Li Shimin (Tang Taizong)
1 He employed people in an eclectic way, and his use of talents and leadership reached a very high level;
2 He uniquely Having a discerning eye, seeing the shortcomings of personal strength, fully realizing that a king is like a stone, and a good minister is like a craftsman, only then can beautiful jade come out, and be open-minded to adopt the ministers' suggestions for progress;
3 Do not act arbitrarily, A political management system with separation of powers and mutual supervision has been initially established. It stipulates that laws and decrees, including even the part that affects national policies, must be reviewed and countersigned by the province before they can be issued into effect, ensuring the feasibility and timely discovery of policies. and corrected. Put an end to the harm and impact of bad policies on the country and the people;
4 Recognize the legal policy that human life is of the utmost importance and cannot be killed indiscriminately, and stipulate that the death penalty must be reviewed and approved by three complex memorials (five complex memorials in other places) It is not difficult to recognize that people can recall that in the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), only 29 people were sentenced to death nationwide, and in the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), 290 people were sentenced to death nationwide. Emperor Taizong reviewed and ordered all 290 people to go home to celebrate the New Year, and wait for the next autumn harvest. When they came back to resume their punishment, all 290 people arrived on time and no one escaped.
5 The martial arts of the Taizong Dynasty were prosperous. Except for the strategic victory in the Goryeo War, they all achieved brilliant victories (Tujue, Tuyuhun, Gaochang, Anxi Four Towns, Mobei Xue Yantuo, etc.), which was different from that of the time. National strength, military combat effectiveness, overall strategy, selection of generals, tacit cooperation, process coordination and other important factors are inseparable. Therefore, among the famous generals and ministers in Chinese history, the Zhenguan Dynasty occupies a considerable proportion. In the history of Chinese military, The war cases of the Zhenguan Dynasty are also often cited;
6 With the temperament of the "Khan of Heaven" who dominated the world, Li Shimin repeatedly used less to frighten many. The classic battle was to scare away 100,000 Turks by riding alone on the Weishui River. Riding, what a huge difference compared to Song Zhenzong who reluctantly arrived at the south city of Chanzhou under the escort of the army under Kou Zhunyi's insistence and request, but had to go back immediately with fear!
7 With the overall situation in mind and the national and foreign policy of unifying the four seas, the national and foreign policies of the Taizong Dynasty achieved brilliant victories. As long as they knew about China, they all worked hard to annex, were proud of the Tang Dynasty, and were happy to forget Shu. Not only can they live freely like the Tang people, but they can also serve as officials. The famous ethnic minority generals Ashina Simo, Zhisi Wanli, Qipi Heli, and even later generations of Gao Xianzhi and Li Guangbi all made outstanding contributions to the Tang Dynasty. Their contributions reflect the brilliance of Li Shimin's ethnic policies. Today's Tang Dynasty and Chinatown are also a vivid portrayal of the prosperous, powerful, and civilized country at that time;
8 Improving the imperial examination system , vigorously built schools, attached great importance to educational activities, and popularized the selection of officials. At that time, Guozixue and Taixue were flourishing, and there were many local schools. It is not difficult to recall the education at that time. At the same time, the imperial examinations at that time were also standardized and selected. To be fair, Jinshi subjects are the most outstanding. That’s why Emperor Taizong saw the new scholars coming out in droves and said happily, "Heroes from all over the world will join me as barbarians." The education and imperial examinations of the Tang Dynasty provided outstanding political talents with the essence of culture - Tang poetry and made outstanding contributions to economic development;
9 Emperor Taizong was a master of calligraphy and rich in prose. Emperor Taizong had extremely high personal accomplishments and talents. He was also quite famous for his calligraphy and prose. With his vigorous promotion, encouragement and support, There was a flourishing of calligraphy, literature, and art in the Tang Dynasty;
