Ji Kang's personal resume
Ji Kang (around 223-263), named Shuye, was a native of Qiao County, Zhi (now Suixi County, Anhui Province) in the Three Kingdoms. Cao Wei Zhongsan doctor, so later generations also called Ji Zhongsan. A famous writer, thinker, and musician in ancient China. He was one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", a literary group in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was as famous as Ruan Ji and was also called Ji Ruan. They were both representatives of the literary and ideological circles in the late Wei Dynasty. He fiercely criticized secular norms, advocated conforming to the laws of nature, preserving human nature, and actively promoted the theory of food and health. He had a very high reputation and appeal at the time.
Later, he was imprisoned for being involved in the lawsuit of his friend Lu An. The powerful minister Sima Zhao was afraid of the influence of his speech and executed him at the suggestion of Zhong Hui. After his death, his ideas and propositions were highly praised in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, and became an important component of metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. With the rise of immortal Taoism, Ji Kang himself was transformed into an immortal. Including the "Book of Jin" as the official history, the description of his life and deeds is mixed with quite a lot of supernatural and legendary content. And his quality of insisting on freedom of thought and personality, not pursuing worldly fame and fortune, and sacrificing for the pursuit of justice has been regarded by later generations as one of the representatives of traditional Chinese literati who are honest, upright, and unafraid of power.
Character experience
Family situation
Ji Kang’s ancestor was originally named Xi and lived in Shangyu, Kuaiji (today’s Shangyu City, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province). The Qiu family moved to Zhi County of Qiao State (now Suixi County, Huaibei City, Anhui Province), and changed their surname to Ji. There are documents claiming that the Ji family is a Confucian family, but due to lack of evidence, this statement has become controversial. Later scholars speculate that the Ji family became prosperous in the generation of Ji Kang's father because they were from the same hometown as Wei Wu Emperor Cao Cao.
Ji Kang’s father’s name was Ji Zhao, also named Gongyuan. He served as the governor of the army, grain management, bookkeeping, and censor in Cao Wei. He died when Ji Kang was young. Ji Kang was raised by his mother and elder brother. Ji Kang has two brothers who have information for examination. Among them, the elder brother Ji Xi has clear records in history. During the Western Jin Dynasty, he served as the governor of Yangzhou, Taipu, Zongzheng and other important official positions. He and Ji Kang wrote a series of poems such as "A Poem for My Brother to Rejoice Scholars Entering the Army" and other poems in exchange for each other. In the gift of gifts, Ji Xi showed a completely different and positive attitude towards the world than Ji Kang, which led to later speculation that this difference in political stance and values ??had a negative impact on the brotherly relationship between the two. Ji Kang's other brother, the brother who raised Ji Kang, did not leave his name or deeds in history. He was once thought to be Ji Xi[11]. However, based on the analysis of relevant data, scholars believe that the brother who raised Ji Kang should be older than Ji Xi and died earlier, thus confirming his existence. He and his mother raised Ji Kang together and had a huge influence on Ji Kang. Ji Kang also had a deep affection for him and mentioned their upbringing many times in works such as "Reply to Er Guo's Poems". Later, both he and his mother died before Ji Kang. Ji Kang expressed his deep grief in "The Letter of Breaking Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan" and "Poem of Missing Family".
Early life
Ji Kang’s father passed away when he was still an infant. His mother and brother were spoiled and lacked strict control when raising him, which led to his development of Unruly and free character. According to records, Ji Kang showed extraordinary intelligence when he was young. He did not receive orthodox Confucian education by becoming a disciple or entering school, but completed his early education through self-study. This is considered to be related to his good family cultural environment. . Ji Kang covered a wide range of subjects, including history, music, and the Lao-Zhuang theory that had a profound influence on him. He won praise for his versatility in later days.
Because of the family's property and the care of his brother, Ji Kang lived a prosperous life in his early years. Although he is handsome and talented, he does not want to modify his appearance to cultivate his reputation and prepare for career advancement. Instead, he lives a free and independent life. As an adult, Ji Kang married the daughter of Cao Wei clan, the daughter of Changle Pavilion, and became a doctor, and later moved to Zhongsan doctor. These official positions were clean and idle positions, and Ji Kang did not leave any records of his official activities.
Seclusion and health care
Although he had a good family background, Ji Kang was not keen on becoming an official to seek wealth and did not leave any official deeds.
Yearning for a worldly life, he lived in seclusion in Shanyang County, Hanoi County (today's Jiaozuo City, Henan Province), socialized with Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Liu Ling, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian, Wang Rong and others, and created a large number of works expressing free and unrestrained thoughts. His works attracted the attention of people at that time and were called the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove".
