Zhongshan Park was originally the palace garden of the Qing Dynasty, 1927. In memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, this park was named "Zhongshan Park". When the park enters the door, there are two big characters "Lonely Mountain" on the stone steps, among which there are no solitary characters. People guess it means "lonely mountain is not lonely". He Fangting, located in the northeast corner of Gushan Mountain, was built to commemorate Lin Bu, who was famous as a "wife crane" in Song Dynasty. Zhejiang Provincial Museum is located at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain, with a wide variety of cultural relics.
Gushan is located in the West Lake of Beiwai, with an altitude of 35 meters and an area of about 0.22 square kilometers. It is a branch of Qixia Mountain and the largest island in the West Lake. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xian Chun's Annals of Lin 'an (Volume 23) said: "An island stands tall and has no attachment, which is the victory of lakes and mountains." Today, there are lush forests on the mountain, and many historical sites have been preserved. The east and west sides of Gushan are connected with the lakeshore by Bai Causeway and Xiling Bridge respectively, and there are many places of interest on the island. Therefore, people in Hangzhou call it "lonely mountain is not lonely", "broken bridge is not long" and "long bridge is not long" as the three monsters of the West Lake.
The main landscapes on the lonely mountain include Zhongshan Park, Zhejiang Museum, Wenlan Pavilion, Xiling Printing Factory, Hefangting, Qiujin Tomb, Lou Yu, Mucai Pavilion (Su Xiaoxiao Tomb) and so on. There are more than 654.38 million pieces, which have been open to the public free of charge since 2004 1. Wen Lan Pavilion is located in the northwest corner of Zhejiang Museum. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it was rebuilt to store the Sikuquanshu, imitating the format of the Wen Yuan Pavilion in the Forbidden City. Xiling Printing Society was founded in 1904, which was named after its proximity to Xiling Bridge. It is a famous stone carving, calligraphy and painting art group in modern China. There is also the Hang Cheng time-honored hotel "Louwailou" on the island, which is famous for cooking "West Lake Vinegar Fish" with grass carp caught alive in the West Lake. Main projects: Leifeng Tower and Baoju Tower
Leifeng Pagoda, formerly known as Huangfei Pagoda, also known as Xiguan Brick Pagoda, is located at the top of Zhaoqian Leifeng Mountain on the south bank of West Lake, and was built to pray for the peace and prosperity of Qian Chu, King of Wu Yue. Leifeng Tower was originally an octagonal five-story pavilion tower with brick and wood structure. After the fire, only the brick tower body was left. Because it is said that the tower bricks of Leifeng Tower can be used to drive away diseases, strengthen the body and prevent miscarriage, people have been grinding and digging bricks from the tower bricks for a long time. 1On the afternoon of September 25th, 924, the tower foundation, which was almost hollowed out, was no longer overwhelmed and suddenly collapsed. On June 25th, 2002, the rebuilt Leifeng Pagoda was completed, built on the original site of the old Leifeng Pagoda, and the old tower seat became the exhibition hall of the site, with many documents for people to visit.
Baokui Pagoda is located at the top of Baoshi Mountain on the north side of West Lake. It was destroyed and rebuilt six times from Yuan Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties. The existing brick tower has six sides and seven floors. 1933 was rebuilt according to the original style after the end of the Ming dynasty. 1996 replaced the decaying tower gate components. Facing Leifeng Pagoda across the West Lake, it is the gem flow landscape of the West Lake. Known as "Lei Feng is like an old woman, but you are as beautiful as a woman" and "one lake reflects two towers". Main entrance: Sanyinyue Xiaoyingzhou (Sanyinyue) Sanyinyue Scenic Area is located in the southwest waters of Waixihu Lake, including Zhou Xiaoying and three gourd-shaped stone pagodas on its south side, which are famous for enjoying the moon and waterscape gardens. The whole island covers an area of about 7 hectares, and the water surface accounts for 60%.
Zhou Xiaoying was originally named Baoning Temple in Shui Xin, also known as Hu Xin Temple. It was a beautiful place to enjoy the moon on the lake in the Northern Song Dynasty, and its garden architecture and landscape layout were basically formed in the early18th century. In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli, Qiantang made Nie Xintang appear on the water conservancy road, built ridges around the beach, and became a lake in the lake, thinking it was a place of release. In 39 years, Yang Wanli continued to build the outer ridge, and in 48 years, the regulation was perfect. "Seen from the air, the whole island is like a huge Tian Zi, which constitutes the spectacle of' there is an island in the lake and a lake in the island'. The main attractions on the island include Zhejiang Pantheon, Jiuqu Bridge, Nine Lions Stone, Wang Kaiting, pavilions, bamboo trails and my soul mate pavilion.