10 Advocating clean government, frugality, simplicity, and paying attention to farmland and water conservancy, the Taizong Dynasty was quite successful in building a clean government. He did not severely punish corrupt officials like Zhu Yuanzhang. Instead, we should establish a central leadership team that is honest and law-abiding, and attach great importance to the election of local governors. At that time, many ministers in the court were from poor families, such as Wen Yanbo, Dai Zhou, Yu Zhining, Wei Zheng, Zhang Xuansu, etc. Coupled with the promotion of good morals and administrative supervision, officials were prevented from making mistakes in time. Therefore, officials at that time were quite law-abiding, honest and self-disciplined. Emperor Taizong also paid more attention to frugality, did not abuse people's power, and paid attention to resting with the people. At that time, the society formed a simple and realistic style. Emperor Taizong also attached great importance to agriculture. When Taizong visited the capital, he first asked about it, but changed it because the crown ceremony was contrary to the farming season;
11 Due to social stability and the development of commercial economy, the country Many commercial cities have emerged, and the urban industry has developed considerably. The economic development of cities such as Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu, Jiangling, and Liangzhou has been quite rapid. It goes without saying that Chang'an and Luoyang have become the world's economic metropolises. This is the foundation of feudalism. It laid a solid foundation for the economy to reach the top;
12 The support for Xuanzang Buddhism and the affirmation of the Journey to the West opened up and maintained the Hexi Corridor-Silk Road and connected Silla and Japan to the east, promoting cultural exchanges between China and the West. With economic development, Princess Wencheng married Tubo, which enabled Tubo to move from a slave society to a feudal society, and developed and promoted the development of Tibet;
To sum up, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, is worthy of being one of the most important figures in the history of our country. A great statesman, military strategist, writer, calligrapher, outstanding leader, and an outstanding figure who influenced the course of China and the world. He made outstanding contributions to the Chinese nation and people and left a legacy that will last forever. Because of his great achievements and spiritual wealth, he is revered by people; as Mr. Zhu Dongyang said, "He is one of the top great men in China after Confucius."
Reference materials:
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2 Liu Che (Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty)
At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty , on the one hand, the political situation is relatively stable and the country's economic situation is quite good. On the other hand, the factors of division among the princely kingdoms still exist, and the potential threats are not small. Therefore, while continuing to implement various policies of Emperor Jing, he also adopted a series of measures to strengthen the centralization of authoritarianism.
Politics: In terms of politics, Zhu Fuyan's suggestions were adopted and the "Tianfa Order" was issued to weaken the power of the feudal vassal states in the early Han Dynasty and strengthen the supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made ancient innovations, including major reforms and creations such as taking back the power of the prime minister, setting up governors, and establishing a balanced system, establishing a complete system and embodying the legalist politics of "ruling the country by law, not avoiding relatives and nobles" system. This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of the Chinese imperial system for the next two thousand years.
Military: Friendship with foreign countries: In terms of military affairs, it mainly focuses on centralizing military power and enriching the central military power; reforming the military system. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Xiongnu, which stabilized the northern border counties. Zhang Qian was sent as an envoy to the Western Regions, opening up the northwest frontier: opening a channel for the Western Han Dynasty to connect the Western Regions and even Central Asia
Economy: In terms of economy, In order to rectify the finances, he promulgated the "Calling Min" and "Gao Min" orders, levied asset taxes on merchants, and cracked down on wealthy merchants; he also adopted Sang Hongyang's suggestion to return iron smelting and salt boiling to official operations, and prohibited the county from casting money; he set up Officials were equalized and officials were transferred to all, and the government operated transportation and trade, which greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, water conservancy projects were built, people immigrated to the northwest to farm, and the "farming method" was implemented, which was conducive to the development of agricultural production. Another important economic measure was to unify the currencies at that time.
Ideology: In terms of ideology, adopt Dong Zhongshu’s suggestions. The suggestion of deposing all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone made Confucianism the ruling ideology of Chinese society. Confucianism was vigorously promoted and the Imperial Academy was established in Chang'an. Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of China's feudal rule and lasted for more than two thousand years, exerting a profound influence on later generations of Chinese politics, society, and culture.