Later, he became neighbors with Lu An and Xiang Xiu. He made a living by forging iron and was unwilling to become an official. There is also a saying that Ji Kang did not forge iron for a living. Sima Zhao, who was the general at that time, wanted to hire Ji Kang to be an official of his general shogunate, so he fled to Hedong County to avoid conquest. Sili School
As for the reason for his unwillingness to become an official, Ji Kang himself explained in the "Book of Breaking Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan" that it was because of his lazy personality and ambition to live forever rather than pursue fame. Ji Kang not only advocated Taoist free thought, but also believed in the Taoist idea of ??taking food to live longer. During his seclusion, he personally went to the mountains to collect herbs, and intended to make health care his lifelong career, rather than becoming an official. Documents record his interactions with Taoist hermits such as Sun Deng and Wang Lie. He also wrote "On Health Preservation", in which he advocated a method of keeping one's mind pure, abstaining from desires, and cultivating one's character besides refining alchemy and taking food, which was highly praised by people at that time. Wei Zhonghui prepared a grand ceremony to visit him, but was given a cold reception by him. His friend Shan Tao recommended him to replace him. He wrote a "Letter on Severing Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan", listing his "seven unbearable things" and "two incompetencies", indicating his unwillingness to become an official.
Later generations of scholars mostly affirmed this reason, but many people still believe that there were also political factors that made Ji Kang choose not to serve. One view is that it is self-protection in a harsh political environment. Another view is that it was somewhat out of dissatisfaction with the Sima family's regime, and he expressed his non-cooperation with the Sima family by not serving. Another view further believes that he chose not to cooperate with the Sima family because he was loyal to Cao Wei.
Jue Xiang and Death
The beautiful wife of Ji Kang’s friend Lu An was drunk and raped by Lu An’s brother Lu Xun. Lu An was angry and wanted to report Lu Xun, so he told Ji Kang about it. Ji Kang's two brothers, Lu Xun and Lu An, were friends. They met Lu Xun before Lu An, so he advised Lu An not to expose this family scandal in order to keep the family's reputation clean. Lu Xun immediately swore a strong oath, and Lu An also gave up the idea of ??reporting on Lu Xun out of trust in Ji Kang's guarantee. However, Lu Xun still felt uneasy afterwards, so he took the initiative and secretly falsely accused Lu An of being unfilial. Because Lu An believed Lu Xun's previous oath and did not expose Lu Xun's evil deeds, he was found guilty and moved to a remote border county. Lu An wrote to Ji Kang to complain about his grievances. After learning about it, Ji Kang wrote a "Letter of Breaking off Diplomacy with Lu Changti" to break off relations with Lu Xun, and resolutely came forward to testify for Lu An and redress his grievances. Therefore, he and Lu An were imprisoned.
Ji Kang’s imprisonment immediately aroused huge repercussions in society. Many heroes and celebrities expressed their willingness to be imprisoned with him to protest the government’s demand for Ji Kang’s release. Relevant departments came forward to persuade them to disperse. . Three thousand Taixue students jointly petitioned for him, requesting that he be allowed to teach at Taixue. However, these efforts were fruitless. At that time, Sili Xiaowei Zhonghui, who was favored by the powerful minister Sima Zhao, suggested to Sima Zhao that Ji Kang had considerable political influence and might threaten Sima's plan to seize the world. He advised Sima to Zhaodang took this opportunity to eradicate Ji Kang. So Ji Kang and Lu An were sentenced to death by citing the Spring and Autumn Period case of "Confucius killed Shao Zhengmao".
Ji Kang reflected on his life in prison and wrote "Poems of Indignation", and wrote "Family Commandments" to warn his son Ji Shao. On the day of execution, Ji Kang looked at the shadow of the sun on the execution ground, asked his brother Ji Xi for a piano, and calmly played a song "Guangling San". After the song, he sighed: "Yuan Xiaoni wanted to learn to play from me in the past." I was always jealous of "Guangling San" and was unwilling to teach it. "Guangling San" is now extinct!" He was subsequently executed in Luoyang Dongshi at the age of forty.
After Ji Kang's death, his good friend Ruan Ji, one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest, also passed away in the winter of the fourth year of Jingyuan. Xiang Xiu, one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest, accepted Sima Zhao's call to serve as an official. Ji Shao, the son of Ji Kang, was later recommended as an official by Shan Tao, and later became a servant of the Jin Dynasty. He was martyred to protect Emperor Hui of Jin during the Eight Kings Rebellion, and became a famous loyal minister of the Jin Dynasty.
Fang Dongshu said: "Zhongsan was executed as a dragon, and Ruan Gong was protected by Sima. His deeds are different, but his character is the same."
Character Achievements
p>Music
Ji Kang was proficient in music and especially loved playing the piano. He wrote the music theory works "Qin Fu" and "Soundless Music Theory".
