1. Commodities and commodity economy
(1) Commodities: The meaning of commodities and commodity economy, the basic attributes of commodities, the value of commodities
(2) Currency: The emergence and essence of money, the functions of money, the emergence and development of paper money, inflation and deflation
(3) Law of value: the content and expression of the law of value, the role of the law of value
2 .Economic system in the primary stage of socialism and socialist market economy
(1) Economic system in the primary stage of socialism: Public ownership is the foundation of the socialist economic system. Consolidate and develop the public ownership economy, encourage, support and guide The development of the non-public economy is based on distribution according to work, with multiple distribution methods coexisting, establishing the principle of participation in distribution of production factors according to contribution, and citizens’ legal private property is not infringed
(2) Socialist market economy Basic characteristics: The general characteristics of the market economy, the goals and means of national macro-control, the basic characteristics of the socialist market economy
3. Enterprises and operators
(1) Enterprises are the main body of the market : Enterprises and their functions Company is an important form of enterprise State-owned large and medium-sized enterprises are the backbone of the national economy Joint-stock system is the main form of public ownership Improving the economic benefits of enterprises Enterprise mergers and bankruptcies
(2) Enterprises Operators: The status of state-owned enterprise operators and the quality of enterprise operators
4. Industries and workers
(1) Three major industries: Agriculture is the basic industry of the national economy and the national The economy takes the lead and actively develops the tertiary industry
(2) Workers’ rights and obligations: workers’ basic rights and obligations Expand employment and create more jobs Labor contract system my country’s social security system
5. Fiscal taxation and taxpayers
(1) Distribution of national income and finance: The distribution of national income and the huge role of fiscal revenue and expenditure finance
( 2) Taxation and taxpayers: Taxation and its basic characteristics The nature and role of my country’s taxation Taxation in accordance with the law is the basic obligation of citizens
6. Banks and savers
(1) my country’s Banks: the origin of banks, the classification of banks and their functions, the business and functions of banks, establishing and improving the social credit system
(2) Citizens’ savings: deposits, savings and their functions, bonds and commercial insurance
7. Goods and Services Market and Consumers
(1) Goods and Services Market: Contents and Characteristics of Goods and Services Market Market Transaction Principles
(2) Legality of Family Consumption and Consumers Rights and interests: The content of household consumption establishes a correct concept of consumption and protects the legitimate rights and interests of consumers in accordance with the law
8. Contemporary world market and my country’s foreign trade
(1) Contemporary world market: the world The formation and development of markets, world trade and financial organizations, economic globalization, foreign exchange and exchange rates, my country’s socialist market economy must face the world
(2) Foreign trade: the basic meaning and main content of foreign trade, tariffs, my country’s foreign trade The basic principles of the methods and functions of my country’s foreign trade
Part 2 Philosophical Common Sense
1. Materialism
Marxist philosophy is a scientific worldview and methodology
(1) The world is an objectively existing material world: the existence and development of material nature and society are objective. People’s activities to transform nature and change society must be premised on recognizing the objectivity of nature and society
p>(2) Human consciousness is a reflection of objective existence: consciousness can react on objective things, and different consciousnesses have different reactions on the development of objective things. The reflection of consciousness on objective things is affected by many factors. Restrictions
(3) People have subjective initiative: objective regularity and people's subjective initiative should be based on reality, seek truth from facts, understand the national conditions, and base on the national conditions
(4) The relationship between material and consciousness
The relationship between matter and consciousness is a basic issue in philosophy
Proceeding from reality is the fundamental foothold for people to correctly understand the world and effectively transform the world
From Based on reality, build socialism with Chinese characteristics
2. Dialectics
(1)
Universality of connection: The connection between things is universal and objective. The importance of grasping the causal connection. The diversity and complexity of the connection between things. The dialectical relationship between the whole and the part.
