1, which means to talk about discussion
Ban Gu, the Eastern Han Dynasty, The Biography of Hanshu Gongsun Hong, Bo Shi, etc. : "Filial piety and inheritance, making red leaves. He also talked about six arts and recruited Mao Yi. "
Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, inherited the great unification and continued to govern the great cause of the Han Dynasty. He also talked about propagating the thoughts of Confucian Six Classics and recruiting outstanding and unique talents.
2. Gossip and discuss.
Jiao Hongji of Liu Ming's team: "When outsiders talk about it, there is a dilemma. What should we do? "
People outside are talking about it, and things are in a dilemma. What should we do?
Extended data
Application and translation of other classical Chinese lecture notes;
1, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Liu Yiqing's "Singing Snow": "Xie Taifu's Cold Snow Day Collection, telling his son the meaning of the paper."
Xie An held a family gathering on a cold snowy day to explain poetry to his son and nephew.
2. Qin's "Personal Politics": "Filial piety in his later years is deeper than Sri Lanka, and he has called ministers to the convenience hall many times to talk about what is going on in the world."
Filial piety in his later years has a deep feeling in this respect. He called ministers to talk about world affairs in the temple many times.
3. Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty's Sixteen Records of Han Ji in Han Jian: "If you win the sage's words, you must give them. It's winter now, and it's not awkward to talk about it. "
Xiahou Sheng appreciated his words and taught him Shangshu. After two winters in prison, I have been tirelessly explaining the classics.
Baidu encyclopedia-tell me about it
2. What does classical Chinese really mean? "Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese"
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
What is classical Chinese?
1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is just a word. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.
So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.
The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.
Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.
3. What does the classical Chinese say ◎ Talk about Shu (1) persuasion; Persuade [try to persuade] to promote people with righteousness is called three horizontal, but it is particularly dramatic.
Or kill the tiger and chop the dumpling, but it is only one of the three horizontal. -"Shi Shuo Xin Yu Xin Yu" Yun Sheng said to me: "If you leave the pass, you can be king in Qin."
-"Historical Records of Xiang Yu" childe suffers from it, please Wang Wei, and argue with the guest that Wang Wanduan. -"Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi" (2) Another example: lobbying; A lobbyist (lobbyist); Lobbyist (lobbyist); Say a word (originally meant to praise people's kindness, and later extended to all acts of lobbying and explaining human feelings for others can be called "say a word"); It is difficult to say it (that is, it is not easy to convince others with words); Say the city (persuade the city to surrender); Conversation guidance (persuasion guidance); Rhetoric (lobbying); Say remonstrance (remonstrance); Say (encourage, encourage) (3) rest; Stop.
Pass "tax" [no; Take a break]. For example, Wei (as a guard when the army is camping and resting) (4) See Shu again; The basic meaning of yuè' s common phrase lobbyist ◎ Say Shu Bu < move >1(sound and shape).
From the word point of view, the anti-(duì) sound. Original meaning: explain, inspire and explain in words) (2) The same as the original meaning [explain; Speak; Speak; Say] say, explain, talk about.
-"Shuowen" said so clearly. -"Mozi Shang Jing" begins with Mozi, and then says, "Go ahead.
I'm going to attack the Song Dynasty with Wen Zi as a ladder in the north. What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? "-"Mozi public loss "Gou Jian said to China people.
-"Mandarin Vietnamese". Note: "Xie Ye."
How about the army. -"Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong for nine years".
Note: "Explain yourself." It's about me and Huns.
-Biography of Wang Han Mang (3) Another example: Shuo Gua (the title of Yi Zhuan). Explain the nature, changes and symbols of gossip); Talking about scripture (talking about scripture or telling Buddhist stories); Say things (explain events and facts); Talk about dreams (explain what you see in your dreams); Say commandments (Buddhism explains commandments at the end of each month); Say the Committee (explain the reasons); Speaking of home (explain clearly); Say meaning (explain meaning); Explain; Narrator (commentator or critic); Platform (high platform for Buddhist lectures) (4) Speak, speak [speak; Speak; Say] if you get a boat, you will help the Tao, and you will be determined everywhere.
