Man-made
The "rockery" referred to here is relative to the naturally formed "real mountain". There are two types of rockery materials. One is natural rock material, which is only made of cement as the binding material and concrete as the foundation when artificially stacked. The other is cement mixed mortar, steel wire mesh or GRC (low alkali). Glass fiber cement) is used as the material and artificial plastic molding is used to form the rockery, also known as "plastic rock" and "plastic mountain".
There are several types of natural stones commonly used in Shanghai:
●Lake limestone. The colors are mainly green, black, white and gray. It is produced in the foothills and rivers of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The texture is fine and easily eroded by water and carbon dioxide. Many wrinkles and holes appear on the surface, just like natural abstract patterns.
●Huangshi: fine sandstone. The color varies from gray to white to light yellow and is produced in Changzhou, Jiangsu. The material is relatively hard, and the collapse caused by weathering and erosion decomposes along the joint plane, forming many irregular polyhedrons. The stone surface has clear outlines and sharp edges.
●Yingshi: Limestone. The color is green gray, black gray, etc., often with white calcite stripes, and is produced in the Yingde area of ??Guangdong. Due to the melting and weathering of mountains and rivers, the surface is intertwined with vortex holes and densely wrinkled.
●Axe-split stone: sedimentary rock. Available in light gray, dark gray, black, earthy yellow and other colors. Produced in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. It has filamentous, strip-like, and flaky textures with vertical lines, also known as sword stone. It has a tall and strong appearance, but is easily weathered and peeled off.
●Stalagmite: bamboo leaf-shaped limestone. The color is light gray green, earthy red, with eye-shaped depressions. It is produced in Changshan and Yushan areas of Zhejiang, Gansu and Jiangxi. The longer the shape, the more beautiful it is. It is often weathered on three sides and has artificial knife and ax marks on the back.
●Melaleuca sedimentary rock. Iron gray with layers of light gray, naturally varied and produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui. There are many types and colors of sedimentary rocks.
Places and usage of mountain stones in gardens:
▲Lonely ornamental stones: Lake stones, axe stones, stalagmites, etc. that are simple and beautiful, with both form and spirit are often chosen to place in the garden. The main location in the garden is for people to watch. In addition to their own ornamental value of being thin, transparent, leaky, wrinkled and ugly, these solitary ornamental stones also have great humanistic value due to their circulation over the years and often become a scene in gardens. "The precipitous stones moved from Genyue are full of memories for thousands of years," such as the "Linglong Jade" in Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai, the "Ruiyun Peak" in Suzhou, the "Creuyun Peak" in Hangzhou and the "Qingzhixiu" in Beijing. According to legend, "Jade Linglong" is a relic of the Hua Shi Gang in "Water Margin". It is famous for "putting incense at the bottom of the stone, and smoke coming out of the holes, and filling the top of the stone with a bowl of water, and springs flowing through the holes." "Qingzhixiu. It was originally owned by Mi Zhizhang, a calligrapher of the Song Dynasty. The stone is now engraved with a seven-character poem written by Emperor Qianlong. Of course, there are also monuments built on trees with the help of solitary stones, such as the monument to Mr. Fujino from Japan in the Peony Garden in Luoyang, Henan. Japan's dry mountain stones focus on the group effect of layout, which is different from my country's solitary stone.
▲ Cliff stone: Ming Jicheng said in "Yuan Ye" that "the cliff mountain is the one to rely on." The wall texture also uses the white wall as the paper and the stone as the painting. " Commonly used British stones, lake stones, axe-cut stones, etc. are combined with plants, reliefs, and flowing water. They are placed on the white walls of courtyards and hotel halls to become a shining landscape painting that takes up less space.
▲ Scattered points Stones: yellow stone, lake stone, Yingshi, melaleuca stone, ax stone, stalagmite stone, granite, etc., in groups of three, three, two, three and five, scattered on the roadside, under the forest, at the foot of the mountain, on the edge of steps , building corners, and matching the terrain, planting flowers and trees sometimes become natural benches, sometimes become the base of potted plants, and sometimes become the transition of local height differences and material changes. It is a very natural embellishment and reminder. It is a mountain stone. The most widely used in gardens
▲Revealing stones: Commonly used are yellow stones, lake stones, and melaleuca stones, which are stacked along the water surface or along the foothills with varying height differences. They are scattered high and low, changing front and back. , serves as a revetment and retaining wall, while making it natural and beautiful. ▲Stone Mountain Cave: Yellow stones, lake stones, outcropping stones, etc. are stacked to form independent or semi-independent rocks on the ground, commonly known as "Stones hug the earth". They are generally three to five meters high, and can reach tens of meters high. Flower beds, ponds, water curtains, and caves are often designed at the foot of the mountain, such as the red rocks in Shanghai Longhua Park and the large rockery in the Shanghai Botanical Garden.
