Lu Runxiang (1841~1915) was born in Shi Feng, Yunsa, Gudao and Yuanhe (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), he was the top scholar and successively served as imperial academy, Shandong Zheng Xue and imperial academy. I went back to Suzhou with my mother's illness and have been running business in Suzhou. Guangxu Gengzi (1900) invaded Eight-Nation Alliance, and Empress Dowager Cixi spoke on the way to the west. Later, he served as the minister of the Ministry of Industry, the minister of the Ministry of Official Affairs, and the official to Taibao, Dongge University and Tijen Court University. In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the royal cabinet was established and served as President. After Xinhai, he stayed in the Qing Palace and became a teacher of Puyi. Died in four years in the Republic of China and was given to Prince Taifu. Tsinghua's calligraphy is vigorous, which means close to Europe and America. But the pavilion is a little heavier.
Win an award in one fell swoop
Yuanhe (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) had a man named Lu, who was also a Confucian doctor and was quite famous. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Lushi family photographed the bust of Lu Runxiang.
One of the clans named Lu Maoxiu was admitted to the official school, and the Taiping Army moved northward. Lu Maoxiu fled to Shanghai with his family and was down and out, so he made a living by treating people with family medicine. His medical skill is brilliant and he is very famous in Shanghai. In his spare time to treat diseases, he studied medical classics such as Yellow Emperor Su Wen, and his works were not edited. There are monographs such as "Disease Interpretation" in Neijing. Lu Maoxiu had a son who was born in Dantu, Zhenjiang (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) in May of the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1). Zhenjiang, formerly known as Runzhou; As the old saying goes, the local school is "Jiong Jiong", so it was named "Runyao". In the second year of Song Dynasty (1 166), there was a Xiongkefeng stone, so "Shi Feng" was used as a space. Lu Runxiang is clever and diligent. 10 years old, finished reading the Nine Classics of Confucianism. For family medicine, he also studies hard and knows a lot of medical skills. On the basis of Confucianism, he took part in the provincial examination and became a juren. In February of the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), a preliminary test was held. On April 2 1 day, the palace examination was held in Baohe Hall, and Lu Runxiang won the championship in one fell swoop, becoming the No.110/No.1 scholar in the Qing Dynasty. There were 337 scholars in this branch, and they were the last protege of Tongzhi Emperor.
official career
After winning the top prize, Lu Runku entered imperial academy as usual to study national history and began his official career. This year, he was 33 years old. At this time, the crisis of the Qing Empire became more and more serious. Great powers such as Britain, France, Russia, the United States, Japan, etc. covet China's border areas and devour them wantonly, leading to a crisis in China's border areas. At this time, the Tongzhi emperor was terminally ill. He contracted a terrible venereal disease and was hopeless. In this situation, Lu Runxiang entered the official career at this moment. Emperor Tongzhi died on1February 5 at the age of 19 shortly after he became an official. His mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, put Aisin-Gioro Zaitian, who was only four years old, in the position of a god, with the title of Guangxu, and the military power was in her hands. After Emperor Guangxu ascended the throne, Lu Runxiang took part in the provincial examinations for many times and served as an examiner. Only Hunan and Shaanxi took the exam twice. Later, he entered the south study room and listened in on the composition and painting of Emperor Guangxu. Zhuo is a waiter and a Shandong prefect who studies politics. Inspector Shandong soon, his father died of illness, and Lu Runxiang resigned in mourning. Take que, tired to imperial academy for a drink offering. My mother is ill and asks for leave to raise her. The Prime Minister's Office issued a decree ordering all provinces to set up commercial bureaus, and all prefectures and counties set up commercial bureaus on land and water to set up industries and officials to supervise commercial bureaus. Zhang Zhidong, acting governor of the two rivers and Minister of Nanyang, took the lead in setting up the Bureau of Commerce in Tongzhou (now Nantong, Jiangsu), Suzhou, the hometown of Zhang Jian, the champion of Guangxu 20 years, and Li Ke, who works from home, set up the Bureau of Commerce for Ding in Zhenjiang (now Jiangsu). Ding did nothing in Zhenjiang. He founded a cotton mill in Tongzhou and a cotton mill in Suzhou. This is the sensational "No.1 scholar running a factory". However, unlike Zhang Jian, Lu Runxiang is keen on running industry. Although he is not completely divorced from politics and sometimes quite excited, his main energy is still in setting up factories and schools. Although Lu Runxiang founded two cotton mills, his passion was career. