Chairman Mao appraised Pei's family as "a thousand years' glory".
This is what Chairman Mao said when he led the delegates to visit Wuhou Temple and watched the inscription of Zhuge Wuhou Temple inscribed by Pei Du during the Chengdu Conference held in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1958. He said: "wenxi county is the county with the largest number of prime ministers in the history of China, and most of the prime ministers born in Wenxi are Pei. The Pei family has been well-known for thousands of years and is the most famous family in history. "
Indeed, in its more than 2,000-year history, the Pei family has created brilliance that almost no one can match.
The ancestor of the Pei family was Fei Zi, the ancestor of the Qin Dynasty who won the Qin Dynasty, and officially took "Pei" as his surname. After Shi Pei was divided into three branches, living in Hedong, Yanjing, Xiliang and other places, but all three branches can be traced back to the smell, so there is a saying that there is no second place in the world.
Pei family is a famous family in the history of China. "Fame" His family is full of talents, which can be described as "knowing martial arts and waiting for the door". "Giants" are numerous among people of insight.
"Pei family" flourished in the Six Dynasties since Qin and Han Dynasties and reached its peak in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Five generations later, Yu Fang still exists. ”。 In the past two thousand years, heroes, wise masters, shoulder to shoulder, brilliant history, lush, great men, shining in history. "The prosperity of his family characters and moral articles are unique in Chinese and foreign history. To tell the truth, Pei's family is so outrageous. If the historical records are not conclusive, it is estimated that few people are willing to believe it. After all, novels dare not write like this.
Then Lao Du will give you a detailed introduction to the glory of the Pei family.
There are more than 600 Pei family members who only publish and list official history; No fewer than a thousand people have their names remembered by future generations; There are more than 3000 officials above grade seven. According to the statistics of Pei's genealogy, Pei's family has successively produced 59 prime ministers, 59 generals, 14 assistant ministers in Chinese literature, 55 ministers, 44 assistant ministers,1/constant attendants, 10 royal advisers, and 25 festival envoys, observation envoys and observers. 89 knights, 33 Marquis, male 1 1, 18, 13. There are 3 queens, 4 princesses, 2 princesses, 2 1 Xu, 20 princesses, etc. Peibai Village, the hometown of Pei family, was named "Prime Minister Village". In addition to officialdom, there are also many outstanding achievements of the Pei family in various academic fields.
So you can't feel the power of the Pei family. For example, if you are an emperor, when you went to court, you saw that many officials in the former court were surnamed Pei, and they were all relatives. When you return to the harem, you find that your wife, daughter-in-law, son-in-law or relatives are also full of members of the Pei family.
Of course, this is just an exaggeration, but at that time, the Pei family was such a very important person and deeply rooted.
If you can't feel what a powerful family this is, let's take a look at the Pei family. Jia Pei's prosperity in the Six Dynasties was not just an official.
Peibai Village has A Jin Temple, which is dedicated to Pei Du, a famous soldier of the Three Dynasties, and is honored as Gong Jin. His life and records are found in New Tang Shu, Old Tang Shu and Zi Tongzhi Jian. In Yuan Dynasty, Guan Hanqing took him as the prototype and wrote The Return of Peidu. Politically, Pei Du insists on appointing talents to govern the country. During his tenure as prime minister, he recommended Li Deyu, Li Zongmin, Han Yu and other celebrities, reused Li and other celebrities, and protected Liu Yuxi and others. He never recommended incompetent relatives and friends to be officials. He opposed power rape and insisted on meritocracy. He also made great contributions in the struggle against the separatist forces in the buffer region, successively quelled the riots in Wu Yuanji and Li Shidao, and finally realized "Yuan Zhongxing". Apart from his political achievements, he is also quite accomplished in literature. He believes that "the difference in writing lies in the difference in style and the shallowness of thought, not in cracking chapters and sentences and abandoning phonology", and advocates that "the words are beautiful without sophistry and the reasons are the same." This is of great significance to the pursuit of strangeness in ancient China characters at that time. In his later years, Pei Du stayed in Du Dong, and entertained himself with celebrities such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi by singing poems, drinking, playing the piano and calligraphy, and supported many literati, which was quite respected by people at that time. In addition to being friends with many literati, his family is also closely related to the literati in the Tang Dynasty. Pei Du's wife, Han Qiongying, has a younger brother named Han Yu; Pei Mian's granddaughter is called Du Mu; Pei Di's sister married Wang Wei; Pei Yin and Li Bai are good friends. Lu Wei, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem for his good friend Pei. Almost all the literati handed down from the Tang Dynasty had friendship with the Pei family.