(2) Movement and development: Movement is the fundamental attribute of matter, the universality of movement and development, and a correct understanding of the essence of development
We must look at problems from a development perspective, have an innovative spirit, keep pace with the times, and learn to think creatively
(3) Laws: The universality and objectivity of laws, understanding and use of laws, insisting on seeking truth from facts, and acting in accordance with objective laws
(4) Adhere to the method of analyzing contradictions: adhere to the dichotomy to prevent one-sided recognition of contradictions The universality and objectivity of contradictions are the prerequisite for correctly treating contradictions
(5) Concrete analysis of specific issues: the universality and particularity of contradictions, the main contradictions and secondary contradictions, the main aspects and secondary aspects of contradictions< /p>
(6) Internal and external factors: Internal and external factors adhere to the perspective of combining internal and external factors
(7) Quantitative and qualitative changes: Quantitative change, qualitative change and the relationship between the two use quantitative change The principle that causes qualitative change is to look at problems and adhere to the principle of moderation when doing things
(8) Trend of development of things: The general trend of development of things is forward, and new things will definitely defeat old things. The development of things is progressive and tortuous. The unity of dialectics
(9) The opposition between dialectics and metaphysics: The fundamental viewpoint of materialist dialectics is to recognize contradictions and advocate looking at problems from a connected, developmental, and comprehensive perspective. The fundamental viewpoint of metaphysics is to deny contradictions and isolate contradictions. , look at the problem statically and one-sidedly
3. Epistemology
(1) Give full play to subjective initiative: give full play to subjective initiative, understand the world and transform the world. Constraints of objective factors
(2) Seeing the essence through phenomena: Perceptual knowledge of phenomena and essence and rational knowledge of truth are people’s correct understanding of the nature of things and their development laws. The fundamental task of understanding is to improve perceptual knowledge. To understand rationally, and be able to grasp the essence and laws of things through phenomena, combine analysis and synthesis, the role of creative thinking and reasonable imagination in understanding
(3) Practice: The basic characteristics of practice Practice has a positive impact on understanding It has a decisive role, and understanding has a counterproductive effect on practice
4. Outlook on life and values
(1) The relationship between social existence and social consciousness: Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness plays a vital role in society Existence has counterproductive effects
(2) Establish correct values ??
(3) Individual interests and collective interests, individuals and society: the dialectical unity of individual interests and collective interests develops the socialist market The economy requires that collectivism play a regulating role. Individual activities and social development mutually restrict and interact with each other. Oppose extreme individualism and protect the legitimate interests of individuals. Integrity should be promoted in social life and economic activities
(4) Life values: The value of life includes two aspects: personal responsibility and contribution to society, social respect for individuals and satisfaction. The conditions and ways to realize the value of life are to get out of the misunderstanding of life values ??and oppose hedonism and money worship
(5) Ideal and reality: establish lofty ideals and correctly handle the relationship between ideals and reality
(6) Social practice: the people are the subject of practice and the creators of history. Believe in the people, rely on the people, and put the interests of the people above all else. While transforming the objective world, transform the subjective world in social practice to achieve the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, individual and society
Part 3 Political Knowledge
1. China’s National System< /p>
(1) Our country’s state system: the nature and functions of the country. Our country’s people’s democratic dictatorship. Our country’s state functions.
(2) Our country’s fundamental political system: the organizational form of state power. People's Congress system, the legal status, rights and obligations of people's representatives, China's national structure, the meaning, content and significance of "one country, two systems"
(3) China's national institutions: national institutions and their organizational systems, our country The establishment of institutions, the organization and activities of our country’s national institutions, the principles of governing the country according to law
(4) Our country’s citizens and the state: The state protects the political rights and freedoms of citizens in accordance with the law. Citizens should fulfill their obligations to safeguard national interests. Citizens are equal before the law. The rights and duties of equal citizens unite the interests of individuals and the state
Relationship of Interests
2. my country’s Political Parties and Party System
(1) Political Parties and Regime: Characteristics of Political Parties Relationship between Political Parties and National Regime Types and Functions of Contemporary Party Systems China* Multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China
(2) The nature and status of the Communist Party of China: The nature of the Communist Party of China The nature of the Communist Party of China Leadership position The Communist Party of China’s leadership style for the country
(3) Strengthen the party’s leadership and improve the party’s leadership: Comprehensively strengthen and improve party building, adhere to the party’s basic line, and implement the “Three Represents” "Important Thoughts
3. Our country's ethnic groups and religions
(1) Our country is a unified multi-ethnic country: the basic characteristics of ethnic groups, the basic principles of our country's handling of ethnic relations, the ethnic regions of our country Autonomy system
(2) my country’s religious policy: the nature and social role of religion my country’s religious policy establishes a scientific worldview and opposes feudal superstition
4. The international community and my country’s foreign policy Policy
(1) Contemporary international society: international relations and its determinants, sovereign states and their rights, the United Nations and other international organizations, the concept and role of international law
(2) Themes of today's era : Peace and development are the themes of today's era. World multipolarity is developing in twists and turns, which is the essence of contemporary international competition.