He advocated that the essence of sound is "harmony", and that harmony with heaven and earth is the highest state of music. He believed that joy, anger, sorrow, and joy are not essentially musical emotions but human emotions. Ji Kang wrote "The Wind Enters the Pine", and it is said that "Encountering Gods in the Lonely Pavilion" was also written by Ji Kang. He composed four pieces of music, namely "Chang Qing", "Duan Qing", "Chang Side" and "Duan Side", which are called "Ji's Four Lanes" and together with Cai Yong's "Cai's Five Lanes" are called "Nine Lanes". . Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty once made playing "Nine Nong" a condition for becoming an official.
Literature
See: Zhengshi Literature Ji Kang’s literary creation mainly includes poetry and prose. There are more than fifty of his poems extant. There are four-character, five-character, seven-character and miscellaneous words, and the four-character form has higher achievements. He Zhuo's "Selected Literature Review" said: "The four-character poems are not restricted by "Feng" and "Ya", but write directly from the heart. This uncle Ye is higher than Pan and Lu Ye." His four-character poems are among the first batch after Cao Cao's. A success. Ji Kang's poems mainly express his outlook on life of pursuing nature, being independent, and rejecting fame and wealth. Among them, "Poetry of Indignation" recounts his life's experiences and ideals and ambitions, and expresses his great indignation at being innocently wronged. At the end of the poem, it is said: "Caiwei Mountain is full of rocks. It roars and chants forever, and it is good for one's nature and longevity." It expresses the yearning for a free life. This poem has sharp lyrics and a solemn tone, and can be read together with "The Book of Severing Friendship with Shan Juyuan". Chapter 18 of his four-character poem "Presenting Scholars to Enter the Army" is about imagining the life of his brother Ji Xi in the army, but the free and easy taste belongs to Ji Kang. The style of Ji Kang's poems was evaluated in Liu Xie's "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons": "Ji Kang's ambition is clear and austere." He also said: "Uncle Ye is a handsome man, so he is cheerful and cheerful." This highlights the close relationship between Ji Kang's poetic style and his personality. . Jikang's "Book of Severing Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan" claims that "he has a strong heart and is sick of evil, speaks out without hesitation, and gets angry when things happen", and the same is true for his poems. Zhong Rong's "Shipin" commented on his poems as "Junqie", which has the same meaning.
Calligraphy
Ji Kang is good at calligraphy and specializes in cursive script. His ink marks are "illuminating and lively" and are classified as a masterpiece of cursive calligraphy. Later generations described his calligraphy as "like being half-drunk with a harp in his hand, singing and singing happily, and like birds gathering at the same time, and blackbirds suddenly scattering".
Painting
Ji Kang was good at painting. Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty recorded in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" that Ji Kang's "The Picture of Cleaning the Ears by the Nest" and "The Picture of the Lion Attacking the Elephant" were handed down to the world, but they have all been lost. U.S.
Health Preservation
Ji Kang inherited Lao and Zhuang’s ideas on health preservation and had considerable experience in practice. His "On Health Preservation" is the first comprehensive and systematic article in the history of Chinese health preservation. Health care treatise. Later generations of health-preserving masters such as Tao Hongjing and Sun Simiao all learned from his health-preserving ideas. In the ten volumes of "Ji Kang Ji", every chapter contains the principles of health care, and puts forward the view of health care of "go beyond the famous teachings and let nature take its course". During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the study of health preservation flourished, but at that time there were two opposing ideas: one was that one could become an immortal and live forever by practicing Taoism; the other was that "life and death are all determined by heaven and not half by humans." Ji Kang targeted this phenomenon. , pointing out that deities are impossible, and if the guidance is correct, the theories of An Qi and Peng Zu can be achieved. In his important work "On Health Preservation", he put forward the following views based on the general argument that good health can lead to longevity:
First, nourishing both body and soul, focusing on nourishing the spirit. He gave an example of the powerful effect of spirit on the human body, pointing out that "from this point of view, the spirit is to the body just like the king of a country." Traditional Chinese medicine also believes that human beings have God as their foundation, and if God is destroyed, the body will be destroyed. Ji Kang grasped the fundamentals of health preservation here.
2. Health preservation should pay attention to one function and one benefit, be careful of the harm caused by one mistake, and carry out comprehensively. Ji Kang believes that all things are born from the heaven and the earth. They receive different maintenance and have different life spans. Don’t do it because the benefit is small, and don’t do it because it is too small. Be on guard against the slightest change, take preventive measures in advance, and actively strive for longevity.
3. Point out that if you do not pay attention to health preservation, indulge in sounds, colors, tastes, and have excessive seven emotions, you will easily die young. "My body is so small that it cannot be attacked in one piece; it is easy to be exhausted, and it is attacked internally and externally. It is not wood or stone. How long can it last?"