This is what most people think of as a "rockery". It often appears in corporate green spaces, but it should not be promoted.
▲Stone waterfall: Based on the topography of the garden, yellow stones, lake stones, granite, and melaleuca stones are piled up, and water is diverted from top to bottom to form a waterfall. This practice is commonly known as "earth-covered stone" and is currently the most common practice. For example, Shanghai Changfeng Park and Hongkou Park in the past, as well as the recently constructed People's Park, Hongqiao Park and *** Green Forest Park.
Things to note when stacking rocks are:
1. "Mountains have bones in stone, mattresses in forests, and spirits in water." The materials and methods of rock formations actually indicate the existence of a type of geological structure. Covered by soil, gravel, and vegetation, people can only feel the shape and direction of the mountain forest. If the covering is removed, all the "mountain bones" will come out. Therefore, the selection of rocks must comply with the requirements of the overall plan and be coordinated with the entire terrain and landform. For example, if the planning requirement is a desert park, it is not appropriate to use lake rocks because there is not much water there and it is difficult to find karst phenomena.
2. In the same area, it is hoped that multiple types of rocks will not be mixed. In addition to the principles mentioned above, it is not easy to achieve harmony in quality, color, texture, surface, body and posture when stacking.
3. There are ten traditional techniques for stacking rocks: mounting, connecting, crossing, hanging, fighting, jamming, connecting, hanging, sword and fighting. Judging from the several rockeries currently under construction, more emphasis is placed on advocating nature and being unpretentious. Especially where melaleuca and granite are used, the overall effect is required, rather than the appreciation of isolated stones. The overall shape must not only conform to the laws of nature, be reasonable, but also be highly summarized and improved, and be unexpected.
4. Designers and constructors must have a majestic and vast country in mind, in order to shape the high mountains, dangerous rocks and peaks, dangerous ravines, and trickling waterfalls. Cai Jing of the Song Dynasty said in "Xuanhe Painting Book" that "Yuezhenchuanling is carried by the sea and the earth. As for the divine beauty of creation, the brightness and darkness of yin and yang, it can be seen within a few feet from thousands of miles away. It cannot be seen without the hills and valleys in the chest." Those who describe it may not be able to do so. "Wang Wei said in "Shanshui Jue" that "the flat top is the peak, the steep and connected ridges are the ridges, the cliffs are the cliffs, the hanging rocks are the rocks, and the round shapes are the mountains. The road is forced by the river, and the road between the two mountains is called a gully. This is a description of the various shapes of mountains for reference.
5. The foundation of the rockery. Due to the concentrated load on isolated rocks and rock caves, reliable foundations must be built. In the past, wooden piles with a diameter of 12 to 15 cm were commonly used, rammed to the bearing layer at plum blossom points with a spacing of 20 to 30 cm, and covered with thick stone slabs as the foundation. Nowadays, as long as the soil is hard and free of quicksand, silt, impurities and loose soil, it is generally more time- and labor-saving to use concrete slabs, which can reach more than 8 tons/square meter. In order to save investment, the revetment stones are placed 10 to 20 centimeters under water and mud, and are generally built with rubble. In order to reduce the length of the sword stone and for safety reasons, it must be wrapped and fixed with concrete. If the rock waterfall is built on old soil (it took several years to build the mountain with soil), a layer of steel concrete can be built on the plain soil and gravel as the foundation. If it is built on a new mound of earth, more care must be taken to prevent cracks due to settlement, water and soil erosion due to water leakage, and gradual deformation and distortion, which may cause danger. The safety of rocks is the first important point in rockery stacking.
6. The combination of real materials (natural stone) and fake materials (GRC, etc.) in styling design is a good strategy and an innovation. Especially in difficult transitions and upside-down places in construction, and in places out of reach of people, the use of artificial rockeries often takes up less space, reduces the load, and has a good overall effect. Special attention should be paid to the quality of glass fiber for CRC materials. If the cost is 800 yuan/square meter, it is almost the same as the real material.
7. Mountain rocks are natural things, with natural textures, contours, and shapes. Their textures are pure and unpretentious, but they are inanimate building materials. Therefore, mountain rocks are a transition and an intermediate between the natural environment and architectural space. "No garden, no stone", but it can only serve as decoration, reminder, sustenance and supplement to local scenic spots. Do not overuse it, which will cause the construction cost to rise and lose the ecological significance of gardening.