(3) my country's foreign policy: independent foreign policy of peace. The basic goal of my country's foreign policy is peace* The Five Principles of the ** Department insist on opening up to the outside world and strengthening international exchanges are my country's basic national policies
Part 4 Current Affairs and Politics
1. Major domestic and foreign current events during the year (April 2007 to March 2008)
2. The basic line and major policies of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government at the current stage
High school Chinese literature knowledge
1. Ancient Chinese Literature
(1). Pre-Qin Literature
1. Ancient Myths
Famous ancient Chinese myths include:
Nuwa (wā) mends the sky, Houyi (yì) shoots the sun, Jingwei reclaimed the sea, (Pangu) created the world, the Yellow Emperor fought Chi (chī) You (Liu An: "Huainanzi", etc.)
2. Pre-Qin prose
A. Confucian classics
The "Four Books" refer to "The Analects", "Mencius", "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean".
The "Five Classics" refers to the "Book of Songs", "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes" and "Spring and Autumn"
The "Six Classics" are also called the Six Arts ("Music").
B． Historical Essays.
"Zuo Zhuan" (chronological style), "Warring States Policy" (guobi style), "Guoyu" (guobi style)
"Three Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period", "Zuo Zhuan" and "Gu Liang" "Biography" and "Gongyang Biography".
C． The famous prose works of various schools of thought include:
① Laozi, Li Er, courtesy name Dan (dān), founder of the Taoist school, author of the Tao Te Ching.
②Confucius’s name was Qiu and his courtesy name was Zhongni. He is the founder of the Confucian school. "The Analects" is a book written by Confucius' disciples recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ("Ji's" and "Lotus")
③Mozi's name is Zhai (dí), the founder of the Mohist school. "Mozi" 53 chapters.
④Mencius’s name was Ke and his courtesy name was Ziyu. Successor of Confucianism. "Mencius" is a book written by Mencius' students to record Mencius' words and deeds. ("If you gain the Tao, you will get many help, but if you lose the Tao, there will be little help", "Born in sorrow, dying in happiness", "Zhuang violently meets Mencius", "Fish is what I want".)
⑤ Zhuangzi, named Zhou, was a Taoist in the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi". ("The Cook and the Cow")
⑥Xunzi, a Confucianist of the Warring States Period, wrote 32 chapters of "Xunzi". ("Encouraging Learning")
⑦ Han Feizi, Legalist. Author of "Han Feizi". ("Bian Que Meets Duke Huan of Cai", "Five Beetles" and "Zhi Zi Suspicious Neighbors".)
⑧"Lu Shi Chun Qiu", also known as "Lü Lan", is the collective creation of Qin Prime Minister Lu Buwei and his disciples . ("Cha Jin")
⑨ Li Si's representative work is the prose "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests".
③Pre-Qin Poetry
A. "The Book of Songs". "The Book of Songs" is my country's first collection of poems, with 305 chapters. It is divided into three categories: Feng, Ya, and Song. Feng is a folk song, Ya is a music song, and Song is a sacrificial song.
The expression techniques of the Book of Songs are Bi, Xing and Fu. "Bi" is a metaphor, comparing something to this. "Xing" prefaces other things to evoke the words to be chanted, while "Fu" directly states the matter.
B． "Chu Ci". Liu Xiang, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, compiled the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book and named it "Songs of Chu". Qu Yuan (340 BC - 277 BC), Mingping, was a great patriotic poet of our country. He once served as Zuotu Sanlu doctor in Chu State. His representative works are "Li Sao", "Nine Songs" and "Nine Chapters".
(2). Literature of the Two Han Dynasties
Prose of the Two Han Dynasties
① Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu. Author of ten volumes of "New Book". "On Guo Qin" and "On Accumulation and Storage" are his masterpieces.