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), he served as an official, and then made a toast to imperial academy. Soon put the bachelor into the cabinet, acting as assistant minister of industry. At this time, the Boxer Movement was surging. Empress Dowager Cixi was extremely disgusted with foreign interference in deposing Emperor Guangxu, and tried to use the Boxer Movement to teach foreign adults and declare war on foreign forces. Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy and Austria, under the leadership of Seymour, a British vice admiral, invaded from Tianjin to Beijing. Empress Dowager Cixi took Emperor Guangxu out of Deshengmen and fled to xi 'an. Lu Runxiang went to Xi 'an-it was called "Hangzai" at that time. Empress Dowager Cixi was moved by Lu Runxiang's loyalty and appointed him Assistant Minister of Rites. After Empress Dowager Cixi returned to Beijing, Lu Runxiang became the highest supervisor-Sado Shi Yu, and was later ordered to act as the Minister of Industry. Lu Runxiang became a senior official.
political propaganda
After the "Reform Movement of 1898" initiated by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others was suppressed by Empress Dowager Cixi, the "constitutional monarchy" movement did not stop and soon revived. The bourgeois revolutionaries are also growing. The Qing court had to pay attention to these two forces. If you have to choose one, the Qing court will naturally choose constitutional monarchy. However, the Qing court was unwilling to implement the constitutional monarchy in good faith. So the Qing court played a scam of "preparing for constitutionalism" to paralyze the constitutionalists and crack down on the revolutionaries. On September 13th, the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the Qing court issued an imperial edict, announcing "preparation for constitutionalism". According to the Qing court, the primary task of "preparing for constitutionalism" is to reform the official system. Empress Dowager Cixi appointed Lu Runxiang as the official minister. Soon, the central official system was announced, and the military department, the highest ruling institution, remained unchanged. The name of the old department was changed to 1 1: Westernization Department, Official Department, Civil Affairs Department, Branch Department, Etiquette Department, War Department, Justice Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Postal Department, Fan Li Department, Ministry of Industry and Trade Department was abolished, and Lu Runxiang was the Acting Minister of Industry and Trade. The following year, he was named the official minister and minister of state. He said: "If you donate money to buy an official, your career will be mixed. Some officials have little knowledge. Please ask the Taoist government to formulate examination regulations below. If you fail to pass the exam, you will not be issued an official position, and you will be taught by an official. " As a principal official of the dynasty, Lu Runxiang had to have his own views on the constitutional movement in the ascendant. He said, "You can't stick to the rules. The implementation of the new law also needs consideration. If we don't study the history of China and make changes from the reality of China, the reform will be difficult to succeed and will make the problem worse. " From this perspective, Lu Runxiang advocated reform, but opposed radicalism and advocated prudence. On October 21st, the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, Emperor Guangxu died at the Hanyuan Temple in Liutai at the age of 38. Empress Dowager Cixi chose Aisingiorro Fu Yi, the son of Aisingiorro Zai Feng, as the new heir to the throne. 1October 22nd, Empress Dowager Cixi died. 1 1 On September 9th, Fu Yi ascended the throne, with the title of "Xuan Tong". After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi, the largest conservative, the voice of reform and political reform became louder and louder, and the bourgeois revolutionary movement became even higher. In this situation, instead of being more inclined to reform and political reform with the development of the situation, Lu Runxiang became more and more opposed to reform and political reform and became an old school. In the year of Xuantongyuan (1909), Lu Runxiang joined the cabinet as a co-sponsor college student, was promoted to a college student in Tiren Pavilion, and was transferred to a college student in Dongge. In the third year, Bi participated in the establishment of maintenance. Bide College has one president, one vice president, 32 consultants, one member 10 and one secretary-general of the secretariat. Lu Runxiang became the president of Bi and worked as a lecturer in Yuqing Palace, teaching the emperor to read. During this period, Lu Runxiang put forward a series of military proposals. Qufu has built a new "Qufu School", he said; "Qufu is a holy land, and the newly-built Qufu school must aim at promoting Confucian classics and advocating orthodox learning. If foreigners are hired to teach, it will be harmful to the sacred religion. If the holy religion gradually dies, it will be