Pei Ju was a famous diplomat and strategist in Sui Dynasty. He used alienation to split the Turks and weakened their strength through internal friction, thus reducing the threat to the Central Plains and paving the way for defeating the Turks in the Tang Dynasty. He also sent envoys to the Western Regions, devoted himself to trade and cultural exchanges between China and the West, and made 40 countries in the Western Regions submit to the Sui Dynasty, with a territory stretching for thousands of miles, which is known in history as "connecting China and the West and contributing more than Zhang Qian". In addition, Pei Ju is a famous geographer. He compiled a three-volume Atlas of the Western Regions, which recorded the geographical data of 44 countries in the Western Region. Wei Zhi commented on him and said, "Pei Ju has made great achievements in studying classics and history, but it is almost impossible to study hard and be lazy, and to stay up late and ask the ancients for help. I have heard about politics for many years. Although I am in danger, I have not lost my sincerity. It is beautiful. " However, following the instructions of the wind and keeping abreast of the news, it is natural for Gao Chang to enter the cabinet, give me the land, collect the grain at the end, and leave the right gate of Yumenguan.
In the academic field, Pei Xiu, a cartographer in the Western Jin Dynasty, summed up the experience of ancient map drawing in China and creatively formulated the principle of "six-body mapping", namely, ratio (scale), view (orientation), inside road (distance), competition (undulating terrain), evil edge (inclination angle) and straightness (straightness of river road), which laid a scientific foundation for map drawing. He wrote 18 Yugong regional map, which is the first monograph on map theory in China. He is known as "the father of cartography in China".
Pei Songzhi, Pei Ma Yin and Pei Yezi were the "three great historians" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and they all enjoyed a high reputation in studying history. Pei Songzhi wrote 65 volumes of notes for Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms" and collected a large number of books. It is the first time in the history of notes that the historical materials are informative and have been passed down through the ages. Song Wendi praised him as "immortal in Shi Pei's time!" His son Pei Ma took notes in Sima Qian's Historical Records and wrote 80 volumes of Historical Records, which were handed down to the world. His grandson, Pei's son Pei, wrote a 20-volume chronological "Song Lue", which had an extraordinary influence and remained immortal.
These are some outstanding representatives of the Pei family.
Then, why can the Pei family last for more than two thousand years, flourish for eight hundred years, and achieve such brilliant achievements?
As the saying goes, one person gets the word, and chickens and dogs ascend to heaven. But for a family to prosper for a long time, it is not enough to rely on a few capable people in the family. Throughout the ages, at home and abroad, you will find that all deep-rooted noble families have two major elements. Kinship (marriage) and family culture.
Kinship, especially marriage, has always been a political means in Chinese history. It is a common method for the feudal ruling class to consolidate the ruling position of the ruling group through marriage.
In fact, looking at the famous families in ancient and modern times, most of them rely on this "door-to-door" to build their own relationship network and power system. The so-called tree attracts the wind, and this blood relationship is the "root" of aristocratic families buried in the darkness.
The Pei family is no exception. Only in the Tang Dynasty, the Pei family was in its heyday, and their blood relationship ran through the whole Tang regime, and the Pei family had a continuous blood relationship with the royal family of Li Tang.
As early as the early Tang Dynasty, Prime Minister Pei Ji married his daughter to Li, the son of Gaozu. His son, Lawyer Pei, married Princess Lin Hai, the daughter of Gaozu and the sister of Taizong. The daughter of Prime Minister Pei Ju-dao married Tang Zhongzong and was made the filial piety queen. Tang Gaozu, Zhongzong, Zong Rui, Xuanzong, Suzong, Daizong and Xianzong all had daughters married into Pei's family. Only Xuanzong had six daughters married to Pei's family. In history, * * * 2 1 royal women married into Pei's family. And Mrs. Guo, the sister of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine, is also the daughter-in-law of Pei's family.
It can be seen that the status of the Pei family is high. After all, there were more than 20 prime ministers that Pei could find in the Tang Dynasty, and the royal family had to win Pei through marriage. The Pei family also took this opportunity to further consolidate their position and pave the way for their future career.
This kind of kinship based on marriage is woven into a dense net, which not only ensures the unshakable position of the Pei family in the bureaucratic group, but also promotes its longevity.
Secondly, the feudal gate system and hereditary system ensure the family honor and power to be passed down from generation to generation.
The main characteristics of Pei Jiafeng are "emphasizing teaching and observing training, respecting literature and martial arts, having both ability and political integrity, being honest and self-disciplined".
As a well-dressed family of poets, Pei Jia was deeply influenced by Confucianism and practiced Confucian ethics. Confucianism is also called the most fundamental feature of its family culture. Pei's family asked people to strictly observe filial piety and participate in mourning. This system enabled the Pei family to maintain the family structure with the patriarchal clan system as the core, and the elders were orderly and respectful, which well maintained the family order. At the same time, the ties formed by blood relationship within the family unite and stabilize the people well, make them care for each other, and make the Pei family form the same interest group. Out of such a family culture atmosphere of advocating Confucianism, Pei's family has been studying Confucianism deeply and taking "self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and calming the world" as their political ideal. They have high political enthusiasm and actively participate in it. It is precisely because of this that the Pei family has produced more than 7,000 officials.