4. Ji Kang also warned those who maintain health to have Confidence and perseverance, otherwise it will not be effective. We must also follow the example of those who are good at maintaining health, actively absorb good health methods, be pure in mind, keep the truth, and "steam it with Ganoderma lucidum, moisten it with sweet spring water, sing it with the morning sun, and slow it down with five strings", so that you can "be with Xian" The family lives longer than the family, and competes with Wang Qiao for years." Ji Kang himself also practiced it personally. Wang Rong, who was also one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", once said: "I have lived with Kang for twenty years and I have never seen him happy or unhappy." He implemented almost all of the theories he proposed, but he failed to do so. He violated the taboo of "forgetting the outside world inside the camp" and was eventually framed and killed.
Celebrity comments
Wang Rong: I have lived with Ji Kang for twenty years, and I have never seen him happy or unhappy.
Shan Tao: ① Uncle Ji is like a man at night, and the rocks are as independent as a lone pine; when he is drunk, he is like a jade mountain that is about to collapse. ②The only people I could be friends with back then were these two!
Sun Deng: The king is fierce and talented, so he can avoid it!
Wang Lie: Uncle Ye is very ambitious. But if you don't meet him every now and then, it's fate!
Zhong Hui: Ji Kang is a crouching dragon, so he can't get up. The public has no worries about the world, and only cares about health.
Ji Xi: He comes from a Confucian family, with few talented people, he is bold and unconventional, he is self-willed, he does not cultivate reputation, and he has a lot of generosity and simplicity. Learn without being taught by a teacher, be well-informed and well-informed, be fond of old people and villagers, be quiet and have no desires.
Xiang Xiu: Yu is close to Ji Kang and Lu An, and they have unruly talents. However, Ji's ambition was far away and sparse, while Lu's heart was open and relaxed. From then on, everyone saw the law based on things. Ji Bo's various skills were particularly good on silk and bamboo. He was ready to play at the last moment, watching the shadow of the sun and playing the piano.
Xie Wan: Mr. Miao Ye, on the British Standard Show. Xichao washes the heart and prepares the village to support the prime minister. Nai Fang Nai Yi, Maize vulgar net. If the bell period does not exist, who will reward the strange sounds?
Sun Chuo: The quarrel between the ancestors of Bo originated from Guan Fan, and the misfortune caused by Zhong San was caused by Zhong Hui: the two sages combined their handsome spirit and ignored their own personal concerns. , almost the same.
Sima Yu: Uncle He Ping (He Yan) was cleverly tired of Li, and Uncle Ji hurt his way at night.
Fang Xuanling: ① Ji and Ruan Zhulin's meeting, Liu and Bifangzun's friends, galloped to the village gate and lined up to board Li's room. If the husband's rituals are followed by the heaven and the constitution, all officials will follow the rules, and apart from the etiquette, they will be abandoned and not kept. Therefore, Emperor Yao promised that because of the appearance of Ai Yu, Guangwu (Liu Xiu) set up his mausoleum (Yan Zi mausoleum) in the gurgling water, holding the Usnea low to use for the virtuous, and the rocks and rivers were clear and beautiful. How can I grant it to be hidden? Ambition, the Lord has a good name. As for Ji Kang's legacy of Juyuan's book, the biography of Mr. Ruan Shichuang, which was circulated by the army, and the bottles were stolen by the officials, how could he defile himself because of the world's ill health and famous people? Ji Qin no longer sounds, but Ruan Qi remains. If you follow the side paths, your customs will wither; if you are summoned to serve as an official, you will be dead.
② The old chapter is full of love, Confucius teaches balance. Each has its own interest, Tao is noble and nameless. If you are not polite to each other, you should obey them. The autumn water ripples and the spring clouds reflect. The purpose is to drink wine to gain virtue, and to rely on its nature to be empty. If you don't play with this style, who will lose Wang Zheng?
Zhang Yanyuan: good at ci, good at drums and harp, calligraphy and painting, beautiful style.
Su Shi: Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty killed Zhou Yafu because of his reputation, Cao Cao killed Kong Rong because of his reputation, Emperor Wen of the Jin Dynasty killed Ji Kang because of his reputation, Emperor Jing of the Jin Dynasty also killed Xiahou Xuan because of his reputation, and Emperor Ming of the Song Dynasty killed him because of his reputation. The clan leader killed Wang Yu, the Empress of Qi (Gao Wei) killed Hu Luguang based on rumors, Emperor Taizong of Tang killed Li Junxian based on prophecies, Empress Wu (Wu Zetian) killed Pei Yan based on rumors, and everyone in the world thought it was wrong.
Chen Pu: The bronze camel is surrounded by thorns in the deep night, but it still wants to talk clearly to shake the bamboo forest. There was no elegant music during the hundred years of traveling south, but I still cherished Guangling music back then.