Personnel: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the development of talents. He established the imperial examination system, which was the origin of China's systematic talent selection system and had a great influence on later generations.
To sum up, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty created the first unified situation in ancient China, which shocked the past and the present. However, he fought many battles in his life, wasted people and money, and in his later years he carried out large-scale construction projects and appointed cruel officials. Therefore, it ranked second.
Reference materials:
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3 Ying Zheng (Qin Shihuang)
Historical evaluation:
Front
When Qin Shihuang was on the throne, he annexed the six countries and sent troops to conquer the south and the north. History records that "all the land of hundreds of countries bowed their heads", "the north expanded thousands of miles" and "the king of Qin swept "Liuhe", according to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory was almost double the area controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up prefectures and counties" and focused on governance and system construction in the conquered land, unlike other conquerors of the same period such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome who only focused on conquest and not system construction; therefore, the unified land The stable rule laid the foundation for China's current territory. Later generations believe that "nothing has done more than Emperor Qin and Emperor Wu of Han". It means that Qin Shihuang ranked before Emperor Wu of Han in terms of martial arts, and was unparalleled in history. So far, the name China in English has also evolved from the Roman word Chin (Qin), which in one aspect reflects the influence of the Qin Empire.
The Qin State has attached great importance to ruling the country by law since Shang Yang's reform. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and highly respected the Legalist figure Han Fei. He once lamented to himself, "If you travel with him, you will have no hatred." The generals will be rewarded for their merits and punished for their crimes in accordance with the law. Although Qin Shihuang was authoritarian and believed that "I am the world," the Qin generation still governed the country according to law. The reason for Chen Sheng and Wu Guang's uprising was also that "Qin's laws were harsh". Their crimes were punishable by death and they had no choice but to rebel. This was because the law forced the people to rebel. It was not because of serious corruption that the officials forced the people to rebel, as in later generations, "the wine and meat smelled stinky in the rich families, and the bones were frozen to death on the roads." Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, and the rule of the country was not based on the law, but was decided by the monarch's words. However, today's rule of man, the trend of flattery still exists.
Qin Shihuang pioneered the post station system and built post roads. It laid the technical foundation for the communication of government orders in the huge empire and the resulting imperial state with a system of counties and counties. "Building post roads and setting up counties and counties" is a necessary condition for China to adopt an advanced system of counties and counties instead of a feudal system similar to the West. At the same time, Rome could not effectively control the occupied areas and could only set up governors with great power (the governors held the military and political power of a place, they were all nobles, and the grassroots organizations relied on the original local organizations), which was still similar to the feudal system. This is A very important reason why the Roman Empire later split. The county system is a civilian system. Its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. Military merit can be promoted or demoted based on political performance, and they can be transferred equally. This has led to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Both professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians. The county bureaucracy effectively guarantees the rights of civilians (commoners) to participate in and discuss politics (for example, Li Si, Meng Ao, etc. are all civilians, and they are promoted to generals and prime ministers based on military merit and political performance). The aristocratic politics of feudalism was undoubtedly a great historical progress. The civil service and military systems of modern countries originated from this.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation for China's political system to become more advanced than the West and become more developed than the West for nearly 1,700 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system" means "the system has not changed since Qin" and "Qin laws and regulations have continued for hundreds of generations". During the two thousand years of imperial power, China basically followed the Qin Dynasty's political system.
Li Bai's poem "Ancient Style": "The king of Qin swept Liuhe, how majestic the tiger looked!" Sang Hongyang's treatise affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievements in unifying China. Qin Zhengji written in 1913 by Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang.
Negative
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country by law", and subsequent Chinese rulers promoted Confucianism with benevolence and moderation as its core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various prose and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin" and so on.
"Historical Records: The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin" The King of Qin had a greedy heart and the wisdom of self-improvement. He did not believe in meritorious officials and was not close to the people. He abolished the king's way and established private rights. He banned documents and cruel laws. He deceived his power first and then used his power. Benevolence and righteousness begin with cruelty in the world.