And the county, Yi Taishou, said so. -Tao Jin Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden" She frowned and bent her fingers, and then started her music, bit by bit making her heart share everything with us.
-Bai Juyi's "Pipa" Before going to bed, you had a good time talking about the official history of unofficial history. -Qing Yuanmei's "Sacrificing Sister" (5) Another example: I can't say it (the words are not finished); Say no (hard; Maybe, not sure); Talking about military machines (empty talk; Kua); Say ancient (boast; Brag); Speak (speak); Say kill (say absolutely; There is no room for recovery); Narrator (narrator; Tell); Talk big (big); Say it's convenient (say a good word); Say something (about human feelings); Speak Pinghua (storytelling); Say your tongue (gossip; Gossip); Say amorous feelings (talk about men and women falling in love) (6) tell; Tell [inform; Tell; Let it be known that Focha is dying, and people say that he is a child.
-Comment on Mandarin Wu Yu (7); Talk about sth; Discussion; Talk about] say, talk about it. -"Twelve Poems of Guangya" swims in saying.
-"Book of Rites, Xiaoyi". Sparse: "That is to say."
The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance. -Song Xin Qiqi's "Walking the Huangsha Road on the Xijiang Moonlight Night" (8) Another example: Say right and wrong (comment on the right and wrong of things); Talk (talk); Discussion (discussion); Summary (appropriate discussion); Say the ticket (the kidnapper negotiates with the victim to redeem the ticket) (9) Suggestions; Blame [advice]; I said it six times.
-"Zhou Li MAO". Note: "Blame it helplessly."
Although residents say this is a terrible theory, it cannot be changed. -Historical Records Biography of Huo Zhi (10) Preface is another example: Say (say); Speak and (persuade); Say pan (speak); Talk (persuade influence); Can't say it (don't listen to advice); His father gave him an introduction (1 1).
Such as: say wife (matchmaking); Media Red (a bride price from the matchmaker) (12) thought [believe]. For example, at the beginning, I only said I wanted to choose a beautiful woman. Who wants to marry this ugly guy? On Shu Bu (1); Viewpoint; Speech [theory; Doctrine; Of course, I doubt it.
-Su Songshi's "Shi Zhongshan Ji" fairy said that the so-called gild the lily. -Qingquan Wang Zu's "Meihualing" said that the book of Qin Wang was ten, saying nothing
-"Warring States Policy, Qin Ce Me" (2) Give another example: another way of saying it; Write a book and make a statement; Alienation; Heresy (3) The term of ancient Mohist logic refers to the theory of reasoning [influence] in order to combine words, citing facts with names, expressing ideas with words, and reasoning with reason. -"Mozi ditty" (4) refers to "storytelling", which can make people cry generously.
-Huang Qingzong Xi's Biography of Liu Jingting (5) The style of explaining some truth by commenting or describing things. For example, Ailian said and Snake Catcher said (6) See Shu √ again; Yu.
4. The original translation of the classical Chinese "On Rites" comes from chapter 19 of Xunzi's "On Rites", that is, the main idea of the original text: Under what circumstances did the ceremony come into being? People are born with desires. If they can't satisfy their desires, they will ask for something. If they demand too much and have no standards, they will fight.
Where there is struggle, there will be chaos, and chaos will lead to poverty. Ancient holy kings hated chaos, so they formulated etiquette and graded to restrain people's desires and meet people's requirements, so that people's desires would not be unsatisfied because of lack of material, and materials would not be exhausted because of satisfying people's desires. This is the origin of etiquette.
Therefore, gifts are used to satisfy people's desires. Meat and grain, five flavors are harmonious, which is to meet people's survival needs; Use all kinds of fragrant wood and spices to meet people's olfactory needs; Exquisite utensils and gorgeous costumes meet people's visual needs; Various musical instruments play beautiful music to meet people's hearing needs; All kinds of houses meet people's physiological needs.