the worry of the court. " Regarding the reform of the official system, he thought: "The official system in Ding Dong should be kept in the Duchayuan. Some people say that since there is a congress, there is no need for officials. Don't you know that the position of parliamentarians lies in legislation and supervision by official departments? The session of the House of Representatives does not exceed three months, but officials can make suggestions at any time. The administrative judgment is decided afterwards, and the official speaks in advance. If the court wants to talk openly, then Douchayuan can't be cut; If ministers want to consolidate the monarchy, they will also agree to keep Douchayuan. Even if a parliament is established in the future, Douchayuan should be made an independent yamen, and don't be confused by those fallacies. " Regarding the wave of studying abroad at that time, he denounced: "Few students who studied abroad came back after finishing their studies;" After I came back, everything I learned was useless. Law and politics are the most returned subjects after graduation. The laws and politics of different countries are different, and they are all formulated according to their own local customs. Nowadays, international students have a very shallow foundation. They have never recited China's classics and know little about traditional morality and fashion. They just learn from others' fur, talk about reform, and even advocate civil rights and revolution with ulterior motives, regard the country and monarch as westerners, develop followers at home, and plot rebellion. Ministers of various ministries and academies believe that it is not enough for the imperial court to be determined to reform and not to reuse those who have returned from studying abroad. As a result, heresy is popular everywhere in the ruling and opposition circles. After a long time, it will inevitably shake the country and cause untold suffering. "The court financial difficulties, make ends meet. Lu Runxiang blamed the financial crisis on the implementation of the New Deal, and used the financial crisis to denounce the reform and lashed out at the New Deal. He said: "Today's disaster is due to the fact that the Governor has no right and the court has no right. It is particularly obvious that the warehouse is empty and thieves are rampant. The new army is compiled and trained by inexperienced students. Their strategy is just an armchair strategist, and their use of troops is limited to rules and regulations. Others say that China people don't beat China people. Once something happens, the governor can not only dispatch, but even turn around and respond. Obviously, they are not to be trusted. In this case, it is better to stop the new army and still use the former scouts. Of course, they need to be corrected. The new judiciary appoints judges who have never heard this case, confusing black and white and confusing right and wrong. In the past, capable old officials and rulers were afraid to use them. The arresting officers in counties and counties have all been removed from their posts, and the task of catching thieves has been handed over to the police. Most patrolmen are incompetent, and only provincial capitals and trading ports have patrolmen. How can we take good care of the countryside? Thieves will be everywhere in the future, and the people can't blame them. In this case, it is better to cancel the new trial and hand over the matter of breaking the prison and arresting people to the counties as before. After the establishment of the Consultative Council, members who were not familiar with their stories were elected from all over the country, and they spoke freely. Accommodation officials and governors can do nothing about it. So, in the name of fundraising, they went to the fish village; Set up a private political party under the banner of autonomy. Last year, at the meeting of the Senior Advisory Council, some people bared their teeth, swore and despised the court. They regard eloquence as a generalist and contempt as public opinion, arguing and arguing. In this way, it is better to stop the parliament and put the responsibility of words and deeds back to Douchayuan. The newly established schools employ teachers who know nothing about classics and history, and the textbooks they use can only stimulate ignorance; Abandoning the Five Classics without reading is tantamount to Qin Shihuang burning books; On Sunday of summer vacation, students are free. Are immature teenagers. How can they not gang up and do evil? The tuition fee for meals has increased by a hundred times than before, and the poor and talented have no way out. In this case, it is better to close primary and secondary schools and still implement the imperial examination to select scholars. All this is related to finance, and the harm is not only in finance. If it is not terminated in advance, it will inevitably lead to the authority moving down and the overall situation getting out of control! "Although Lu Runxiang opposed reform and hated revolution, the development of history did not depend on his will. The bourgeois revolution reached its climax and the Wuchang Uprising broke out.