Jia Yi's "On Passing the Qin Dynasty": One man caused trouble and seven temples fell, and he died at the hands of others. What is the reason for the laughter of the world? If the benevolent heart is not used, the offensive and defensive momentum will be different.
Qin Shihuang is regarded by many historians as a tyrant who will do whatever it takes to gain power.
The Great Wall, Qin Chi Road, Ling Canal, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin are all extremely large in scale and required the entire country to build them. Many documents denounced that many casualties were caused during the construction of the project, but in addition On the one hand, it will further develop transportation in various places and help future transportation, economy and trade, and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, it has always been a point of debate among historians whether Qin Shihuang's achievements were too great or too great.
The merits and demerits of future generations, considering the special status of "one emperor through the ages", ranked third
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4 Temujin (Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty) Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan is a famous historical figure at home and abroad in ancient and modern times, and at the same time he is the most controversial figure. Over the past seven or eight hundred years, politicians, military strategists, celebrities and scholars from various countries at home and abroad have studied and discussed this great figure from different angles.
Marx once said when talking about Genghis Khan: "Genghis Khan fought hard all his life, unified Mongolia, and fought for the unification of China. Three generations of his ancestors fought fiercely for sixty or seventy years, and subsequently conquered as many nations as 720. "In "Marx's Chronicle of Indian History", Marx wrote that Genghis Khan formed an army in the process of unifying Mongolia. He "relyed on this army to conquer Eastern Mongolia and North China, and then conquered He also conquered the areas north of the Amu Darya and Khorasan, including the Turkic areas of Bulgaria, Khwarazm and Persia, and also invaded India. His empire extended from the Caspian Sea to Beijing in the south. It stretches to the Indian Ocean and the Himalayas to the west to Astrakhan and Ghassan.
After his death, the empire was divided into the Kipchak Khanate, the Ilkhanate, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ogedai Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty; the first four parts were ruled by the Khans respectively; the last part, as the main part of the empire, was ruled by the Great Khan Direct rule".
Mr. Sun Yat-sen said: "Among the most powerful nations in early Asia, the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty ranked first. "Almost all of Europe was occupied by the Yuan Dynasty during the Yuan Dynasty, which was far more powerful than China was at its most powerful."
Comrade Mao Zedong affectionately called Genghis Khan "a genius of a generation" and related him to Chinese history. The famous emperors Qin Huang, Han Wu, Tang Zong, and Song Zu were compared to each other.
The Eastern God of War, the greatest military commander in world history, Genghis Khan and his successors not only formed an invincible army at the time. The powerful cavalry has excellently solved the problem of army supplies and logistical supplies, and also creatively used a series of strategies and tactics consistent with the characteristics of cavalry operations, and achieved victory after victory.
Former Indian Prime Minister Nehru. The book "How to Treat World History" says: "The Mongols achieved such a great victory on the battlefield not because of the large number of soldiers and horses, but because of strict discipline, system and feasible organization. It can also be said that those brilliant achievements came from Genghis Khan's commanding art. "He very much agreed with Le Gatt's statement: "The campaign conducted by the Mongols was unprecedented in terms of its scale and art, its suddenness and flexibility, and its strategy and tactics of encirclement. "If Genghis Khan is not the only and greatest commander in the world, he is undoubtedly one of the greatest commanders in the world."
American five-star general MacArthur said: "If the records of war are based on history, If it is erased and only the detailed records of Genghis Khan's battles are left, and they are well preserved, then the soldiers will still have endless wealth. From those records, soldiers could gain useful knowledge and shape an army for future wars. The success of that amazing leader (Genghis Khan) eclipsed the achievements of most commanders throughout history. “He crossed rivers, scaled mountains, conquered cities, destroyed countries, and destroyed entire civilizations. On the battlefield, his troops were used so quickly and skillfully that he swept through thousands of armies and defeated numerically overwhelming enemies countless times." "Although he destroyed everything, was cruel, ruthless, and brutal, he clearly understood Understand the various unchanging requirements of war."