Therefore, gifts are used to satisfy people's desires. A gentleman needs all kinds of supplies, and he should also distinguish the differences between them.
What's the difference? There is a certain rank between the noble and the humble, a certain order for the old and the young, and corresponding regulations for the poor and the rich, the humble and the respectful. Therefore, the son of heaven rides in a big war car, and the mat is used to comfort his body; Various herbs are placed to meet the needs of sense of smell; Gold-plated crossbar meets visual requirements; That * * *, when the car is slow, it conforms to the rhythm of "Wu" and "Xiang", and when the car is fast, it conforms to the rhythm of "Shao" and "Hu" and meets the needs of hearing; Nine streamers are hung on the Dragon Flag of the Emperor of Heaven, showing the style of the Emperor of Heaven. The rhinoceros and crouching tiger lying on the wheel, the belt made of shark skin, the silk curtain and the dragon shape on the ear of the car show the power of the son of heaven.
Therefore, the horses in the big war car that the emperor was riding must be well-trained and very tame to protect the safety of the emperor. Who knows that people who lay down their lives for fame and honor are used to maintain life? Who knows that spending money is just for maintenance? Who knows that respect and humility are used to achieve stability and stability? Who knows that etiquette norms and rituals are used to cultivate sentiment? Therefore, if people only see life, such people will definitely die; If you only covet self-interest, such people will be hurt; If you just like to be lazy, such people will be in danger; If you only like to indulge in pleasure, such people are doomed to perish.
Therefore, if people use courtesy to regulate themselves, then they can have both courtesy and temperament. If you go with the flow, you will lose both.
Therefore, Confucianism can make people have both, while Mohism can make people have both. This is the difference between Confucianism and Mohism. Rites have three fundamentals: heaven and earth are the foundation of existence; Ancestors are the foundation of clans; The monarch is the foundation of governing the country.
Without heaven and earth, how can people survive? Where do people without ancestors come from? How can the world be peaceful without a monarch? Without one of these three aspects, the world cannot be peaceful. Therefore, the ceremony is used to worship the sky, and the next is used to worship the earth, respecting the ancestors and respecting the monarch. These are the three foundations of the ceremony.
Therefore, you are the king of the world, offering sacrifices to the king of the founding of the country, and the princes dare not destroy the ancestral temple. Scholar-officials have an eternal patriarchal clan system, which is used to address the ancestors of their respective clans. Respecting ancestors is the foundation of morality.
It is the emperor's right to worship the heaven in the suburbs, and the country sacrifice can only be carried out by governors and above, while the road worship god extends down to scholars and scholars to distinguish between the noble and the humble. Only noble people can sacrifice to noble people, and humble people can only sacrifice to humble people, big and small. Therefore, emperors who own the world can worship their ancestors for seven generations, princes can worship their ancestors for five generations, doctors with 50 miles of land can worship their ancestors for three generations, taxis with 30 miles of land can worship their ancestors for two generations, and ordinary people who make a living by their hands cannot build ancestral temples to worship their ancestors.
This is to distinguish people with great achievements from those with small achievements. When you worship your ancestors in the ancestral temple, the jar should be filled with clear water, fish should be released from the jar, and broth without seasoning should be offered. This is the origin of respecting diet.
Four seasons ancestor worship takes clear water bottles as the highest sacrifice, first offering clear water, thin wine and whole grains, and then offering cooked rice; Sacrifice every month, offering unadorned broth and all kinds of delicious food, which not only respects the origin of diet, but also facilitates ancestors to eat. Respecting the origin of diet is called ritual form, and convenient diet is called reasonable. The combination of the two forms a etiquette system that conforms to the Archean situation. This is called the most solemn ceremony.
Therefore, clear water in the glass as wine, raw fish on the table and unsweetened gravy in the beans are all excellent sacrifices. This practice is consistent with the Archean situation. After the sacrifice, the wine in the jar will not be poured out; After the funeral, the raw fish on the table will not be tasted; After three meals, do not eat; This is also in line with the Archean situation.