The Three Pagodas on the Lake were built in Yuan You in the Northern Song Dynasty for five years (1090), and their positions are different from today's. According to documents in the early Qing Dynasty, the Three Pagodas were built during the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. The top of Shisan Tower is gourd-shaped, the tower body is spherical, 2 meters above the water surface, and it is hollow. Five small round holes are evenly distributed around the tower body, and the tower foundation is an oblate stone pedestal. The three towers are distributed in an equilateral triangle, and each side is 62 meters long. Mid-Lake Pavilion
Main projects: Hu Xin Pavilion.
Hu Xin Pavilion is located in the center of Waixihu Lake. Qing Yongzheng's Record of the West Lake (Volume 9): "The pavilion is in the middle of the whole lake, and there are three pagodas outside the old temple. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, the temples and towers were destroyed. " Nie Xintang's "County Records" said: There are three pagodas outside Hu Xin Temple, of which the South Pagoda is abandoned, and it is the North Pagoda Infrastructure Pavilion named Hu Xinting. Rebuild Desheng Temple at the base of the old temple and release it. Accordingly, the old Hu Xin Temple is today's release pond, and today's Hu Xinting is the base of the three pagodas. "Sketch of Lakes and Mountains" Volume 3: Ming "Wanli four years, naked reconstruction, the forehead is called' too empty'. Sun Long, the producer of the ceremony, built a happy pavilion surrounded by stones, but they are collectively called' the pavilion in the lake'. The state dynasty was heavily renovated, and the railings were carved on the left and right wings, with floors on them ... "In the twenty-seventh year of Qing Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong wrote the book" Bright and Clean Middle Edge ". After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the former site of Xiqing Pavilion was converted into the Temple of Wealth and Guanyin Hall. 1980, the island was engraved with the stone tablet "Insect" (the middle part of the traditional Chinese word "wind"), which means "boundless wind and moon". Ruangongdun
Main projects: Ruan Gongdun
Ruan Gongdun is located in the west of West Lake, and the pavilion is in the middle of the lake. In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), when Ruan Yuan, the governor of Zhejiang, dredged the West Lake, he piled up dredged silt into islands, commonly known as "soft beaches". The island is 34 meters long from north to south and 33 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of 0.57 hectares. For a long time, there are no buildings on the island, and the trees are overgrown with weeds, which has become the habitat of migratory birds. During the dredging from West Lake 1952 to 1958, riprap was added around the island, and the area was slightly widened. 1977 Embankment was built around the island, which expanded the area again and filled with foreign soil. 198 1 year, more than 1000 tons of soil was added to the island, and a "small building with a green garden" was built. There are buildings such as Yiyun Pavilion (Ruan Yuanhao's "Yuntai") and Yunshuiju on the island. 1982, the first fishing area of West Lake is opened on the island, where tourists can enjoy tea and fish. Since 1984, the antique tour around Bizhuang has been held on the island, which is very popular in the West Lake night tour. It's called ecological island. Major projects in Bai Causeway: Bai Causeway.
Bai Causeway starts from the broken bridge in the east, passes by the Golden Belt Bridge in the west, and meets the Gushan at the "Autumn Moon in Pinghu", which is about 1km long. It was called Baishadi and Sandi in the Tang Dynasty, and it was also called Gushan Road and Shijintang in the Song and Ming Dynasties. In ancient times, Bai Causeway paved the ground with white sand, then changed to asphalt pavement, and planted green peaches and willows on both sides, which is the best viewing spot to enjoy the panoramic view of the West Lake and surrounding mountains.