②Sima Qian, also known as Zichang, was a great historian and writer. The author of "Historical Records" pioneered the "biography style", which is divided into Benji, family, biographies, lists and books. Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "the swan song of historians, the rhymeless Li Sao".
③ Ban Gu's "Book of Han" and Liu Xiang's "Warring States Policy" are both famous in history.
B． Yuefu folk songs and poems.
1. Yuefu folk songs: Yue, folk music; Fu, government. Yuefu was originally a collection of poems collected by music institutions in the Han Dynasty. "The Peacock Flying Southeast" is the peak of the narrative development of Han Dynasty Yuefu. It was first seen in "New Odes of Yutai" compiled by Xu Ling of the Southern Dynasties.
2. Fu is a synthesis of ancient Chinese verse and prose.
Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu". Jia Yi's "Ode to Qu Yuan" is very famous.
(3). Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
A. Poems and prose of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
① "Three Caos". The "Three Caos" are Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, the father and son of the Cao family. Cao Cao's "Guan Cang Hai", Cao Pi's "Hao Li Xing", Cao Zhi's "Famous Capital Pian", "White Horse Pian" and "Luo Shen Fu" are all famous.
②The "Seven Sons of Jian'an" refer to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu (yǔ) Ying Yang (yáng) and Liu Zhen. Wang Can's "Seven Sorrow Poems" has the highest achievement.
③The "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" refers to seven authors including Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, and Xiang Xiu.
④Tao Yuanming, named Qian, courtesy name Yuanliang, is known as Mr. Jingjie in the world. "The Peach Blossom Spring", "Returning to the Field", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" and "Drinking" are masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
⑤ In addition, Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao", Fan Ye (yè) "Book of the Later Han", Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", Wang Xizhi's "Preface to the Lanting Collection", Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long", Li Daoyuan's " "Shui Jing Zhu" are all famous in history.
B． Novels of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. (The development period of novels)
①The novels about supernatural beings are represented by Qian Bao's "Sou Shen Ji". "Go-getter Moye".
②Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's "Shi Shuo Xin Yu". "Zhou Chu".
(4). Literature of the Tang Dynasty
1. Tang Poetry
① "The Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty": The "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty" are Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and King Luo Bin. Wang Bo's "Sending Du Shaofu to Shuchuan" and "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion" are very popular.
② "Landscape Pastoral Poet" Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Wang Wei, also known as Mojie, was a great poet, a famous "painter and musician"; people said that he "had paintings in his poems, and poems in his paintings". His famous works include "Envoy to the Fortress" and "Mountain Residence in Autumn Mist". Meng Haoran is a close friend of Wang Wei, and his famous works include "Crossing the Old Friend's Village".
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2. Modern literature (1840-1918)
Gong Zizhen, Qing Dynasty A contemporary thinker and writer, he wrote "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai" and his texts include "Records of the Sick Plum Pavilion". Liang Qichao, courtesy name Zhuoru and nickname Ren Gong, is the author of "Collected Works of Drinking Ice Room"
Wang Guowei, a modern scholar, is the author of "Human Words".
Lin Juemin, whose courtesy name is Yidong, wrote the famous "Book with His Wife".
Sun Wen, also known as Yixian and also known as Zhongshan, was a pioneer in my country's democratic revolution. He is the author of "The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen" ("Preface to "The Story of the Seventy-two Martyrs of Huanghuagang"").
3. Modern Literature (1919-1949)
Lu Xun’s original name was Zhou Shuren. He is the author of the novels "The Scream" (which contains famous works such as "Diary of a Madman", "Medicine", "The True Story of Ah Q", "Hometown") and "Wandering" (which contains famous works such as "Blessings" and "Sorrow") and "New Stories".
Mao Dun’s original name was Shen Dehong, and his courtesy name was Yan Bing. His representative work is the novel "Midnight", and his "rural trilogy" is "Spring Silkworms", "Autumn Harvest", and "End of Winter".
Ba Jin: His original name is Li Yaotang and his courtesy name is Fu Gan. His main works include "The Torrent Trilogy" "Home", "Spring" and "Autumn". "Love Trilogy" "Fog", "Rain" and "Electricity".