Old age life
On August 19th, three years in Xuan Tong, the new army denounced by Lu Runxiang revolted in Wuchang and captured three towns in Wuhan, and all parts of the country responded in succession. 1 1 month 10, representatives of independent provinces elected Sun Yat-sen as interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing. 1 91265438+1October1,Sun Yat-sen was sworn in in Nanjing, taking 19 12 as the first year of the Republic of China. The Republic of China was founded. On February 12 of the first year of the Republic of China, Xuan Tong announced his abdication after holding the last audience ceremony of the Qing Dynasty in hall of mental cultivation. Lu Runxiang was old and frail, but he was loyal to Emperor Xuan Tong who stayed alone in the palace. He served as the master of Emperor Xuan Tong, and accepted the imperial edict of the Queen Mother Yulong to manage the affairs of Yuqing Palace.
Sigh about the past and warn against repeating it.
In four years of the Republic of China, Lu Runxiang died at the age of 74. The abdicated Qing emperor posthumously awarded Prince Lu Runxiang a teacher and posthumous title "Wen Duan". Lu Runxiang is frugal, though expensive, and dresses like a poor man. He is introverted, even if he is angry, he keeps it in his heart and never shows it. After being seriously ill, I sat in danger all day, closed my eyes, didn't talk, didn't eat or drink, and died in a few days.
Calligraphy characteristics
trait
Lu Runxiang can write calligraphy, and he is good at writing patterns. He is smooth and Tsinghua is smooth, which means he is close to Ou Yangxun and Yu Shinan. Leave more ink in Suzhou. Taste the garden book couplets such as Lingering Garden, Lion Forest and Master Garden. For example, for the Humble Administrator's Garden, seven characters were written "Eighteen Datura Flower Hall", the next paragraph was "Lu Runxiang wrote a small gull boat in the humble place", and a 52-word long couplet was written for "Yuanxiang Hall", saying that "Old Rain gathers in a famous garden, and Gin leaves a title". When you look back at Yanyun, you should be happy to visit Tongmaoyuan; Dexing came to Wuhui and stopped outside the flowers. Sang Ma took a free class and laughed that I only looked for Hong Xue, but I didn't have a good word to continue Mei Village. "At ordinary times also like to make friends with artists, or talk about poetry, or write calligraphy and painting. I have frequent contacts with Wu Yinpei, Ye, Pan Zunqi, Pan and Lu Zengxiang in Taicang.
style
There are peers and elders here. He once asked Wu Yinpei to accompany him to Lingyan Mountain for vegetarian tea, leaving ink marks in the temple when he left. As for calligraphy, because Lu Runxiang was born in the Imperial Examination and served as an official for a long time, he tried many things in the early years of Guangxu and served as the vice president of the examination. Therefore, the writing structure has not changed much for decades, and the pavilion has a strong atmosphere, paying attention to brightness, darkness, elegance, roundness and fullness, and the size is unified. Although this calligraphy style (pavilion or cabinet) was owned by the supreme ruler of Ming and Qing Dynasties.