In addition, Pei's family also has its own unique cultural heritage, which is embodied in "historical biography, rich writings, versatility, outstanding literary talent, frugal life, light wealth and heavy righteousness" and so on.
After the third Pei in the history of historiography, the Pei family established the tradition of inheriting family history, and the aristocratic children studied Ming history and wrote a lot in the history of historiography. Secondly, the Pei family attaches great importance to the cultivation of talents for future generations, including but not limited to calligraphy, music, literature, etc., and also supports future generations to fully display their talents. Therefore, there are many celebrities in Pei's family outside politics, and celebrities in politics often make achievements in talent. For example, draftsman Pei Xiu, Prime Minister Pei Du and Pei Xingjian are not only familiar with Yin and Yang arithmetic, but also famous calligraphers. Moreover, through the achievements of predecessors, this part of experience and culture has accumulated and become a part of family culture, which can be further studied by future generations. It can be seen that Pei's family is really the home of scholarly family culture.
In terms of lifestyle, Pei Jia practiced frugality policy. Although the business at home is very big, it is never extravagant and rarely collects money. One of the most representative is Pei Xia. The history books say that he "scrimped and saved, loved his wife like a son, and ate nothing but salt and vegetables." Therefore, it was called "the best in the world" by Emperor Wen of Zhou. Moreover, he has a very profound understanding of the value of "poverty": "The integrity of the husband is the foundation of the job, and frugality is the foundation of the body. Besides, I have a lot of money, and the world helps it to be beautiful, so it can be called the imperial court, and it has not been circulated in policy. Today, I am glad that I am ordinary, ignorant, poor and admired. I am bent on self-cultivation, and I am afraid of losing face first. I am ridiculed and I know what to say! " It can be seen that the Pei family has long understood the importance of thrift, and "leading an honest and clean life" and "frugality" have also become the foundation of the Pei family.
Pei's family has attached great importance to cultivating children's perseverance and hard work since childhood. And ask them to strive for self-improvement and tenacious struggle. In order to ensure that future generations come of age, Pei's family education is very strict. For example, Xiahou Shi, the mother of Pei, disciplines children. "If there is a small crime, she will be bound." . After five or three days, it was introduced and the governor was severely reprimanded. The Pei family once had a family rule that children were not allowed to enter the ancestral hall, educating their children to abide by "jade is rough and abrasive;" People don't learn, don't know righteousness "principle. Up to now, every gatehouse in Peibai Village has the big word "plow and read". At the same time, the Pei family also pays attention to honor education. Educate children subtly by instilling the feudal thought of "serving the country faithfully and honorably". At the entrance of Pei ancestral hall, there are two archways, namely, "majestic mountains and rivers" and "China in the middle", and three stone tablets, namely, the lineage tablet, the prime minister tablet and the champion tablet. They recorded biographies of Peimen's children, excellent poems, book catalogues, the emperor's letters and imperial edicts to Shi Pei, the expressions of princes and ministers to Shi Pei, poems and inscriptions written by celebrities for Shi Pei, and so on. From generation to generation, the ancestors were honored and encouraged to educate Pei's descendants.
Since ancient times, aristocratic families have attached great importance to geomantic omen. After all, the rulers of the family often ensure the development and continuation of the family at all costs, hoping that the family will flourish.
As it happens, the location of Pei's family is very particular about Feng Shui. Peibai Village is located in a small ridge depression surrounded by mountains, with Zhongtiao Mountain Range in the east and Jishan Mountain Range in the west. The terrain is like Huilonggu nationality. Located in Long Mai, it is an extension of the Taihang Mountain in Belon, the three major drought dragons in China. As a branch of Taihang Mountain, Zhongtiao Mountain divides into two parts from Gan Long to Jielong in the northeast of Peibai Village, belonging to the descending vein of Jishan Mountain. Jishan Mountain Range is a branch of Zhongtiao Mountain Range. It comes from the northeast, dives into the plain, recovers the mountain range, and turns to the northwest to open an account here. The Zhongtiao Mountain Range is faintly rumbling, undulating and heavily guarded, like a barrier for sanitation, and like hiding wind and gathering gas in front of the hall. Xinglong dragon in the northeast first entered and turned northwest here. The dragon in the sky became the emperor's vein here and opened an account in Huilong, which is a noble case.
According to legend, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, because Pei's family was located in Long Mai, was afraid that Pei's family would be the emperor, and sent people to dig a gorge in the north of Pei Baicun. After digging it out, there will be no emperor, only the prime minister.
Because this kind of geomantic treasure-house is most suitable for families to nurture and cultivate talents. So the ancestor of the village moved to the village, and took Pei surname and local cypress as the first words to form the village name, which was named "Peibai" village.
Whether it's feng shui or culture. When the music runs out, people will eventually disperse. Today's Pei family has lost its former glory, but the talents that this family once left behind and the precious wealth left to future generations are still shining in the long corridor of history.