Lao She’s original name was Shu Qingchun, with the courtesy name Sheyu. His major works include "Camel Xiangzi", "Four Generations Under One Roof", and "Crescent Moon". After liberation, he wrote the scripts "Longxugou" and "Teahouse".
In addition, there are also "Ni Huanzhi" by Ye Shengtao, "The Besieged City" by Qian Zhongshu, "Border Town" by Shen Congwen and "The Sinking" by Yu Dafu, all of which are famous works by famous writers.
Guo Moruo, formerly known as Guo Kaizhen. Its representative is the collection of poems "The Goddess". Hou Shuang wrote the scripts "Qu Yuan", "Tiger Fu", "Gao Jianli" and so on.
Cao Yu's "Thunderstorm" is an outstanding realist tragedy, and he also wrote famous works such as "Peking Man", "Sunrise" and "Wang Zhaojun".
In addition, there are Xia Yan's "Invested Work", Zhu Ziqing's "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond" and "Back View" by Bing Xin's "For Young Readers" and "Little Orange Lamp", Ai Qing's "Dayan River, My Nanny" by Lu Xun "Morning Blossoms Picked Up at Dusk" and "Weeds" are both masterpieces by famous writers.
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4. Contemporary literature (1949-2005)
1. The contemporary novel "The Storm" by Zhou Libo and "The Sun Shines on the Sanggan River" by Ding Ling won the Stalin Prize for Literature.
Zhao Shuli's "Xiao Erhei's Marriage" and "Li Youcai's Straight Talk"
Sun Li's "Baiyangdian Chronicle" and "Lotus Lake"
Yang Mo's "Song of Youth" "
Liu Qing's "History of Entrepreneurship"
Gu Hua's "Furong Town" are both masterpieces by famous writers.
Contemporary rising novelists include Liu Shaotang, Cong Weixi, Wang Meng, Lu Yao, Ke Yunlu, Zhang Hanghang, Wang Anyi, Jia Pingwa, etc.
2. Contemporary poetry, prose and drama "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang" by Li Ji
"Prime Minister Zhou, where am I?" by Ke Yan? "
"White-Haired Girl" by He Jingzhi and Ding Yi
"North Star" by Wu Boxiao
"Ode to Camellia" by Yang Shuo
"Flower City" by Qin Mu
"The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River" by Liu Baiyu
"The Sun Shines on the Tianshan Mountains" by Bi Ye
"Oak Tree" by Shu Ting "
5. Common knowledge of foreign literature
(1) Prehistoric mythology
1. Ancient Greek mythology: "Homer's Epic" ("The Iliad", "The Iliad" "The Odyssey")
2. Ancient Hebrew mythology: "The Bible" (New and Old Books of John)
3. Asia has the ancient Arabic folk tale collection "The Arabian Nights" (also known as "The Arabian Nights") "One Thousand and One Nights")
(2), Greco-Roman Era
1. Prose
"Utopia" (Plato) "Poetics" ( Aristotle) ??
2. Drama
"Prometheus Bound" (Aeschylus)
3. Fable
p>"Aesop's Fables" are said to have been written by a slave named Aesop.
("The Mosquito and the Lion" and "Hermes and the Statuemaker")
(3) Medieval Literature
1. Chivalric Literature
2. Italian Literature
Dante (1265-1321) "Divine Comedy"
(4), Renaissance
1. Italian short stories Boccaccio, author of "The Decameron"
2. Rabelais, a Frenchman, author of "The Life of the Giant"
3. Cervantes, a Spaniard, Author of "Don Quixote".
4. Shakespeare, the great British dramatist. He wrote more than thirty plays. Among them, "Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello" and "Macbeth" are the four major tragedies. "Romeo and Zhu Huiye" and "The Merchant of Venice" are both long-lasting performances.