The Russian general Ganajiv said: "Looking across the universe, in just a few years, the territory has been expanded to such a vast extent that Genghis Khan has never been seen in all ages. When Genghis Khan ascended the throne of Mongol Khan, the number of military households was only about 13,000 (approximately 30,000). Later, the number of conquered tribes was as many as 720, and their languages ??and beliefs were mostly heterogeneous. His descendants were able to open up the entire crumbling territory, including the present-day Qing Empire, northern India, the Korean Peninsula, all of central Asia and Asia, most of the Russian Empire, and the southern part between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where the weapons were drawn. Cutting off and ravaging the horse's feet, it formed a straight line from east to west, with a diameter of 6,000 miles (about 16,000 miles in China). During this period, dozens of countries were involved. Genghis Khan and his descendants were able to survive in a short period of 60 to 70 years. The monthly order is also flattened. How did this greatest hero rise to power? ”
Russian military strategist Korekin also said: “Looking at the history of the world, with very few troops (Rashiddin said 120,000, Kobayashi Koshiro said 200,000), in a very short time (1207 to 1207) 1227***20 years), conquered vast lands (most of Europe and Asia), and ruled a large population (Nakakoji Akira said 600 million people, which I think is a bit exaggerated), except for the Tatars and Timurids in the era of Genghis Khan. Except for the people of Central Asia in their childhood, there has never been such a thing since the beginning of the world. ”
Someone once counted that Genghis Khan fought more than 60 wars in his lifetime. Except for the Battle of Thirteen Wings, which took the initiative to retreat due to the disparity in strength, he never failed. Therefore, the Chinese scholar Mr. Liu Letu His book "Genghis Khan" said: "Genghis Khan is a war wizard that is difficult to match for future generations. His miraculous ability to fight and win every enemy he encounters has pushed mankind's military talents to the extreme. "The iron cavalry under his command was overwhelming, and the smoke of gunfire spread to Russia, Afghanistan and northern India."
In the vast Eurasian continent, Genghis Khan has become an invincible god. All his opponents are frightened and succumb to his feet." "Who can be called the God of War? Only Genghis Khan!"
Looking at the thousands of emperors in ancient China, only Genghis Khan can be called "the proud son of heaven", on par with Alexander the Great, and even above Napoleon and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but he killed too many people , blood flowing in the pestle and mountains of corpses piled up, it is really a sin, the former residence is No. 4
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5 Aixinjueluo Xuanye (the Holy Ancestor of the Qing Dynasty) Kangxi
This was the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history, lasting 61 years. He captured Aobai wisely, conquered Junggar three times, pacified the three vassals, and attacked Tsarist Russia. Invasion, recovery of Taiwan, and tax exemption laid the foundation for the later Kangxi and Qianlong dynasties. There were no obvious shortcomings in his life. Considering that he was an emperor in the late feudal period, he failed to recognize current events and open up the country (actually it was not his fault), so he ranked 5th.
Reference materials:
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6 Yang Jian (Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty)
In the early days of the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, it was a century-old The situation was full of chaos and chaos. As soon as Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ascended the throne of Jinluan, he carried out a series of major reforms in the political system.
(1) Establishing the system of three provinces and six ministries. :
The central government has three provinces: Shangshu, Menxia, ??and Neishi, with Shangshu Ling, Nayan, and Neishi Ling as the chief officials. They perform the functions of prime ministers and assist the emperor in handling national affairs. Neishi Province and Menxia Province are confidential. The Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for drafting and promulgating the emperor's imperial edicts; the Ministry of Menxia is responsible for reviewing the imperial edicts drafted by the Ministry of Internal History and the memorials prepared by the Shangshu Province; the Shangshu Province is the highest administrative agency in the country, and it consists of the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Rites. There are six departments: the Ministry of War, the Duguan, the Duzhi, and the Ministry of Industry. Each department has a Shangshu as its chief officer. Under the Shangshu's order, there is a Shangshu, a left servant, and a right servant. The three departments of Duzhi, Duguan, and Gongbu are collectively called "Eight Seats" together with Zuo Pushi, You Pushe and the six ministers. In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (583), the Du branch was renamed the Ministry of Civil Affairs; the Du branch was renamed the Ministry of Punishment. In addition to the three provinces, there are also two provinces of secretaries and chamberlains, responsible for compilation of books and offerings in the palace. There are also two stations, Yu and Du Shui, responsible for supervision and water conservancy. This not only strengthened the centralization of power, but also created a new stage of China's feudal social and political system.