Broken Bridge [3] (see Broken Bridge Canxue for details) is located in the east of Bai Causeway. In the folk story Legend of the White Snake, Broken Bridge is the place where White Snake and Xu Xian meet, so it is the most famous bridge in the West Lake. The Golden Belt Bridge is located on the west side of the broken bridge, also known as Hanbi Bridge. Qing Yongzheng's Record of the West Lake Volume 8: "The old wooden frame of the Golden Belt Bridge is a beam, and the Emperor Saint Zuren (referring to Emperor Kangxi) is near the lonely mountain, and the royal ship turns to Lihu Lake." It was rebuilt in the third year of the Republic of China (19 14). 192 1 year, cement concrete arch coupons were added while the bridge was broken. In order to protect the broken bridge and the brocade belt bridge from the heavy pressure and impact of traffic, the road from the broken bridge to Pinghu Qiuyue is now closed to motor vehicles. All vehicles entering and leaving Gushan must pass through Xiling Bridge. Major projects in Su Causeway: Su Causeway.
Su Causeway, formerly known as Sugong Dike, starts from Nanshan Road at the foot of Nanping Mountain in the south and reaches Wang Yue Temple East in the north, across the lake. The dam is 2797 meters long and 30-40 meters wide. There are six stone arch bridges in Shang * * in Su Causeway, from south to north: Yingbo, Suolan, Wangshan, Dike, Dongpu (according to textual research, it is suspected that it is the fault of Pu Shu) and Duhong. Xian Chun's Lin 'an Annals in the Southern Song Dynasty (Volume 33): "Now, Jun Lake was opened on Dongpo, and a long dike was built due to grass accumulation. From south to north, it crossed the lake for several miles, with flowers and willows planted in the middle and six bridges in the middle, which was destroyed by walkers ... In the next ten years, Lv Huiqing was the county commander. In the fifth year of Xianchun, the court gave money to the minister, saying that friends should be increased. ..... 20 feet high, 750 feet wide and 60 feet wide, with nine old pavilions on the embankment and hundreds of flowers and trees. " "A Brief Introduction to Lake and Mountain in Qing Dynasty" Volume III: "In the second year of Yongzheng, the country was built at the same time as Baisha Dike, and flowers and trees were planted in five years." "New Records of the West Lake" Volume 4: "Today, mulberry plants, the so-called Su Causeway willow, have been cut down." 1950, the relevant departments raised and widened the dike body, built a trail along the lake and set up seats. Motor vehicles (except electric coaches) are prohibited in Su Causeway. Major projects in Yang Gongdi: Yang Gongdi.
Yang Gongdi, also known as "Xishan Road", is basically parallel to Su Causeway, starting from the west side of Qixialing, circling Dingjiashan and reaching the long embankment of Nanshan. In the westward project of the West Lake, Yang Gongdi restored the "six bridges" opposite to Su Causeway: Huanbi, Liujin, Wolong, Yin Xiu, Jingxing and Yuan Jun. At present, Yang Gongdi has a wide road surface with two-way and one-way lanes, with a green isolation belt in the middle, and hotels, nursing homes and other facilities are mainly along the road. The main scenic spots are Quyuan Fenghe, Guo Zhuang, Liu Zhuang, Hangzhou Garden, Jinsha Port, Yuhu Bay, Santaimeng, Wuguitan and Maojiabu. [4] Southern Song Dynasty. Ten Scenes of the West Lake: Ten Scenes of the West Lake [5] The name comes from the landscape paintings of the Southern Song Dynasty. Yu Fang Sheng Lan and Wu Meng were recorded in the Southern Song Dynasty, and were also mentioned in literati poems at that time. These ten scenic spots are all near or in the West Lake. The top ten scenic spots are Autumn Moon in Pinghu, Xiao Chun in Su Causeway, Broken Bridge Snow, Leifeng Sunset, Nanping Evening Bell, Quyuan Fenghe, Huagang Fish Watching, Willow Waves Singing, Three Tans Printing the Moon and Two Peaks Inserting Clouds. In the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi made a southern tour of Hangzhou, inscribed ten scenes of the West Lake, and changed "two peaks inserted into clouds" to "two peaks inserted into clouds"; "Leifeng Xi Zhao" (or "Leifeng Xi Zhao") was changed to "Leifeng Xi Zhao"; "Nanping Night Clock" was changed to "Nanping Xiao Zhong". However, the names "Zhao Xi" and "Xiao Zhong" have not been accepted by people, and later generations still use the old names of the Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, local officials have carved stones and built pavilions to protect books written by Emperor Kangxi. At this time, the Ten Scenery Stone Monument of West Lake has become a symbol of scenic spots. When Emperor Qianlong visited Hangzhou in the south, he wrote a poem in each of the Ten Scenes, which was engraved on the dark side of the stone tablet, making the Ten Scenes of the West Lake more widely known.
