shu Han Dynasty. In 221, Liu Bei avenged Guan Yu and sent troops to Soochow, but was defeated by Wu general Lu Xun at the Battle of Yiling. He eventually retreated to Baidi City, leaving Zhuge Liang and Li Yan alone. He died of illness in April 223, and his posthumous title was Emperor Zhaolie. In May, his body was transported back to Chengdu from Yong'an and buried in August.
Liu Bei currently has two tombs. One is Huiling in Wuhou Temple in Chengdu; the other is in Lianhua Dam in Pengshan, Sichuan.
Characteristics
Liu Bei is seven feet five inches tall (172cm), with his hands down to his knees, and his ears can be seen with his eyes. Because of his small beard, Zhang Yu, an official during Liu Zhang's reign, made fun of him. He is not very talkative, expresses his emotions and anger, and does not like reading much. He likes playing with dogs and horses, listening to music, wearing beautiful clothes, making friends with heroes, and being kind to servants and common people. Some people say that he was once famous for his kindness. Moved an assassin to give up killing himself.
When he was young, Liu Bei had dreamed of riding in the Emperor's carriage one day. Although Liu Bei was benevolent, he was also an ambitious man. For example, Liu Bei had lived in Jingzhou for several years. When he and Liu Biao were drinking together, he saw fleshy flesh on his thighs when he went to the toilet. He lamented that in his early years he had been fighting everywhere and never left the saddle, but now that he was no longer fighting, his fleshy thighs were raw and moved him to tears. It was suggested to Liu Biao for the Northern Expedition many times, but Liu Biao did not accept it.
Sun Quan (182-252 AD), Han nationality, had the courtesy name Zhongmou. Emperor Wu, the founder of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. A native of Fuchun County, Wu County (now Fuyang, Zhejiang Province). His father, Sun Jian, claimed to be the descendant of Sun Wu, a great military strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period. He once served as the prefect of Changsha and was granted the title of General Polu. His elder brother, Sun Ce, was granted the title of Marquis of Wu in order to defeat the rebellious general.
Sun Quan was born in the fifth year of Guanghe (182 AD) and died in the second year of Taiyuan (252 AD). The second son of Sun Jian, he followed his eldest brother Sun Ce to pacify Jiangdong when he was young. Sun Quan was promoted as a filial piety and scholar at the age of 15, and was appointed as the chief of Yangxian (now Yixing) and acting as the school captain of Fengyi. In the novel, Sun Ce died young in 200. Before his death, he said to Sun Quan, "If you are not sure about internal affairs, ask Zhang Zhao, and if you are not sure about foreign affairs, ask Zhou Yu." Sun Quan succeeded to the throne as the lord of Jiangdong.
In 208, Sun Quan raised his troops and marched westward, regained Ganning, and surrounded and annihilated Huang Zu. In the same year, Cao Cao went south and Liu Bei was defeated. After taking Jingxiang, Cao Cao wrote to Sun Quan, intending to take down Soochow. Soochow was divided into two factions: the main war faction and the main peace faction. The main war faction was headed by Lu Su, and the main peace faction was headed by Zhang Zhao. Zhang Zhao was very convincing at the time, but Sun Quan wanted to fight. At this time, Lu Su brought Zhuge Liang from Jiangxia to express Liu Bei's determination to unite with Wu to fight against Cao. Zhou Yu returned in time to explain Cao Cao's various shortcomings and that the war was expected to be won. Sun Quan made a decisive decision, with Zhou Yu as commander, and sent troops to Sanjiangkou to fight Cao Cao. This is the famous Battle of Chibi in history.
After the Battle of Chibi, Sun Quan married his sister Sun Ren to Liu Bei in order to unite with Liu Bei. Later, following Lu Su's plan, Jingzhou was lent to Liu Bei. After Liu Bei succeeded in taking Sichuan, Sun Quan asked Liu Bei to return Jingzhou, but Liu Bei refused. Lu Su took back the three counties after a single-handed meeting. Later, Sun Quan went to fight Hefei and was defeated by Zhang Liao. In 217, Wei and Wu fought at Ruxukou, but neither side could win. After the Battle of Ruxukou, Sun Quan and Cao Cao made peace and signed a secret alliance between Wei and Wu to attack Guan Yu.