(5) Classicism
The representative works of French writer Molière are "The Stingy Man" (Abagong), "The Hypocrite" (Tartuffe) and "Don Juan"
(6) Enlightenment Literature
Germany: Goethe's "Faust" and "The Sorrows of Young Werther"
Schiller's "Conspiracy and Love" (script )
France: Montesquieu's "Notes on a Persian"
Rousseau's "Confessions"
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(7) Romantic literature
UK:
Byron's "Don Juan" (poetic novel)
< p>Defoe "Robinson Crusoe"Shelley "Ode to the West Wind" (Poem) "To the Skylark"
France:
Hugo " Notre Dame de Paris" "Les Misérables" "1993"
Flaubert "Madame Bovary"
United States:
Whitman "Grass" "Leaf Collection" (Collection of Poems)
(VIII), Names and Country of Famous Works by European and American Critical Realist Writers in the 19th Century
Stendhal's "The Red and the Black", "Fanina Fa" Nini" method
Balzac's "Human Comedy" and "Eugénie Grandet" method
Maupassant's "Beautiful Friend", "Ball de Suif" and "The Necklace" method< /p>
Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities" and "David Copperfield" English
Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" "Shangwei's Daughter" Russian
< p>Gogol's "Dead Souls", "The Overcoat", "The Imperial Envoy" RussiaTolstoy's "War and Peace" "Anna Karenina" "Resurrection" Russia
< p>Chekhov's "Sixth Ward", "The Man in the Trap", "The Chameleon" RussiaO. Henry's "The Gift of the Magi" "The Police and the Hymn" Beauty
Mark· Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Running for Governor" Beauty
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⑥Yuefu·Xinyuefu
Yuefu was originally the name of the official office in charge of music during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became the name of the poetry style. The music and songs collected and composed by the Yuefu official office in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are referred to as Yuefu. New Yuefu was founded in the early Tang Dynasty. The poets of the early Tang Dynasty wrote Yuefu poems. In addition to using the old Yuefu titles of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new titles, which were different from the original rhymes, so they were called New Yuefu. The name of New Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi.
⑦Title·Circle
There is a strict difference between the title of a word and the word card. The title of a word reflects the content of the word, and the word card is the name of the tune of a word.
For example, in "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgic", "Niannujiao" is the word card, and "Chibi Nostalgia" is the title of the word, revealing that the word is a lyric and the place is "Chibi". Words must have word tags, but not necessarily titles. A word or a section of a word is called "一que", and "que" means the end of the music.
⑧The bold and graceful school
The bold and graceful school are the two major schools in the poetry world of the Song Dynasty. The works of the Bold and Unconstrained School are bold in style, powerful in artistic conception, and full of heroic ambitions, giving people a positive and uplifting power. The representative poets are Su Shi and Xin Qiji. The language of the works of the Graceful School is clear and subtle, and the emotions expressed are tactful and lingering. The moods may be light and lively, parting and farewell, or deep and resentful. The carvings are exquisite and the subject matter is narrow. They often write about personal experiences, love affairs between men and women, and occasionally landscapes. Integrating emotions with scenery. Representative poets include Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao, etc.
⑨Sanqu
Sanqu is a kind of harmonious song that emerged from the lyrics during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The form is similar to the word but freer than the word. You can add lining words in addition to the fixed number of words; more spoken language is used. Sanqu includes two forms: Xiaoling and Taoshu. Xiaoling only contains one piece of music, such as "Yue Diao·Tian Jing Sha·Qiu Si" only contains one tune "Tian Jing Sha". The number of sets is a set of multiple pieces of a tune, which is a coherent set of tunes in opera or Sanqu. The number of tunes in a set is variable, ranging from two to no limit; each set starts with the first piece. The qupai is used as the name of the whole set of qupai; the whole set of melody must be of the same palace tune, have a beginning and an end, and rhyme to the end; "Sha" is often used at the end, and there is no regulation on how many times it can be used. For example, "Banshe Diao·Shaobian·The Return of Emperor Gaozu" contains eight tunes belonging to the palace tune "Banshe Diao", among which "Shaobian" is the name of the first tune in this suite, and it is also the name of the first tune in this suite. A complete set of tunes.