The names of the top ten scenic spots are not only properly worded, but also neat in antithesis (strictly speaking, it is not antithesis, but also must be measured and level). For example, Pinghu Qiuyue, Su Causeway Chunxiao, Can Xue, Qu Yuan Fenglian, Nanping Night Bell and Leifeng Sunset can be matched with any two scenes. "Watching the fish in the flower harbor", "Listening to the warbler in the willow waves", or "Reading the moon in the three pools" and "Two peaks in the clouds" are also antithetical sentences or phrases, which are very neat. 1984. Ten Scenes of New West Lake: Ten Scenes of New West Lake
1984 Hangzhou daily and other five units initiated the selection of the ten scenic spots of the new West Lake, and finally determined that the ten scenic spots of the new West Lake were Yun Qi Bamboo Trail, Manlong Guiyu, Tiger Run Mooncherry, Longjing Tea, Jiuxi Tobacco Tree, Wushan Tianfeng, Ruandun Huanbi, Huanglong Cui Tu, Huangyu Feiyun and Gem Flowing Down. The feature of the new Ten Scenes is that its geographical scope is larger than that of the old Ten Scenes, and most of them are located in the mountainous areas around the West Lake. Like the traditional Ten Scenes of West Lake, the name of the new Ten Scenes is dual. For example, "Jiuxi Smoke Tree" is compared to "full of rain in Gui Long" or "Wushan Tianfeng" (where "nine" and "full" are numerals, which are relatively simple); The combination of Jade Emperor Flying Clouds, Gem Flowing Clouds, Longjing Tea Quest, Tiger Running Mooncherry, Huanglong Cui Tu and Soft Shield Surrounding the Wall is also very neat. In 2007, the main project of three evaluations of ten scenic spots in West Lake: three evaluations of ten scenic spots in West Lake.
In 2007, the Hangzhou Municipal Government conducted the "Ten Scenes and Three Comments on the West Lake" and collected names. Lingyin Temple and other scenic spots were shortlisted as the three comments on the Ten Scenes of the West Lake. It is identified as Lingyin Zen, Liuhe Tingtao, Qixia of Yue Tomb, Qingyu by the lake, Qiancibiao Middle School, Song Wan Academy, Jingxing of Di Yang, Santai Yunshui, Meiwu Chunzao, and North Street. Evolution of Ten Scenes of West Lake in Southern Song Dynasty Kangxi Inscription Modern Generic Name Three Comments on Ten Scenes of West Lake Pinghu Autumn Moon Following Yun Qi Bamboo Trail Lingyin Zen Trace Su Causeway Xiaochun Following Jiuxi Smoke Tree Liuhe Listening to Tao Broken Bridge Canxue Following Tiger Running Mooncherry Yue Tomb Qixia Lei Feng Zhao Xi Lei Feng Zhao Xi Lei Feng Zhao Xi Huanglong Cui Tu Lakeside Sunny Rain Nanping Evening Bell Nanping Xiao Zhongnan Evening Bell Quan Gui Long Yu Qian Ci Biao Zhong Qu Yuan Feng He Following Yu Di Fei Yun Song Wan Academy Huagang Watching Fish Following Longjing Title Tea Yangdi Scenery Liu Lang Wen Ying Using Gems. Three sets of clouds, three pools, water and moon are used in Wu Shan Tianfeng Meiwu, two peaks in the spring and dawn, two peaks in the clouds, Ruandun Huanbi North Street, Mengxi Lake and Buddhism and Taoism are closely related. In the long history, various religious groups and Taoist temples have gathered in the West Lake and the surrounding mountains, adding a strong religious color to the West Lake. Among them, the period of Wu Yueguo was the peak. At that time, kings of all dynasties were keen on Buddhism, and there were many temples, pagodas, scriptures and grottoes around the West Lake.