(2) Simplifying the local official system:
In the early Sui Dynasty, after Yang Jian established the central agency of three provinces and six ministries, he reformed local agencies. Since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the establishment of counties and counties, a situation has been formed in which "there are few people and many officials, and nine sheep out of ten are herded". In the early Sui Dynasty, three-level local institutions were established at the state, county, and county levels along the lines of the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou systems. In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, Yang Jian followed the advice of Yang Shangxi, the Minister of Military Affairs in Henan Province, and abolished counties and changed them to a two-level system of states and counties. The state has a governor and the county has a magistrate.
(3) Revise the "Kaihuang Law":
Revise the "Kaihuang Law". All 81 capital crimes, 150 crimes of exile, more than a thousand tortures such as sticks and sticks, and genocide of the previous generation were abolished. At the same time, the content of many laws was reduced, such as "six years of exile was changed to five years; prisoners who were five years old were changed to three sacrifices; the rest were replaced by light instead of heavy, and death was turned into life." Careful treatment of prisoners was adopted. attitude, rather than taking human life lightly, effectively prevents unjust cases from happening. Emperor Wen's reform of the law made the law less cruel and barbaric, which was of epoch-making significance in the Chinese legal system. In order to make the Sui Dynasty prosperous and prosperous as soon as possible, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty vigorously developed the social economy.
(4) Land equalization order:
In the early Sui Dynasty, on the basis of the land equalization system of Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasty, the land equalization system was continued to be implemented. The land equalization order stipulated that: Dingnan, Zhongnan There are 80 acres of exposed fields (planted with five grains), 20 acres of Yongye fields, and 40 acres of exposed fields for women. 5 slaves will be given 1 acre. Yongye fields will not be returned, but exposed fields will be returned after the death of the recipient. For ordinary farmers, the policy of encouraging mulberry farming with light corvee and low taxes was adopted, and the policy of annexing land by the powerful nobles was cracked down to ensure the normal production of farmers. This improves farmers' enthusiasm for labor production. After the equalization of land was implemented, the state could control more labor and increase tax revenue.
(5) Setting up granaries:
The granaries set up during the reign of Emperor Wen can be divided into two types, namely official granaries and free granaries. The grain storage in the official warehouse is used to support military personnel. The purpose of setting up official warehouses is to increase the efficiency of water transportation in the Kanto region; that is, to change the original direct grain transportation method of the Kanto states to the capital to a centralized and segmented transportation method. And rice warehouses were set up along the Yellow River. Food from the Kanto states was first concentrated in these warehouses, and then transported to the capital via the Yellow River and Guangtong Canal. Therefore, a lot of time, manpower and material resources are saved. According to estimates by the Tang Dynasty, the food stored in the warehouses during the last years of Emperor Wen's reign could be used by the government for fifty or sixty years. Free warehouses, also known as social warehouses, were set up in the countryside. The grain stored in them were donated by the people to provide relief to the victims in times of famine. The food donated by ordinary people and soldiers was deposited in the local social warehouse, and the "social secretary" was responsible for relief and storage. If a famine occurs due to poor harvests in a certain place, the grain stored in a certain place's warehouse will be used to provide relief to the hungry people. It also stipulates the standards for households to donate grain to the community warehouse: "The upper household can't donate more than one stone, the middle household can't donate more than seven bushels, and the lower households can't donate more than four bushels." The establishment of charity warehouses is a powerful guarantee for people's lives.
Ended hundreds of years of division, created the three-province, six-ministry system and the imperial examination system, and made great contributions to the world, ranking 6th