Before the wedding, before the wedding, before the people who sacrificed to the ancestral temple entered the ancestral temple on behalf of the deceased, and before the people changed into the shroud after death, all these were in line with the Archean situation. The plain silk curtain on the carriage when the emperor offered sacrifices to heaven, the hemp hat used in rural sacrifices and the hemp belt tied around his waist when he was in mourning were also in line with the situation in Archaean times.
After three years of mourning, he cried without twists and turns, singing "Ode to the Qing Palace", with one leading singer and three singing in harmony. When playing, he hung the bell, advocated the use of musical instruments such as Dai, diaphragm and harp, and made holes in the bottom of the harp to make the harp sound low. This is also in line with the Archean situation.
All gifts are simple at first, then gradually complete and finally reach a satisfactory level. Therefore, the most complete ceremony, the most emotional and ceremonial ceremony; Secondly, either affection is better than ceremony, or ceremony is better than affection; Secondly, it returned to the situation of the ancient times, focusing only on simple feelings.
Because of the harmony between heaven and earth, the sun and the moon are brilliant, the seasons change in an orderly manner, the stars run normally, the rivers flow endlessly, and everything prospers; People's likes and dislikes are controlled because of it, and their emotions are appropriate because of it; Use it.
5. What is the translation of On Yuan Gong? Yuan Gong (Hui Yuan) is in Lushan Mountain. Although he is old, he continues to teach classics.
Some of his disciples were lazy. Yuan Gong said to them, "I am old, and the sunset sun won't shine too far. I hope that your youthful brilliance will become more and more brilliant. " After that, he sat on the couch, holding a scripture in his hand and reciting it loudly and solemnly. All his disciples were in awe of him.
1, from Shi Shuo Xin Yu. 2. Introduction to the Works Shi Shuo Xin Yu is a book published in Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty, which was compiled by a group of people organized by Liu Yiqing, also known as Shi Shuo.
Its content mainly records the words and deeds and anecdotes of some celebrities from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Jin and Song Dynasties. Shi Shuo Xin Yu is the representative work of China's "Notebook Novels" in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the earliest collection of classical Chinese novels in China.
It originally had eight volumes, but only three volumes were lost. The original text is far away in Lushan Mountain. Although old, it is endless.
Some of his disciples were lazy. Yuan Gong said, "Sang Yu? Light, reason is not far away, may the light of Asahi be bright with the times. " Sit down with a scripture. Irony? Lang Chang, the word color is very bitter
Those who are full of feet are in awe and respect.
6. Yuan Gong explained in Lushan classical Chinese that Yuan Gong gushed in Lushan. Why does this come from Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Do you want to translate? ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Yuan Gong (Hui Yuan) is in Lushan Mountain. Although he is old, he still insists on teaching Confucian classics. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Original: Some disciples are lazy, and Yuan Gong said, "There is no far light in Sang Yu. I hope that the sunrise will shine with the times. "
Some of his disciples were lazy. Yuan Gong said to them, "I am old, and the sunset sun won't shine too far. I hope that your youthful brilliance will become more and more brilliant. " ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
He sat on the sofa, holding a scripture in his hand, reciting it loudly and solemnly, and all his disciples were in awe of him. ——————————————————— I hope I can help you.
7. Classical Chinese translation 1. Therefore, the ancients said: "Those who sit and talk about Tao are called kings; Those who practice in person are called literati. " Therefore, Bingji (person's name) is a person who is worried about the cow's panting and doesn't ask if he died halfway. Chen Ping didn't want to know the exact amount of money and food, and said, "Naturally, someone is in charge." These people are really familiar with their posts (that is, they know their responsibilities). Today, you are in power, but you proofread books yourself. Isn't it too tiring to sweat all day for this? Zhuge Liang expressed his gratitude (which can also be understood as an apology). When Qing died, Zhuge Liang cried for three days.
2. Both the main department and the department are in charge here.
3.Xi was furious and said, "This is the benevolence of the master. What does it have to do with me? Are you bribing me with ulterior motives? " Give him back the money he sent and scold him for letting him go.