In 219 AD, Guan Yu attacked Fancheng, and Sun Quan appointed Lu Meng to take Jingzhou. Lu Meng used the strategy of "crossing the river in white clothes" to capture Jingzhou and captured Guan Yu alive in Maicheng. Sun Quan killed Guan Yu and gave his head to Cao Cao. In 220, Cao Pi succeeded the Han Dynasty. Sun Quan declared Soochow to be a vassal state of Wei and declared himself a vassal to Wei. Cao Pi granted Sun Quan nine gifts.
In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, and then immediately launched an army to attack Soochow. It was called revenge for Guan Yu, but in fact it was to fight for Jingzhou. Sun Quan decisively appointed the 38-year-old young general Lu Xun as the governor to fight against Liu Bei. Lu Xun used the "burning camp" strategy to defeat Liu Bei in Yiling. In 223, Liu Bei died of illness, and Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi across the river to make peace for the Northern Expedition. Sun Quan was at peace with Shu Han, and he attacked Cao Wei. In 224, Cao Pi's army attacked Soochow. Sun Quan asked Xu Shenghuo to attack the enemy. In 226, Cao Pi died of illness. Sun Quan personally led an army to attack Jiangxia, but was defeated due to the persistence of the prefect Wenpin.
In 229 AD, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang (now Echeng, Hubei), the Soochow regime was formally established, and the capital was immediately moved to Jianye (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). In 234 AD, Sun Quan responded to Zhuge Liang's last Northern Expedition and personally conquered Hefei, but was defeated by Man Chong, the governor of Yangzhou. After proclaiming himself emperor, Sun Quan sent General Wei Wen and others to lead a large number of people to the sea to strengthen ties with Yizhou (today's Taiwan). Agricultural officials were also set up to implement farming; counties were also established in the Shanyue area to promote the development of land in the south of the Yangtze River. But at the same time, Sun Quan, who became emperor, became increasingly arrogant and arbitrary, with heavy taxes and servitude, cruel punishments, and people often revolted. Sun Quan also made a big mistake in establishing a prince. After the untimely death of the crown prince Sun Deng, Sun Quan first deposed the second crown prince Sun He, then granted death to King Sun Ba of Lu, and finally made his youngest son Sun Liang the crown prince, which laid the foundation for the future Wu Palace coup. In 252, Sun Quan died of illness at the age of 71.
Concise Biography
Sun Quan succeeded his brother Sun Ce at the age of 19, took control of Jiangdong and defeated Huang Zu. Later, Soochow Wu united with Liu Bei and defeated Cao Cao's army in the Battle of Chibi. Soochow later fought fiercely with Cao Cao's army near Hefei, recaptured Jingzhou from Liu Bei, killed Guan Yu, and defeated Liu Bei's crusade. After Cao Pi became emperor, Sun Quan first professed his vassal status to the north, then established Wu and proclaimed himself emperor, moving the capital to Jianye.
Sun Quan was brave, decisive and courageous. He once took a large boat to spy on the Wei army's lineup in the Ruxukou area, and he was unusually calm and composed. The Wei army fired all their bows and arrows, and the arrowheads were concentrated on one side of the ship. Sun Quan ordered the ship to be turned around and receive arrows from the other side. After the arrows were balanced and the ship was level, it was possible to sail back safely. He is quite talented in "reading books and passing down history". He once wrote a letter to Cao Cao, saying: "Spring water brings spring. It is advisable for me to go quickly and not die without a single step. I will not be alone." In just 16 words, the meaning is very profound.
In the 13th year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 208), Cao Cao defeated Liu Biao and captured Jingzhou in an attempt to destroy Wu in one fell swoop. He claimed to Sun Quan: "Today the 800,000-square-meter naval force will be conquered and the general will join forces with Wu." Sun Quan was not intimidated by Cao Cao's aggressiveness. He decisively adopted Lu Su's suggestion and formed an alliance with Liu Bei. In the famous Battle of Chibi, he used fire attack tactics to defeat Cao's army and established the three kingdoms.
Sun Quan reviewed the situation and considered re-selecting a suitable political center. In the 16th year of Jian'an (AD 211), after listening to opinions from all sides, he resolutely decided to move from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang) to Moling (now Nanjing) and build a stone city on Stone Mountain. The following year, Moling was renamed Jianye. In the second year of Huangchu (AD 221), due to the competition with Liu Bei for Jingzhou, in order to facilitate the command of the war against Shu, Echeng in Jingzhou was used as the political center and was renamed Wuchang. In April of the first year of Huanglong (AD 229), Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang. In September of the same year, the capital was moved from Wuchang back to Jianye, where "boats and vehicles are convenient and there are unlimited dangers; the fields are lively and there is a way to transfer; when you advance, you can fight, and when you retreat, you can defend". In this way, Sun Quan created the history of Nanjing as the capital.