⑩Yuan Zaju
Zaju is a literary style that grew up on the basis of various palace tunes in the Song and Jin Dynasties. It is a kind of song, dialogue, dance, performance, etc. that combines The art form of opera. In terms of structure, each volume is generally 40% off (some are 50% off or 60% off), and "wedges" are added when necessary. Each volume uses several tunes from the same palace tune to form a suite (see 11 below). Zaju can be divided into dan versions (heroines). There are two types: the lead singer) and the last version (the male lead's lead singer). For example, "The Injustice of Dou E" is the den version, and the third part uses the "zhenggong" tune. Yuan Zaju scripts are composed of Ke, Sing and Bai. "Ke" refers to the provisions of the main actions, expressions and stage effects in the script; "Sing" refers to the lyrics; "Bai" refers to the guest dialogue, which is divided into dialogues (character dialogues). ), monologue (a character's self-narration), narration (a self-narration of psychology behind other characters' backs), and blanking (interjections in the lyrics). The main roles of Yuan Zaju are: Dan (female role), the one who plays the heroine is called Zhengdan, and the supporting roles include Fudan, Waidan, Xiaodan, etc.; Mo (male role), the one who plays the male lead is called Zhengmo, and the supporting role is deputy mo. , Wai Mo, Xiao Mo, etc.; Wai (Wai Mo), who plays the role of an elderly man; Jing, commonly known as the big painted face, mostly plays characters with unique personalities and appearance (such as Zhang Fei, Li Kui); Chou, commonly known as the small painted face, mostly Play the role of a male secondary character; play the role of an elderly woman.
11 Gong Tiao·Qu Pai
Qu Pai, like Ci Pai, is the musical notation of the tune. Different tunes often have different numbers of words, rhythm, and rhyme, such as "Rolling Hydrangea", "Taotao Ling", "Happy Three", "Quiet on All Sides", "Chao Tianzi", "Man Ting Fang" and "Five Evils" in "Farewell at the Long Pavilion". They are all Qupai. Each tune must belong to a palace tune in terms of rhyme; some tunes may have several tune tunes under one palace tune; palace tune is a musical term, indicating the pitch of the sound. For example, "Zhenggong" in "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" is a palace tune.
12 couplets
The number of words is equal and the parts of speech are opposite. The last character in the first line is usually in the oblique tone, which is the third and fourth tones in modern Chinese. The last character in the second line is in the flat tone, which is Yinping and Yangping. This is what people often call the oblique rise and fall.
Other literary genres in ancient times
⑴ Fu.
It is a literary style that emphasizes literary grace, rhythm, and has the nature of poetry and prose. Its main characteristics are: "Creating prose and writing about objects," focusing on describing scenes and expressing emotions through scenes. The earliest one that appeared in the prose of various scholars was called "Short Fu"; the "Sao style" represented by Qu Yuan was the transition from poetry to Fu, and the Fu at this time was called "Sao Fu"; the Han Dynasty formally established the style of Fu, which was called "Sao Fu". "Ci Fu"; after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it increasingly developed in the direction of parallel prose, which is called "parallel Fu"; in the Tang Dynasty, there were also poems that were transferred from parallel style to rhyme style, called "Lv Fu"; from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, Fu was written in prose form , called "Wen Fu".
For example, Du Mu's "A Fang Gong Fu" and so on.
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⑵ Parallel prose.
It originated in the Han and Wei dynasties, formed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and became popular in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is composed of four and six characters alternating with each other to form a sentence, also called "four or six essays". Because parallel prose accommodates sentence patterns, its vocabulary often affects content expression. After Han and Liu promoted the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, parallel prose gradually declined. K#+
⑶Debate. Debate means distinguishing right from wrong, distinguishing between true and false. Its characteristic is to express one's opinions by refuting wrong arguments or analyzing certain facts. Such as Liu Zongyuan's "Tongye Fengdi Bian".
⑷Original.
Originally it means to investigate the origin, which is an ancient argumentative style. This style of writing fundamentally examines and discusses a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, and then puts forward one's own opinions. Such as Huang Zongxi's "Yuanjun".
⑸Discussion.
Thesis is an essay style. "Selected Works of Zhaoming" says: "There are two types of treatises. One is historical treatises, which are discussed by loyal ministers at the end of the biography to judge the good and evil of others. For example, at the end of "Historical Records", 'Tai Shigong said...'. The second one is Zheng. On the other hand, scholars and officials discuss ancient and modern figures or comment on classics and history, and correct their fallacies, such as "The Theory of Six Kingdoms" and "The Theory of Guo Qin", etc.
⑹ said.