Today, Baokui Pagoda and the rebuilt Leifeng Pagoda are still the representative scenic spots of the West Lake, and Lingyin Temple, with the largest wooden Buddha statue in China, is one of the most popular scenic spots in the West Lake. During the Song Dynasty, the development of the Royal Academy of Painting reached an unprecedented level of prosperity. Hangzhou, as the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, also concentrated a group of outstanding landscape painters. These painters also left many masterpieces for the upcoming West Lake. The following are some famous painters and their works: Liu Songnian: Four Great Landscape Paintings, West Lake Landscape Paintings; Xia Gui: Willow Boat Map of West Lake; Song Li: West Lake map; Chen Qingbo: Broken Bridge Canxue Map, Lei Feng Sunset Map, etc. Wang: Ten Scenes of West Lake; Dong Hao: Ten Scenes of West Lake. Because Wu Yueguo and other generations have great respect for Buddhism, there are many temples, ancient temples and Buddha statues carved in the mountains around the West Lake. The most famous statues are Feilaifeng Stone Carving Group, Xia Yan Grottoes Statue, Ciyunling Statue and Tianlong Temple Statue.
In the history of China's fine arts since modern times, the West Lake also occupies a relatively important position. China Academy of Fine Arts is the only national key discipline in Chinese mainland, and it is also the only Chinese mainland Academy of Fine Arts recognized by UNESCO. It was born near the West Lake, where famous painters such as Feng Zikai, Pan Tianshou, Huang, Liu Haisu, Lin Fengmian, Lu, etc. all lived and painted for a long time. Xiling Seal Society, a famous stone carving group located on the Gushan side, has also gathered a large number of master artists who are proficient in stone carving art and calligraphy, such as Wu Changshuo, Sha Menghai, Wang Geyi, Cheng Shifa and Zhao Puchu. There are many folk legends and fairy tales circulating in the West Lake since ancient times. The most famous ones are Legend of the White Snake, Butterfly Lovers and Su Xiaoxiao. In The Legend of the White Snake, such plots as "Meeting at the Broken Bridge" and "The White Snake was crushed to death by the Leifeng Tower" are closely related to the ten scenic spots of the West Lake. Liang Zhu's legendary love story took place in Song Wan Academy near the West Lake. In addition, there are many folk stories such as Yue Fei, Jigong, Yang Naiwu and Chinese Cabbage, as well as legends such as early balcony, double-headed bridge, Dongpo meat, chopped green onion with cypress and eighteen imperial teas.
West Lake Longjing, the legendary good tea, 1949 silted up. The average depth of the lake is only 0.55 meters, and the water storage capacity is only over 4 million cubic meters. The bottom of the lake is covered with aquatic plants, so large cruise ships can only travel along the channel. 1950, the state included the management of the West Lake in the national investment plan. The dredging project was completed on 1959, the average depth of the lake reached 1.808 m, and the deepest point was 2.6m. The water storage capacity of the West Lake increased to1027.190,000 cubic meters.
Dredged silt fills 18 fields and depressions around the West Lake, such as Zhaoqing Temple and Qingbo Park. Since then, due to the erosion of silt and the accumulation of sediments in the lake bed, the depth of the lake has dropped to 1.47 meters. 1976, the state allocated 2 million yuan to start dredging the West Lake for the second time. After 1980, the lake depth rose to 1.5m ... Except for dredging,
The sewage interception project around the lake started on 1978 and was completed on 198 1. Divided into three lines: south, west and north. More than 65,438 kilometers of sewage pipelines were buried, and sewage pumping stations 10 were built. The West Lake Water Diversion Project started in February 1985 1. In the water diversion project, a new water intake pump was built from the sluice section of Qiantang River, with a daily water intake capacity of 300,000 cubic meters, equivalent to one third of the total storage capacity of the West Lake. After the water transfer, the transparency of the West Lake will increase by 5 to 7 cm. In 2003, a new round of dredging of the West Lake, which lasted for four years, was completed, dredging 3.469 million cubic meters, and the average water depth deepened from 1.65 meters before dredging to 2.27 meters. The visibility of water body has been obviously improved, and the capacity of water body has increased from 9.34 million cubic meters to 1.429 million cubic meters.
The water pollution in West Lake is getting more and more serious, and it has been rated as inferior V class for many times. The main problem of water pollution in West Lake is eutrophication. Some people think that agricultural non-point source pollution in Longjing tea area mainly comes from chemical fertilizer and pesticide pollution. The annual water quality evaluation of Hangzhou West Lake is from1997 Ⅴ1998 Ⅴ1999 Ⅴ (obviously eutrophic, with high total nitrogen and phosphorus index) to 2000 Ⅴ (obviously eutrophic) to 2001Ⅴ 2002. The main pollution indicators are total phosphorus and total nitrogen) in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2008, respectively.