Sun Quan planned and built the capital city of Jianye, which was ten miles and nineteen paces on the second day. There are magnificent palaces, government offices, residential buildings, and temples in Jianye City. Outside the city are Stone City, Danyang County City, and markets with concentrated population and prosperous commerce. Jianye founded by Sun Quan became a real city in ancient times and laid the foundation for the future development of Nanjing.
Sun Quan made significant contributions to the development of Jianye and the entire Jiangnan region. He took many measures to encourage the development of production. He "personally took over the land" and converted the eight cattle used for driving into plow cattle to show his promotion of agricultural production. He also ordered to prohibit officials from recruiting peasants for corvee service when they were busy at home, so as to ensure the production period. They also built water conservancy projects, dredged and expanded the Qinhuai River waterway, and opened Gangdu, Yundu, East Canals, tidal ditches, etc. At that time, Jianye City had thousands of skilled handicraft workers engaged in silk weaving and smelting production.
Sun Quan also developed the maritime industry, sending generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to lead tens of thousands of troops to Yizhou (today's Taiwan Province). He also sent envoys to the Liaodong Peninsula and Hainan countries, and some envoys went to Goguryeo and Funan (today's Cambodia). , Linyi (now central Vietnam) and Nanyang Islands and other places. In 247 AD, Jianchu Temple was also built for the Kang Senghui of Western Region monks, which was the first Buddhist temple in Jinling.
Sun Quan ruled Jiangdong for 51 years. His life was the golden age of Wu's entrepreneurship. But in his later years, the talented prince Sun Deng unfortunately died young, and the other descendants fought openly and secretly for the throne, which greatly weakened Wu's vitality. In the second year of Taiyuan (AD 252), Sun Quan, the outstanding politician who dominated Jiangdong, passed away in despair at the age of 71. His temple name was Taizu and his posthumous title was Great Emperor. He was buried in Jiangling (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province). Purple Mountain South Meihua Mountain).
Legendary Stories
Sun Quan likes to drink very much. Drinking too much wine often delays important events. However, he has a characteristic that he can listen to others' advice with an open mind and correct his mistakes. Here are two short stories about how he was able to listen to sarcasm and accept criticism.
After Sun Quan became King of Wu, he held a banquet to entertain the officials. When the banquet was about to end, he stood up in person and drank to the ministers. When he walked in front of Qidu Lieutenant Yu Fan, Yu Fan pretended to be drunk and fell to the ground. When Sun Quan returned to his seat, he stood up and sat down again. Sun Quan was furious and wanted to kill him with a sharp sword. At that time, all the ministers present were too frightened to come forward to dissuade him. Only Liu Ji, the chief minister, stepped forward and hugged Sun Quan to prevent him from killing Yu Fan. He also persuaded Sun Quan that it was wrong for the king to kill talented people after drinking. Very inappropriate. Even if Yu Fan is guilty, who in the world would know? It is precisely because the king can recruit talents and accommodate wise men that talented people from all over the world come to him. Now he has suddenly abandoned his good reputation. Is it worth it? Sun Quan said: Cao Cao killed Kong Rong, why can't I kill Yu Fan? Liu Ji said: Cao Cao easily kills wise men, and everyone in the world is against him. And the king's benevolence and righteousness, compared with virtuous kings like Yao and Shun, how can he be compared with Cao Cao? After hearing what Liu Ji said, Sun Quan's anger slowly subsided. Yu Fan was spared the death penalty. After the banquet, Sun Quan said to his men: From now on, if I say I want to kill someone while drunk, you should not kill me.
Another time, Sun Quan was drinking at the Diaoyutai in Wuchang and became very drunk. After getting drunk, he asked people to sprinkle water on the ministers at the table, and said to everyone: "You must be drunk today after drinking." Not here. At that time, Zhang Zhao, who was serving as the assistant general of Wu, left the banquet with a serious face and said nothing, walked outside and sat in his car. Sun Quan sent someone to call him back and said: Today we are just drinking and having fun together. Why are you angry? Zhang Zhao replied: In the past, King Zhou built the Zaoqiu Wine Pond for long-night drinking. It was also for happiness and did not think it was a bad thing. After hearing this, Sun Quan didn't say a word, with a look of shame on his face, and immediately left the banquet.