It is also a type of literary style of ancient argumentation, which is similar to the theory. "The Preface to the Debian Style of Articles" says, "The speaker is the interpreter, who explains the meaning and explains it in his own way." For example, "Shi Shuo" and "Snake Catcher Shuo". Some of these articles focus on discussion, while others focus on narration, and the narration is explicit. Some "shuo" are close to the "shuo" in literary prose, but generally do not use the word "lun", such as "Ailian Shuo"; some articles with strong argumentative nature use "shuo", but "lun" can also be used.
⑺Memo.
It is the collective name for the memorials that ancient courtiers presented to the emperor. It includes memorials, discussions, comments, tables, countermeasures, etc. "Shu" means a statement in sections, such as Jia Yi's "On Accumulation and Storage"; "Biao" means stating a certain opinion or thing, such as Li Mi's "Chen Qing Biao"; "Countermeasures" means writing questions in ancient examinations. When it comes to strategies, those who take the exam are asked to answer "strategies", and the articles the candidates answer are called "countermeasures", such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies".
⑻Preface and postscript.
The preface is also called "narration" or "introduction". It is the preface of the book, and its nature is like today's "introduction" and "preface". What is written at the front of a book or article is generally called a "preface", and what is written at the end of a book is generally called a "postscript" or "post-preface". This type of article is an expository article that explains the purpose of writing, and introduces the writing style and content; an argumentative article is a review of the author's work or elucidates an issue. For example, we have learned "Preface to the Lanting Collection", "Preface to Yuxi Poems", "Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng", "Preface to the Biography of Lingguan", etc.
⑼Preface to the gift. In ancient times, each farewell was preceded by poems and essays, which were collected and prefaced, and were called gift prefaces. Later, all articles with farewell words that were not attached to the poems were also called gift prefaces. The content contains words of praise, praise or encouragement. Such as Song Lian's "Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang".
⑽Ming.
In ancient times, the words engraved on utensils to warn oneself or describe merits were called "inscriptions". The inscriptions engraved on the stele and placed on the right side of the desk as a warning are called "mottos", such as Liu Yuxi's "Inscription on the Humble Room". What is engraved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise it is called an "epitaph", such as Han Yu's "Epitaph of Liu Zihou".
⑾Sacrifice text.
An article recited when offering sacrifices to the deceased or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. There are two kinds: verse and prose. The content is to recall the main experiences of the deceased, praise his main qualities and achievements, express grief and inspire the living. Such as Han Yu's "Essay on Sacrifice to the Twelve Langs".
⑿ Notes.
A type of article that mainly records events and is characterized by short length. It is rich in content, including historical anecdotes, anecdotes, literary essays, character reviews, scientific sketches, textual research, and reading notes. Such as "Shishuoxinyu".
⒀Fable.
It is a story with advice or satire. "Yu" means sustenance.
It usually places profound truths in simple stories, using this to describe something else, the small to describe the big, the past to describe the present, and it is accustomed to using personification techniques. Such as "Zheng Ren Buys Shoes" and so on.
⒁Legendary.
One of the novel genres. It is named because of its strange and magical plot. Generally refers to short stories written in classical Chinese in the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as "The Story of Liu Yi" and so on. Later, because "legends" were mostly used in rap and drama, dramas of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, dramas of the Yuan Dynasty, and operas of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also called "legends". Such as Kong Shangren's "Peach Blossom Fan" and so on.
ⅥHistorical style
⑴Chronological style: Using chronology as clues to organize relevant historical events, such as "Zuo Zhuan"
⑵National style: Taking the country as the clue The units separately record historical events, such as "Guoyu" and "Warring States Policy".
⑶Biography: Reflecting historical events by describing the activities of characters, such as "Historical Records".
⑷ Chronicles: The main line is events, and relevant thematic materials are gathered together, such as Yuan Shu's "Tongjian Chronicles".
⑸General History: A non-stop account of the historical events of several dynasties, such as "Historical Records".
⑹Dynamic history: describing the history of a certain period or dynasty, such as "Han Shu".
Note: A history book can often be classified into different styles at the same time. For example, "Historical Records" belongs to the biographical style and general history, and "Three Kingdoms" belongs to the biographical style, country style, and chronological history.